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Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019-2020 Season. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101896. [PMID: 34696325 PMCID: PMC8538563 DOI: 10.3390/v13101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) are causing an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality, yet the prevalence of culture-adapted mutations in human seasonal IBVs are unclear. We collected 368 clinical samples from patients with influenza-like illness in Missouri during the 2019–2020 influenza season and recovered 146 influenza isolates including 38 IBV isolates. Of MDCK-CCL34, MDCK-Siat1, and humanized MDCK (hCK), hCK showed the highest virus recovery efficiency. All Missourian IBVs belonged to the Victoria V1A.3 lineage, all of which contained a three-amino acid deletion on the HA protein and were antigenically distant from the Victoria lineage IBV vaccine strain used during that season. By comparing genomic sequences of these IBVs in 31 paired samples, eight cell-adapted nonsynonymous mutations were identified, with the majority in the RNA polymerase. Analyses of IBV clinical sample–isolate pairs from public databases further showed that cell- and egg-adapted mutations occurred more widely in viral proteins, including the receptor and antibody binding sites on HA. Our study suggests that hCK is an effective platform for IBV isolation and that culture-adapted mutations may occur during IBV isolation. As culture-adapted mutations may affect subsequent virus studies and vaccine development, the knowledge from this study may help optimize strategies for influenza surveillance, vaccine strain selection, and vaccine development.
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2
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Izurieta HS, Chillarige Y, Kelman J, Wei Y, Lu Y, Xu W, Lu M, Pratt D, Wernecke M, MaCurdy T, Forshee R. Relative Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines Among the United States Elderly, 2018-2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:278-287. [PMID: 32100009 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies among individuals ages ≥65 years have found a moderately higher relative vaccine effectiveness (RVE) for the high-dose (HD) influenza vaccine compared with standard-dose (SD) products for most seasons. Studies during the A(H3N2)-dominated 2017-2018 season showed slightly higher RVE for the cell-cultured vaccine compared with SD egg-based vaccines. We investigated the RVE of influenza vaccines among Medicare beneficiaries ages ≥65 years during the 2018-2019 season. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study using inverse probability of treatment weighting and Poisson regression to evaluate RVE in preventing influenza hospital encounters. RESULTS Among 12 777 214 beneficiaries, the egg-based adjuvanted (RVE, 7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9%-11.4%) and HD (RVE, 4.9%; 95% CI, 1.7%-8.1%) vaccines were marginally more effective than the egg-based quadrivalent vaccines. The cell-cultured quadrivalent vaccine was not significantly more effective than the egg-based quadrivalent vaccine (RVE, 2.5%; 95% CI, -2.4% to 7.3%). CONCLUSIONS We did not find major effectiveness differences between licensed vaccines used among the elderly during the 2018-2019 season. Consistent with prior research, we found that the egg-based adjuvanted and HD vaccines were slightly more effective than the egg-based quadrivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector S Izurieta
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Kelman
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Yuqin Wei
- Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California, USA
| | | | - Douglas Pratt
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas MaCurdy
- Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California, USA.,Stanford University Department of Economics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard Forshee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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3
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Izurieta HS, Chillarige Y, Kelman J, Wei Y, Lu Y, Xu W, Lu M, Pratt D, Chu S, Wernecke M, MaCurdy T, Forshee R. Relative Effectiveness of Cell-Cultured and Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines Among Elderly Persons in the United States, 2017-2018. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1255-1264. [PMID: 30561688 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) observed during the A(H3N2)-dominated 2017-2018 season may be due to vaccine virus adaptation to growth in eggs. We compared the effectiveness of cell-cultured and egg-based vaccines among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS Retrospective cohort study on Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who received an influenza vaccine (cell-cultured, egg-based quadrivalent; egg-based high-dose, adjuvanted, or standard-dose trivalent) during the 2017-2018 season. We used Poisson regression to evaluate relative VE (RVE) in preventing influenza-related hospital encounters. RESULTS Of >13 million beneficiaries, RVE for cell-cultured vaccines relative to egg-based quadrivalent vaccines was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%-13%). In a midseason interim analysis, this estimate was 16.5% (95% CI, 10.3%-22.2%). In a 5-way comparison, cell-cultured (RVE, 11%; 95% CI, 8%-14%) and egg-based high-dose (RVE, 9%; 95% CI, 7%-11%) vaccines were more effective than egg-based quadrivalent vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The modest VE difference between cell-cultured and egg-based vaccines only partially explains the low overall VE reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suggesting that egg adaptation was not the main contributor to the low VE found among individuals aged ≥65 years. The midseason interim analysis we performed demonstrates that our methods can be used to evaluate VE actively during the influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector S Izurieta
