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Qiu X, Hadji A, Olivo A, Hodges A, Beertsen C, Anderson M, Rodgers M, Mbanya D, Elaborot S, Cloherty G. Evaluation of a fully automated high-throughput serology assay for detection of Hepatitis D virus antibodies. J Clin Virol 2024; 173:105689. [PMID: 38781633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDV antibody testing is recommended for universal screening and as the first line in an HDV double reflex testing strategy for effectively identifying patients with active infection for therapeutic treatments. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a newly developed ARCHITECT HDV Total Ig (ARCHITECT HDV Ig) prototype assay. STUDY DESIGN Performance characteristics were determined for the ARCHITECT HDV Ig and a reference test, LIAISON XL Anti-HDV using a well-characterized specimen panel, comprising HDV RNA positive (n = 62) and negative (n = 70) samples, and healthy US blood donors. RESULTS Healthy US blood donors (n=200) showed 99.5% (199/200, 95%CI=97.65-99.98) specificity with ARCHITECT HDV Ig and 98.5 % (197/200, 95 %CI = 96.10-99.64) with LIAISON Anti-HDV. Among known HDV RNA positive samples, ARCHITECT HDV Ig detected 59/62 demonstrating 95.2 % sensitivity while LIAISON Anti-HDV sensitivity was 90.3 % (56/62). Among 101 HBV positive samples, 70 were reactive in the ARCHITECT test, 59 of which tested positive for HDV RNA for a positive predictive value (PPV) for the presence of HDV RNA was 84.3 %. For LIAISON Anti-HDV, 79 specimens were reactive and 56 contained HDV RNA: PPV for HDV RNA was 70.9 %. Among 70 HDV RNA negative samples, 39 were HBV positive. ARCHITECT HDV Ig negative predictive value (NPV) was 71.8 % and LIAISON Anti-HDV NPV was 41 % for the HBV positive group, respectively. CONCLUSION When compared to the LIASON Anti-HDV test, the ARCHITECT HDV Ig assay demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and specificity and better NPV and PPV values for HDV RNA status. The ARCHITECT HDV Ig assay represents a promising tool for universal screening of all HBsAg-positive persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Qiu
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Abbas Hadji
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States.
| | - Ana Olivo
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Austin Hodges
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Carla Beertsen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Anderson
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Mary Rodgers
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Gavin Cloherty
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott, Core Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
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Kuramitsu M, Momose H, Uchida Y, Ishitsuka K, Kubota R, Tokunaga M, Utsunomiya A, Umekita K, Hashikura Y, Nosaka K, Koh KR, Nakamura H, Sagara Y, Sobata R, Satake M, Nagata K, Hasegawa Y, Sasaki D, Hasegawa H, Sato T, Yamano Y, Hiraga K, Tezuka K, Ikebe E, Matsuoka S, Okuma K, Watanabe T, Miura K, Hamaguchi I. Performance evaluation of Espline HTLV-I/II, a newly developed rapid immunochromatographic antibody test for different diagnostic situations. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0207823. [PMID: 37966220 PMCID: PMC10715220 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02078-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The World Health Organization estimated that 5-10 million people are infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This number is likely to be underestimated because reliable endemic data are available for only approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. The point-of-care test is a powerful tool for the easy and quick detection of infections without the requirement for expensive instruments and laboratory equipment. Espline HTLV-I/II, a newly developed rapid immunochromatographic antibody test that was evaluated in this study, might significantly advance our understanding of the global epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Kuramitsu
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Uchida
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahito Tokunaga
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Umekita
- Division of Respirology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hashikura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Cancer Center, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kou Hiraga
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Practical Management of Medical Information, Graduate School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Subaru Health Insurance Society Ota Memorial Hospital, Gunma, Japan
