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Regan T, Gill AC, Clohisey SM, Barnett MW, Pariante CM, Harrison NA, Hume DA, Bullmore ET, Freeman TC. Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of tryptophan-metabolism genes by human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:681-692. [PMID: 29377288 PMCID: PMC5918594 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0617-261r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence link macrophage activation and inflammation with (monoaminergic) nervous systems in the etiology of depression. IFN treatment is associated with depressive symptoms, whereas anti‐TNFα therapies elicit positive mood. This study describes the actions of 2 monoaminergic antidepressants (escitalopram, nortriptyline) and 3 anti‐inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, prednisolone, and anti‐TNFα antibody) on the response of human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs) from 6 individuals to LPS or IFN‐α. Expression profiling revealed robust changes in the MDM transcriptome (3294 genes at P < 0.001) following LPS challenge, whereas a more limited subset of genes (499) responded to IFNα. Contrary to published reports, administered at nontoxic doses, neither monoaminergic antidepressant significantly modulated the transcriptional response to either inflammatory challenge. Each anti‐inflammatory drug had a distinct impact on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and on the profile of inducible gene expression—notably on the regulation of enzymes involved in metabolism of tryptophan. Inter alia, the effect of anti‐TNFα antibody confirmed a predicted autocrine stimulatory loop in human macrophages. The transcriptional changes were predictive of tryptophan availability and kynurenine synthesis, as analyzed by targeted metabolomic studies on cellular supernatants. We suggest that inflammatory processes in the brain or periphery could impact on depression by altering the availability of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis and/or by increasing production of neurotoxic kynurenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew C Gill
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Sara M Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark W Barnett
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,ImmunoPsychiatry, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Borsini A, Cattaneo A, Malpighi C, Thuret S, Harrison NA, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM. Interferon-Alpha Reduces Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Increases Apoptosis via Activation of Distinct STAT1-Dependent Mechanisms. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 21:187-200. [PMID: 29040650 PMCID: PMC5793815 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, interferon-α treatment for chronic viral hepatitis is a well-recognized clinical model for inflammation-induced depression, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. Following peripheral administration in rodents, interferon-α induces signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) within the hippocampus and disrupts hippocampal neurogenesis. METHODS We used the human hippocampal progenitor cell line HPC0A07/03C to evaluate the effects of 2 concentrations of interferon-α, similar to those observed in human serum during its therapeutic use (500 pg/mL and 5000 pg/mL), on neurogenesis and apoptosis. RESULTS Both concentrations of interferon-α decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, with the high concentration also increasing apoptosis. Moreover, interferon-α increased the expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via activation of STAT1. Like interferon-α, co-treatment with a combination of ISG15, USP18, and IL-6 was able to reduce neurogenesis and enhance apoptosis via further downstream activation of STAT1. Further experiments showed that ISG15 and USP18 mediated the interferon-α-induced reduction in neurogenesis (potentially through upregulation of the ISGylation-related proteins UBA7, UBE2L6, and HERC5), while IL-6 mediated the interferon-α-induced increase in apoptosis (potentially through downregulation of aquaporin 4). Using transcriptomic analyses, we showed that interferon-α regulated pathways involved in oxidative stress and immune response (e.g., Nuclear Factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 [Nrf2] and interferon regulatory factor [IRF] signaling pathway), neuronal formation (e.g., CAMP response element-binding protein [CREB] signaling), and cell death regulation (e.g., tumor protein(p)53 signaling). CONCLUSIONS We identify novel molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of interferon-α on the human hippocampus potentially involved in inflammation-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Borsini
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom,King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Alessandra Borsini, PhD, Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Lab and Perinatal Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RT ()
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom,IRCCS Fatebenefratelli Institute, Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Malpighi
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,IRCCS Fatebenefratelli Institute, Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Harrison
- University of Sussex, Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom,IRCCS Fatebenefratelli Institute, Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Brescia, Italy
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Viral hepatitis C therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:409-27. [PMID: 24723109 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem. To prevent or reduce complications, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection needs to be eradicated. There have been several developments in treating these patients since the discovery of the virus. As of 1 January 2014, the drugs that are approved for treatment of chronic HCV infection are peginterferon-α, ribavirin, boceprevir, telaprevir, simeprevir and sofosbuvir. In this review we provide an overview of the clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics of these agents by describing their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In the pharmacodynamic part we summarize what is known about the relationships between the pharmacokinetics of each drug and efficacy or toxicity. We briefly discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chronic hepatitis C treatment in special patient populations, such as patients with liver cirrhosis, renal insufficiency or HCV/HIV coinfection, and children. With this knowledge, physicians, pharmacists, nurse practitioners, etc. should be educated to safely and effectively treat HCV-infected patients.