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Yun Lu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Douglas Pratt
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Steve Chu
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Washington DC
| | | | | | - Richard Forshee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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4
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Lee RTC, Chang HH, Russell CA, Lipsitch M, Maurer-Stroh S. Influenza A Hemagglutinin Passage Bias Sites and Host Specificity Mutations. Cells 2019; 8:E958. [PMID: 31443542 PMCID: PMC6770435 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies aimed at understanding influenza virus mutations that change host specificity to adapt to replication in mammalian hosts are necessarily limited in sample numbers due to high cost and safety requirements. As a safe, higher-throughput alternative, we explore the possibility of using readily available passage bias data obtained mostly from seasonal H1 and H3 influenza strains that were differentially grown in mammalian (MDCK) and avian cells (eggs). Using a statistical approach over 80,000 influenza hemagglutinin sequences with passage information, we found that passage bias sites are most commonly found in three regions: (i) the globular head domain around the receptor binding site, (ii) the region that undergoes pH-dependent structural changes and (iii) the unstructured N-terminal region harbouring the signal peptide. Passage bias sites were consistent among different passage cell types as well as between influenza A subtypes. We also find epistatic interactions of site pairs supporting the notion of host-specific dependency of mutations on virus genomic background. The sites identified from our large-scale sequence analysis substantially overlap with known host adaptation sites in the WHO H5N1 genetic changes inventory suggesting information from passage bias can provide candidate sites for host specificity changes to aid in risk assessment for emerging strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T C Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Hsiao-Han Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Singapore 308442, Singapore.
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5
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DuPai CD, McWhite CD, Smith CB, Garten R, Maurer-Stroh S, Wilke CO. Influenza passaging annotations: what they tell us and why we should listen. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez016. [PMID: 31275610 PMCID: PMC6599686 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza databases now contain over 100,000 worldwide sequence records for strains influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1). Although these data facilitate global research efforts and vaccine development practices, they also represent a stumbling block for researchers because of their confusing and heterogeneous annotation. Unclear passaging annotations are particularly concerning given the recent work highlighting the presence and risk of false adaptation signals introduced by cell passaging of viral isolates. With this in mind, we aim to provide a concise outline of why viruses are passaged, a clear overview of passaging annotation nomenclature currently in use, and suggestions for a standardized nomenclature going forward. Our hope is that this summary will empower researchers and clinicians alike to more easily understand a virus sample's passage history when analyzing influenza sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D DuPai
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Claire D McWhite
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine B Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Claus O Wilke
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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6
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Song JY, Lee J, Woo HJ, Wie SH, Lee JS, Kim SW, Kim TH, Jung SI, Noh JY, Choi WS, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Immunogenicity and safety of an egg-based inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (GC3110A) versus two inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines with alternate B strains: A phase Ⅲ randomized clinical trial in adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:710-716. [PMID: 30396317 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1536589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two antigenically distinct influenza B lineage viruses (Yamagata/Victoria) have been co-circulating globally since the mid-1980s. The quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) may provide better protection against unpredictable B strains. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an egg-based inactivated, split-virion QIV (GC3110A). Subjects aged ≥ 19 years were randomized 2:1:1 to be vaccinated with QIV- GC3110A, trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing the Yamagata lineage strain (TIV-Yamagata), or TIV containing the Victoria lineage strain (TIV-Victoria). Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed 21 days post-vaccination. Solicited/unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were assessed within 21 days after vaccination, while serious AEs were reported up to six months after vaccination. A total of 1,299 were randomized to receive QIV-GC3110A (648 subjects), TIV-Yamagata (325 subjects), or TIV-Victoria (326 subjects). Compared to the TIVs, the QIV-GC3110A met the non-inferiority criteria for all four subtype/lineage strains with respect to the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratio and the difference of seroconversion rate. The safety profiles of QIV-GC3110A were consistent with those of TIV. In conclusion, QIV-GC3110A is safe, immunogenic, and comparable to strain-matched TIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Song
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine1 , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jacob Lee
- b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Heung Jeong Woo
- c Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Hwasung , Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Wie
- d Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Catholic University Medical College, St. Vincent's Hospital , Suwon , Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- e Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , Korea
| | - Shin Woo Kim
- f Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Korea
| | - Tae Hyong Kim
- g Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sook-In Jung
- h Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School , Chonnam National University Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine1 , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine1 , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine1 , Seoul , Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine1 , Seoul , Korea
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7
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Tsai CP, Tsai HJ. Influenza B viruses in pigs, Taiwan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 13:91-105. [PMID: 29996007 PMCID: PMC6304316 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza B viruses (IBVs) have never been isolated from natural‐infected pigs in clinical cases, although the susceptibility of domestic pigs to experimental IBV infections had been confirmed as well as IBV‐specific antibodies were detected from pigs under natural and experimental conditions. Objectives We aimed to assess and investigate the activities for infection and circulation of IBVs in pigs. Methods Annual active surveys for influenza have been implemented on swine populations in Taiwan since July 1998. Nasal swabs, trachea, lungs, and blood from pigs were tested using virological and serological assays for influenza. Gene sequences of influenza viral isolates were determined and characterized. Preliminary sero‐epidemiological data for influenza virus were investigated. Results Three strains of IBV were isolated and identified from natural‐infected pigs in 2014. Genetic characterization revealed the highest identities (>99%) of molecular sequence with the contemporary IBVs belonged to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 genetic clade of Victoria lineage in the phylogenetic trees for all 8 genes. IBV‐specific antibodies were detected in 31 (0.2%; 95%CI: 0.1%‐0.2%) of 15 983 swine serum samples from 29 (2.8%; 95%CI: 1.9%‐3.9%) of 1039 farm visits under annual active surveys from 2007 through 2017. Seropositive cases have been found sparsely in 1‐5 of test prefectures every year except 2015 and 2017 as well as scattered loosely over 26 townships/districts of 11 prefectures in Taiwan cumulatively in 11 years. Conclusions Influenza B viruse infections from humans to pigs remained sporadic and accidental currently in Taiwan but might have paved potential avenues for newly emerging zoonotic influenza in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Tsai
- Division of Animal Resources, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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8
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Ward BJ, Pillet S, Charland N, Trepanier S, Couillard J, Landry N. The establishment of surrogates and correlates of protection: Useful tools for the licensure of effective influenza vaccines? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:647-656. [PMID: 29252098 PMCID: PMC5861778 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1413518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a test that can predict vaccine efficacy is an important part of any vaccine development program. Although regulators hesitate to acknowledge any test as a true ‘correlate of protection’, there are many precedents for defining ‘surrogate’ assays. Surrogates can be powerful tools for vaccine optimization, licensure, comparisons between products and development of improved products. When such tests achieve ‘reference’ status however, they can inadvertently become barriers to new technologies that do not work the same way as existing vaccines. This is particularly true when these tests are based upon circularly-defined ‘reference’ or, even worse, proprietary reagents. The situation with inactivated influenza vaccines is a good example of this phenomenon. The most frequently used tests to define vaccine-induced immunity are all