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Kusagawa S, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Matsubayashi K, Sobata R, Hamaguchi I. Evaluation of human T-cell leukemia virus in vitro diagnostics using plasma specimens collected in Japan. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:418. [PMID: 37340346 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) for primary detection test/screening of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) have recently been updated to new-generation products in Japan. In this study, the performance of these products was evaluated and discussed in terms of the usability of HTLV diagnosis in Japan. METHODS The performance of 10 HTLV IVDs for primary detection test and confirmatory/discriminatory test was evaluated. Plasma specimens that had been declared ineligible for transfusion were provided by the Japanese Red Cross Blood Center. RESULTS The diagnostic specificity of the IVDs was 100% (160/160). Six sandwich assays resulted in all HTLV-1/HTLV-positive specimens being positive (46/46). On the other hand, one sandwich assay, IVD under development 2 (UD2), resulted in one HTLV-1-positive and one HTLV-positive specimen being negative (44/46, 95.7%). One indirect assay, HISCL HTLV-1, could not detect one HTLV-positive specimen (45/46, 97.8%), but the updated product, UD1, correctly detected it (46/46, 100%). Serodia HTLV-I, based on a particle agglutination assay, resulted in 44 of the 46 positive specimens, but could not detect two specimens (44/46, 95.7%). ESPLINE HTLV-I/II, based on an immunochromatography assay (ICA), was able to diagnose all specimens as positive (46/46, 100%). CONCLUSIONS Six sandwich assays and an ICA demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and are recommended for use in HTLV diagnosis in conjunction with confirmatory/discriminatory test using the INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II Score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kusagawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Matsubayashi
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Guiraud V, Crémoux F, Leroy I, Cohier J, Hernandez P, Mansaly S, Gautheret-Dejean A. Comparison of two new HTLV-I/II screening methods, Abbott Alinity i rHTLV-I/II and Diasorin LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II, to Abbott architect rHTLVI/II assay. J Clin Virol 2023; 164:105446. [PMID: 37148674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) types I and II infection requires sequencial testing with firstly a screening using an Enzyme immunoassay followed by a confirmatory test. OBJECTIVES To compare the performances of the Alinity i rHTLV-I/II (Abbott®) and LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II serological screening tests to the ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II test followed if positive by HTLV BLOT 2.4, MP Diagnostics as the reference. STUDY DESIGN 119 serum samples from 92 known HTLV-I infected patients and 184 from uninfected patients with HTLV were analyzed in parallel with, Alinity i rHTLV-I/II, LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II and ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II. RESULTS Alinity i rHTLV-I/II and LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II exhibited a total agreement with ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II for both positive and negative samples. Both tests are suitable alternatives for HTLV screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guiraud
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Florian Crémoux
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Leroy
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Cohier
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Hernandez
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Safietou Mansaly
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris cité, INSERM UMR-S 1139 Physiopathologie et pharmacotoxicologie placentaire humaine, microbiote pré & post-natal, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Novel Genetic Constructs for Production of Recombinant HTLV-1/2 Antigens and Evaluation of Their Reactivity to Plasma Samples from HTLV-1-Infected Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02701-20. [PMID: 33504592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02701-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause life-threatening diseases for which there are no effective treatments. Prevention of HTLV-1 infection requires massive testing of pregnant women, blood for transfusion, and organs for transplantation, as well as safe sex. In this context, serological assays are widely used for monitoring HTLV-1 infections. Despite the necessity for recombinant antigens to compose serological tests, there is little information available on procedures to produce recombinant HTLV-1/2 antigens for serological diagnostic purposes. In this work, we tested a series of genetic constructions to select those more amenable for production in bacterial systems. To overcome the constraints in expressing sections of viral envelope proteins in bacteria, we have used the p24 segment of the gag protein as a scaffold to display the immunogenic regions of gp46 and gp21. Nine recombinant antigenic proteins derived from HTLV-1 and five derived from HTLV-2 were successfully purified. The HTLV-1 antigens showed high efficiency in discriminating HTLV-positive samples from HTLV-negative samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Interestingly, HTLV-1-positive samples showed a high level of cross-reaction with HTLV-2 antigens. This finding is explained by the high sequence conservation between the structural proteins of these two highly related viruses. In summary, the results presented in this work provide a detailed description of the methods used to produce recombinant HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antigens, and they demonstrate that the HTLV-1 antigens show strong potential for serological diagnosis of HTLV-1 infections.
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Okuma K, Kuramitsu M, Niwa T, Taniguchi T, Masaki Y, Ueda G, Matsumoto C, Sobata R, Sagara Y, Nakamura H, Satake M, Miura K, Fuchi N, Masuzaki H, Okayama A, Umeki K, Yamano Y, Sato T, Iwanaga M, Uchimaru K, Nakashima M, Utsunomiya A, Kubota R, Ishitsuka K, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Koh KR, Taki M, Nosaka K, Ogata M, Naruse I, Kaneko N, Okajima S, Tezuka K, Ikebe E, Matsuoka S, Itabashi K, Saito S, Watanabe T, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a novel diagnostic test algorithm for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection with line immunoassay replacement of western blotting: a collaborative study for performance evaluation of diagnostic assays in Japan. Retrovirology 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32831150 PMCID: PMC7444053 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reliable diagnosis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is important, particularly as it can be vertically transmitted by breast feeding mothers to their infants. However, current diagnosis in Japan requires a confirmatory western blot (WB) test after screening/primary testing for HTLV-1 antibodies, but this test often gives indeterminate results. Thus, this collaborative study evaluated the reliability of diagnostic assays for HTLV-1 infection, including a WB-based one, along with line immunoassay (LIA) as an alternative to WB for confirmatory testing. RESULTS Using peripheral blood samples from blood donors and pregnant women previously serologically screened and subjected to WB analysis, we analyzed the performances of 10 HTLV-1 antibody assay kits commercially available in Japan. No marked differences in the performances of eight of the screening kits were apparent. However, LIA determined most of the WB-indeterminate samples to be conclusively positive or negative (an 88.0% detection rate). When we also compared the sensitivity to HTLV-1 envelope gp21 with that of other antigens by LIA, the sensitivity to gp21 was the strongest. When we also compared the sensitivity to envelope gp46 by LIA with that of WB, LIA showed stronger sensitivity to gp46 than WB did. These findings indicate that LIA is an alternative confirmatory test to WB analysis without gp21. Therefore, we established a novel diagnostic test algorithm for HTLV-1 infection in Japan, including both the performance of a confirmatory test where LIA replaced WB on primary test-reactive samples and an additional decision based on a standardized nucleic acid detection step (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) on the confirmatory test-indeterminate samples. The final assessment of the clinical usefulness of this algorithm involved performing WB analysis, LIA, and/or PCR in parallel for confirmatory testing of known reactive samples serologically screened at clinical laboratories. Consequently, LIA followed by PCR (LIA/PCR), but neither WB/PCR nor PCR/LIA, was found to be the most reliable diagnostic algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Because the above results show that our novel algorithm is clinically useful, we propose that it is recommended for solving the aforementioned WB-associated reliability issues and for providing a more rapid and precise diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Niwa
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Chieko Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Masuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Umeki
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Taki
- Rakuwakai Kyoto Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Isao Naruse
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kaneko
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sara Okajima
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Itabashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chabay P, Lens D, Hassan R, Rodríguez Pinilla SM, Valvert Gamboa F, Rivera I, Huamán Garaicoa F, Ranuncolo SM, Barrionuevo C, Morales Sánchez A, Scholl V, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2166. [PMID: 32759793 PMCID: PMC7464376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Lens
- Flow Cytometry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Cancer Institute “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), Ministry of Health, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and National League against Cancer, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala;
| | - Iris Rivera
- Department of Hematology, Salvadoran Institute of Social Security, Medical Surgical and Oncological Hospital (ISSS), 1101 San Salvador, El Salvador;
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute—Society to Fight Cancer (ION-SOLCA), Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador;
| | - Stella Maris Ranuncolo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo” School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1417DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, National University of San Marcos, 15038 Lima, Peru;
| | - Abigail Morales Sánchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Vanesa Scholl
- Department of Integrated Genomic Medicine, Conciencia-Oncohematologic Institute of Patagonia, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina;
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ma. Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