serologic assays: hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH) and microneutralization (MN). The first two, and particularly the HI assay, have achieved reference status and criteria have been established in many jurisdictions for their use in licensing new vaccines and to compare the performance of different vaccines. However, all of these assays are based on biological reagents that are notoriously difficult to standardize and can vary substantially by geography, by chance (i.e. developing reagents in eggs that may not antigenitically match wild-type viruses) and by intention (ie: choosing reagents that yield the most favorable results). This review describes attempts to standardize these assays to improve their performance as surrogates, the dangers of over-reliance on ‘reference’ serologic assays, the ways that manufacturers can exploit the existing regulatory framework to make their products ‘look good’ and the implications of this long-established system for the introduction of novel influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Stephane Pillet
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
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9
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Langat P, Raghwani J, Dudas G, Bowden TA, Edwards S, Gall A, Bedford T, Rambaut A, Daniels RS, Russell CA, Pybus OG, McCauley J, Kellam P, Watson SJ. Genome-wide evolutionary dynamics of influenza B viruses on a global scale. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006749. [PMID: 29284042 PMCID: PMC5790164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global-scale epidemiology and genome-wide evolutionary dynamics of influenza B remain poorly understood compared with influenza A viruses. We compiled a spatio-temporally comprehensive dataset of influenza B viruses, comprising over 2,500 genomes sampled worldwide between 1987 and 2015, including 382 newly-sequenced genomes that fill substantial gaps in previous molecular surveillance studies. Our contributed data increase the number of available influenza B virus genomes in Europe, Africa and Central Asia, improving the global context to study influenza B viruses. We reveal Yamagata-lineage diversity results from co-circulation of two antigenically-distinct groups that also segregate genetically across the entire genome, without evidence of intra-lineage reassortment. In contrast, Victoria-lineage diversity stems from geographic segregation of different genetic clades, with variability in the degree of geographic spread among clades. Differences between the lineages are reflected in their antigenic dynamics, as Yamagata-lineage viruses show alternating dominance between antigenic groups, while Victoria-lineage viruses show antigenic drift of a single lineage. Structural mapping of amino acid substitutions on trunk branches of influenza B gene phylogenies further supports these antigenic differences and highlights two potential mechanisms of adaptation for polymerase activity. Our study provides new insights into the epidemiological and molecular processes shaping influenza B virus evolution globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Langat
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United
Kingdom
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Astrid Gall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United
Kingdom
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rodney S. Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - John McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United
Kingdom
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10
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Chen H, Deng Q, Ng SH, Lee RTC, Maurer-Stroh S, Zhai W. Dynamic Convergent Evolution Drives the Passage Adaptation across 48 Years' History of H3N2 Influenza Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3133-3143. [PMID: 27604224 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are often propagated in a diverse set of culturing media and additional substitutions known as passage adaptation can cause extra evolution in the target strain, leading to ineffective vaccines. Using 25,482 H3N2 HA1 sequences curated from Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data and National Center for Biotechnology Information databases, we found that passage adaptation is a very dynamic process that changes over time and evolves in a seesaw like pattern. After crossing the species boundary from bird to human in 1968, the influenza H3N2 virus evolves to be better adapted to the human environment and passaging them in embryonated eggs (i.e., an avian environment) leads to increasingly stronger positive selection. On the contrary, passage adaptation to the mammalian cell lines changes from positive selection to negative selection. Using two statistical tests, we identified 19 codon positions around the receptor binding domain strongly contributing to passage adaptation in the embryonated egg. These sites show strong convergent evolution and overlap extensively with positively selected sites identified in humans, suggesting that passage adaptation can confound many of the earlier studies on influenza evolution. Interestingly, passage adaptation in recent years seems to target a few codon positions in antigenic surface epitopes, which makes it difficult to produce antigenically unaltered vaccines using embryonic eggs. Our study outlines another interesting scenario whereby both convergent and adaptive evolution are working in synchrony driving viral adaptation. Future studies from sequence analysis to vaccine production need to take careful consideration of passage adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Qiang Deng