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Itabashi K, Miyazawa T, Sekizawa A, Tokita A, Saito S, Moriuchi H, Nerome Y, Uchimaru K, Watanabe T. A Nationwide Antenatal Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Antibody Screening in Japan. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:595. [PMID: 32328047 PMCID: PMC7160230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japan has been running a nationwide antenatal human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) antibody screening program since 2010 for the prevention of HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission. As part of the program, pregnant women are invited to take an HTLV-1 antibody screening test, usually within the first 30 weeks of gestation, during regular pregnancy checkups. Pregnant women tested positive on the antibody screening test undergo a confirmatory test, either western blotting or line immunoassay. In indeterminate case, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used as a final test to diagnose infection. Pregnant women tested positive on a confirmatory or PCR test are identified as HTLV-1 carriers. As breastfeeding is a predominant route of postnatal HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission, exclusive formula feeding is widely used as a postnatal preventive measure. Although there is insufficient evidence that short-term breastfeeding during ≤3 months does not increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission compared to exclusive formula feeding, this feeding method is considered if the mother is eager to breastfeed her child. However, it is important that mothers and family members fully understand that there is an increase in the risk of mother-to-child transmission when breastfeeding would be prolonged. As there are only a few clinical studies on the protective effect of frozen-thawed breastmilk feeding on mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1, there is little evidence to recommend this feeding method. Further study on the protective effects of these feeding methods are needed. It is assumed that the risk of anxiety or depression may increase in the mothers who selected exclusive formula feeding or short-term breastfeeding. Thus, an adequate support and counseling for these mothers should be provided. In addition to raising public awareness of HTLV-1 infection, epidemiological data from the nationwide program needs to be collected and analyzed. In most cases, infected children are asymptomatic, and it is necessary to clarify how these children should be followed medically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tokuo Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sekizawa
- Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nerome
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Future Center Initiative, and Research Hospital of the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rosadas C, Tosswill JH, Tedder R, Taylor GP. Pregnancy does not adversely impact diagnostic tests for HTLV-1/2 infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007736. [PMID: 31513603 PMCID: PMC6764679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1(HTLV-1) contributes disproportionately to the burden of HTLV-1 associated diseases. All preventive measures to avoid MTCT rely on the identification of infected mothers. However, the impact of pregnancy on HTLV-1 diagnosis has not been clearly assessed. Paired samples from 21 HTLV-1 infected women taken during pregnancy and while not pregnant were analysed by CMIA and PCR. The signal-to-cut-off values (S/CO) were higher during pregnancy than in the paired non-pregnant samples. HTLV-1 proviral load did not alter significantly by pregnant state. S/CO positively correlated with HTLV proviral load. Pregnancy does not impair the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2, by either immunological (CMIA) or molecular (qPCR/nPCR) tests. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) can be transmitted from mother to child, mainly by breastfeeding. All preventive measures to avoid HTLV mother to child transmission depend on the identification of infected pregnant women. HTLV diagnosis is based on serological screening tests, confirmed by serology and/or molecular assays. The aim of the study was to verify whether pregnancy adversely impacts the identification of HTLV infection. Using paired samples from 21 women living with HTLV-1/2 obtained during pregnancy and while not pregnant we demonstrate that both serology and molecular assays perform equally well in both settings and can be use for the diagnosis of HTLV infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CR); (GPT)
| | | | - Richard Tedder
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CR); (GPT)
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Pham D, Nguyen D, Nguyen TA, Tran C, Tran L, Devare S, Tran A, Bhatnagar S. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 Among Voluntary Blood Donors in Vietnam. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:376-381. [PMID: 30565470 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV), although asymptomatic in most cases, can lead to severe illnesses, such as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma or myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV can be transmitted by whole-blood (WB) transfusion. The prevalence of HTLV among blood donor populations has not been characterized in Vietnam, although the screening has been partially implemented on voluntary basis since 2016. To determine the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors, a total of 14,819 healthy blood donors in northern, central, and southern Vietnam and 1,003 samples from hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), anti-hepatitis C (anti-HCV), or HIV Ag/Ab reactive blood donors were screened for anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by a chemiluminescence immunoassay using the Abbott ARCHITECT rHTLV-I/II assay. The anti-HTLV-1/2 repeat reactive (RR) samples were further tested by immunoblot (IB) method using MP Biomedicals HTLV Blot 2.4 for confirmation and differentiation of HTLV-1/2 infection. Proviral HTLV subgenomic amplification of the gag and tax regions was performed on the available WB RR samples (N = 11) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 14,819 blood donors, 34 samples (0.23%) were RR for anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies, but only 1 case was confirmed HTLV-2 positive (0.0067%) and 5 cases were classified as indeterminate (0.034%) by IB. The RR rate was 0.39% among HBsAg/anti-HCV/HIV reactive sample groups, but none of them was confirmed by IB. Subgenomic PCR failed to amplify proviral DNA from WB samples of 11 RR samples. HTLV-1/2 prevalence was found to be low among blood donors in the study. Continued vigilance remains essential to maintain a low transfusion-transmitted risk in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Pham
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tri Anh Nguyen
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chi Tran
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Tran
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sushil Devare
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Anh Tran
- Abbott Diagnostics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sonu Bhatnagar
- Scientific Affairs, Abbott Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
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Performance of Commercially Available Serological Screening Tests for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infection in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00961-18. [PMID: 30232131 PMCID: PMC6258847 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00961-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological screening for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is usually performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle agglutination, or chemiluminescence assay kits. Due to an antigen matrix improvement entailing the use of new HTLV antigens and changes in the format of HTLV screening tests, as well as newly introduced chemiluminescence assays (CLIAs), a systematic evaluation of the accuracy of currently available commercial tests is warranted. We aimed to assess the performance of commercially available screening tests for HTLV infection diagnosis. A diagnostic accuracy study was conducted on a panel of 397 plasma samples: 200 HTLV-negative plasma samples, 170 HTLV-positive plasma samples, and 27 plasma samples indeterminate by Western blotting (WB). WB-indeterminate samples (i.e., those yielding no specific bands for HTLV-1 and/or HTLV-2) were assessed by PCR, and the results were used to compare agreement among the commercially available ELISA screening tests. For performance analysis, WB-indeterminate samples were excluded, resulting in a final study panel of 370 samples. Three ELISA kits (Murex HTLV-1/2 [Murex], anti-HTLV-1/2 SYM Solution [SYM Solution], and Gold ELISA HTLV-1/2 [Gold ELISA]) and one CLIA kit (Architect rHTLV-1/2) were evaluated. All screening tests demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Concerning the HTLV-negative samples, the SYM Solution and Gold ELISA kits had specificity values of >99.5%, while the Architect rHTLV-1/2 test presented 98.1% specificity, followed by Murex, which had a specificity of 92.0%. Regarding the 27 samples with WB-indeterminate results, after PCR confirmation, all ELISA kits showed 100% sensitivity but low specificity. Accuracy findings were corroborated by the use of Cohen's kappa value, which evidenced slight and fair agreement between PCR analysis and ELISAs for HTLV infection diagnosis. Based on the data, we believe that all evaluated tests can be safely used for HTLV infection screening.
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Proviral Features of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Carriers with Indeterminate Western Blot Analysis Results. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2838-2849. [PMID: 28701419 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00659-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Western blotting (WB) for human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is performed to confirm anti-HTLV-1 antibodies detected at the initial screening of blood donors and in pregnant women. However, the frequent occurrence of indeterminate results is a problem with this test. We therefore assessed the cause of indeterminate WB results by analyzing HTLV-1 provirus genomic sequences. A quantitative PCR assay measuring HTLV-1 provirus in WB-indeterminate samples revealed that the median proviral load was approximately 100-fold lower than that of WB-positive samples (0.01 versus 0.71 copy/100 cells). Phylogenic analysis of the complete HTLV-1 genomes of WB-indeterminate samples did not identify any specific phylogenetic groups. When we analyzed the nucleotide changes in 19 HTLV-1 isolates from WB-indeterminate samples, we identified 135 single nucleotide substitutions, composed of four types, G to A (29%), C to T (19%), T to C (19%), and A to G (16%). In the most frequent G-to-A substitution, 64% occurred at GG dinucleotides, indicating that APOBEC3G is responsible for mutagenesis in WB-indeterminate samples. Moreover, interestingly, five WB-indeterminate isolates had nonsense mutations in Pol and/or Tax, Env, p12, and p30. These findings suggest that WB-indeterminate carriers have low production of viral antigens because of a combination of a low proviral load and mutations in the provirus, which may interfere with host recognition of HTLV-1 antigens.