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore.,Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Ministry of Health (MOH), Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
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11
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McWhite CD, Meyer AG, Wilke CO. Sequence amplification via cell passaging creates spurious signals of positive adaptation in influenza virus H3N2 hemagglutinin. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew026. [PMID: 27713835 PMCID: PMC5049878 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical influenza A virus isolates are frequently not sequenced directly. Instead, a majority of these isolates (~70% in 2015) are first subjected to passaging for amplification, most commonly in non-human cell culture. Here, we find that this passaging leaves distinct signals of adaptation, which can confound evolutionary analyses of the viral sequences. We find distinct patterns of adaptation to Madin-Darby (MDCK) and monkey cell culture absent from unpassaged hemagglutinin sequences. These patterns also dominate pooled datasets not separated by passaging type, and they increase in proportion to the number of passages performed. By contrast, MDCK-SIAT1 passaged sequences seem mostly (but not entirely) free of passaging adaptations. Contrary to previous studies, we find that using only internal branches of influenza virus phylogenetic trees is insufficient to correct for passaging artifacts. These artifacts can only be safely avoided by excluding passaged sequences entirely from subsequent analysis. We conclude that future influenza virus evolutionary analyses should appropriately control for potentially confounding effects of passaging adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. McWhite
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Austin G. Meyer
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Development of high-yield influenza A virus vaccine viruses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8148. [PMID: 26334134 PMCID: PMC4569720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infection. Influenza vaccines propagated in cultured cells are approved for use in humans, but their yields are often suboptimal. Here, we screened A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus mutant libraries to develop vaccine backbones (defined here as the six viral RNA segments not encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that support high yield in cell culture. We also tested mutations in the coding and regulatory regions of the virus, and chimeric haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. A combination of high-yield mutations from these screens led to a PR8 backbone that improved the titres of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H7N9 vaccine viruses in African green monkey kidney and Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. This PR8 backbone also improves titres in embryonated chicken eggs, a common propagation system for influenza viruses. This PR8 vaccine backbone thus represents an advance in seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine development. The availability of high-yield virus strains remains an important bottleneck in the rapid production of influenza vaccines. Here, the authors report the development of influenza A vaccine backbone that improves the virus yield of various seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine strains in cell culture.
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Tempo and mode in the molecular evolution of influenza C. PLOS CURRENTS 2010; 2:RRN1199. [PMID: 21127722 PMCID: PMC2995033 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Influenza C contributes to economic damage caused by working days lost through absence or inefficiency and may occasionally cause an acute respiratory illness in a paediatric setting. All Influenza C sequences from the NCBI Influenza Virus Resource were examined to determine the date of the most recent common ancestor (t-MRCA), the average nucleotide substitution rate, and the location of residues under positive selection, for each of the seven genome segments of this virus. The segment with the deepest phylogeny was found to be segment 4, encoding the haemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE) with mean t-MRCA at 1890 of the common era (AD), at a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 1857-1924 AD. Other genome segments have slightly more recent common ancestors, ranging from mean t-MRCAs of 1916 AD (HPD 1891-1937) for segment 7, encoding the two non-structural proteins (NS) to 1944 AD (HPD 1940-1948) for segment 2 encoding the type 1 basic polymerase (PB1). On the basis of the Bayesian analysis a reclassification of lineages within genome segments is proposed. Some evidence for positive selection was found in the receptor-binding domain of the haemagglutinin-esterase protein. However, average ω (omega) values ranged from 0.05 for polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) to 0.38 for non-structural protein 2 (NS2), suggesting that strong to moderate purifying selection is the main trend. Characteristic combinations of segment lineages were identified (genome constellations) and shown to have a relatively short life-span before being broken up by reassortment.
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