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Cassar O, Gessain A. Serological and Molecular Methods to Study Epidemiological Aspects of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1582:3-24. [PMID: 28357658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We estimated that at least 5-10 million individuals are infected with HTLV-1. Importantly, this number is based on the study of nearly 1.5 billion people living in known human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) endemic areas, for which reliable epidemiological data are available. However, for some highly populated regions including India, the Maghreb, East Africa, and some regions of China, no consistent data are yet available which prevents a more accurate estimation. Thus, the number of HTLV-1 infected people in the world is probably much higher. The prevalence of HTLV-1 prevalence varies depending on age, sex, and economic level in most HTLV-1 endemic areas. HTLV-1 seroprevalence gradually increases with age, especially in women. HTLV-1 has a simian origin and was originally acquired by humans through interspecies transmission from STLV-1 infected monkeys in the Old World. Three main modes of HTLV-1 transmission have been described; (1) from mother-to-child after prolonged breast-feeding lasting more than six months, (2) through sexual intercourse, which mainly, but not exclusively, occurs from male to female and lastly, (3) from contaminated blood products, which contain HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes. In specific areas, such as Central Africa, zoonotic transmission from STLV-1 infected monkeys to humans is still ongoing.The diagnostic methods used to study the epidemiological aspects of HTLV-1 infection mainly consist of serological assays for the detection of antibodies specifically directed against different HTLV-1 antigens. Screening tests are usually based on enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunoassay (CLEIA) or particle agglutination (PA). Confirmatory tests include mostly Western blots (WB)s or innogenetics line immunoassay (INNO-LIA™) and to a lesser extent immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The search for integrated provirus in the DNA from peripheral blood cells can be performed by qualitative and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). qPCR is widely used in most diagnostic laboratories and quantification of proviral DNA is useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of HTLV-1 associated diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). PCR also provides amplicons for further sequence analysis to determine the HTLV-1 genotype present in the infected person. The use of new generation sequencing methodologies to molecularly characterize full and/or partial HTLV-1 genomic regions is increasing. HTLV-1 genotyping generates valuable molecular epidemiological data to better understand the evolutionary history of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
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Abstract
T-cell neoplasms include both mature T-cell leukemias and lymphomas and immature proliferations of precursor T cells. Molecular laboratories routinely assay suspected T-cell proliferations for evidence of clonality. In addition, some T-cell neoplasms are characterized by recurrent structural abnormalities that can be readily identified by such techniques as fluorescence in situ hybridization. New massively parallel sequencing technologies have led to the identification of numerous recurrent gene mutations in T-cell neoplasms. These findings are reviewed. As new technologies become implemented in molecular diagnostic laboratories and as targeted therapies are developed, it is anticipated that more extensive genomic characterization of T-cell neoplasms will be routinely performed in the future.
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Gessain A, Cassar O. Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:388. [PMID: 23162541 PMCID: PMC3498738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. HTLV-1 is present throughout the world, with clusters of high endemicity located often nearby areas where the virus is nearly absent. The main HTLV-1 highly endemic regions are the Southwestern part of Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and South America, the Caribbean area, and foci in Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The origin of this puzzling geographical or rather ethnic repartition is probably linked to a founder effect in some groups with the persistence of a high viral transmission rate. Despite different socio-economic and cultural environments, the HTLV-1 prevalence increases gradually with age, especially among women in all highly endemic areas. The three modes of HTLV-1 transmission are mother to child, sexual transmission, and transmission with contaminated blood products. Twenty years ago, de Thé and Bomford estimated the total number of HTLV-1 carriers to be 10-20 millions people. At that time, large regions had not been investigated, few population-based studies were available and the assays used for HTLV-1 serology were not enough specific. Despite the fact that there is still a lot of data lacking in large areas of the world and that most of the HTLV-1 studies concern only blood donors, pregnant women, or different selected patients or high-risk groups, we shall try based on the most recent data, to revisit the world distribution and the estimates of the number of HTLV-1 infected persons. Our best estimates range from 5-10 millions HTLV-1 infected individuals. However, these results were based on only approximately 1.5 billion of individuals originating from known HTLV-1 endemic areas with reliable available epidemiological data. Correct estimates in other highly populated regions, such as China, India, the Maghreb, and East Africa, is currently not possible, thus, the current number of HTLV-1 carriers is very probably much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Département de Virologie, Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur Paris, France ; CNRS, URA3015 Paris, France
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Malm K, Ekermo B, Hillgren K, Britton S, Fredlund H, Andersson S. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 44:852-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.689847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pardo F, Tirado MD, Sabater S, Granados J. Virus linfotrópicos humanos de tipo 1 y 2: nuevas perspectivas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:568; author reply 569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qiu X, Swanson P, Luk KC, Tu B, Villinger F, Das Gupta J, Silverman RH, Klein EA, Devare S, Schochetman G, Hackett J. Characterization of antibodies elicited by XMRV infection and development of immunoassays useful for epidemiologic studies. Retrovirology 2010; 7:68. [PMID: 20716359 PMCID: PMC2931451 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus (XMRV) is a human gammaretrovirus recently identified in prostate cancer tissue and in lymphocytes of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. To establish the etiologic role of XMRV infection in human disease requires large scale epidemiologic studies. Development of assays to detect XMRV-specific antibodies would greatly facilitate such studies. However, the nature and kinetics of the antibody response to XMRV infection have yet to be determined. Results Three rhesus macaques were infected with XMRV to determine the dynamics of the antibody responses elicited by infection with XMRV. All macaques developed antibodies to XMRV during the second week of infection, and the predominant responses were to the envelope protein gp70, transmembrane protein p15E, and capsid protein p30. In general, antibody responses to gp70 and p15E appeared early with higher titers than to p30, especially in the early period of seroconversion. Antibodies to gp70, p15E and p30 persisted to 158 days and were substantially boosted by re-infection, thus, were identified as useful serologic markers. Three high-throughput prototype assays were developed using recombinant proteins to detect antibodies to these viral proteins. Both gp70 and p15E prototype assays demonstrated 100% sensitivity by detecting all Western blot (WB) positive serial bleeds from the XMRV-infected macaques and good specificity (99.5-99.9%) with blood donors. Seroconversion sensitivity and specificity of the p30 prototype assay were 92% and 99.4% respectively. Conclusions This study provides the first demonstration of seroconversion patterns elicited by XMRV infection. The nature and kinetics of antibody responses to XMRV in primates were fully characterized. Moreover, key serologic markers useful for detection of XMRV infection were identified. Three prototype immunoassays were developed to detect XMRV-specific antibodies. These assays demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity; thus, they will facilitate large scale epidemiologic studies of XMRV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Qiu
- Infectious Diseases R&D, Abbott Diagnostics, 100 Abbott Park Rd, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Malm K, Kjerstadius T, Andersson S. Evaluation of a new screening assay for HTLV-1 and -2 antibodies for large-scale use. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1606-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Evaluation of a new third-generation ARCHITECT rHTLV-I/II assay for blood screening and diagnosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 67:61-9. [PMID: 20227221 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to current on-market assays, the ARCHITECT rHTLV-I/II assay is the first fully automated assay that simultaneously detects human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) in human serum and plasma. Specificity was assessed on 5646 blood donors and 692 clinical specimens. For sensitivity determination, 301 HTLV-I-positive and 105 HTLV-II-positive specimens were tested. Precision was between 3.98% and 4.31% coefficient of variation (CV) for specimens with 1 to 6 sample to cutoff. Specificity was 99.95% and 99.86% on specimens from blood donors and hospitalized patients, respectively. Sensitivity evaluation showed 100% detection on 301 HTLV-I and 105 HTLV-II specimens. HTLV-I and HTLV-II viruses are still circulating among general populations even in the low prevalence areas. To control the further spread of these retroviruses, we need to know that it is important to continue screening of blood. The performance evaluation data from this study demonstrate that the high throughput and fully automated ARCHITECT rHTLV-I/II chemiluminescence immunoassay effectively serves this purpose.
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