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Bukong TN, Kodys K, Szabo G. Human ezrin-moesin-radixin proteins modulate hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 58:1569-79. [PMID: 23703860 PMCID: PMC3772999 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Host cytoskeletal proteins of the ezrin-moesin-radixin (EMR) family have been shown to modulate single-stranded RNA virus infection through regulating stable microtubule formation. Antibody engagement of CD81, a key receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, induces ezrin phosphorylation. Here we tested the role of EMR proteins in regulating HCV infection and explored potential therapeutic targets. We show that HCV E2 protein induces rapid ezrin phosphorylation and its cellular redistribution with F-actin by way of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). Therapeutically blocking the functional roles of SYK or F-actin reorganization significantly reduced Huh7.5 cell susceptibility to HCV J6/JFH-1 infection. Using gene regulation, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and fluorescent microscopy analysis, we found that proteins of the EMR family differentially regulate HCV infection in the J6/JFH-1/Huh7.5 cell system. Moesin and radixin, but not ezrin, expression were significantly decreased in chronic HCV J6/JFH-1-infected Huh7.5 cells and HCV-infected patient liver biopsies compared to controls. The decreases in moesin and radixin in HCV J6/JFH-1-infected Huh7.5 cells were associated with a significant increase in stable microtubules. Ezrin knockdown inhibited immediate postentry events in HCV infection. Overexpression of moesin or radixin significantly reduced HCV protein expression. In contrast, transient knockdown of moesin or radixin augmented HCV infection. Making use of the Con1 HCV replicon system, we tested the effect of EMR proteins on HCV replication. We found that transient knockdown of moesin increased HCV RNA expression while overexpression of EMR showed no significant effect on HCV replication. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the important role of EMR proteins during HCV infection at the postentry level and highlight possible novel targets for HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Contact Information: Gyongyi Szabo, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Tel: 001-508-856-5275; Fax: 001-508-856-4770;
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Yang Z, Zhuang L, Yang L, Chen X. Efficacy and Tolerability of Peginterferon α -2a and Peginterferon α -2b, Both plus Ribavirin, for Chronic Hepatitis C: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:739029. [PMID: 23662098 PMCID: PMC3639641 DOI: 10.1155/2013/739029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The efficacy and tolerability of peginterferon α -2a and peginterferon α -2b in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients remain controversial. Methods. PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane libraries were electronically searched until August 30, 2012. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated by two reviewers independently. Results. The overall sustained virologic response (SVR) rate of the peginterferon α -2a group was significantly higher than that of the peginterferon α -2b group (46.7% versus 42.4%, P value = 0.01). The same tendency was observed for naïve, genotype 1/4, and genotype 2/3 patients. The early virologic response (EVR) and end-of-treatment response (ETR) rates were significantly higher in the peginterferon α -2a group than in the peginterferon α -2b group (56.1% versus 49.8%, P < 0.0001; 67.9% versus 56.6%, P < 0.00001, resp.). Peginterferon α -2a had a significantly lower discontinuation rate than peginterferon α -2b (27.9% versus 33.9%, P < 0.0001) in naïve patients. In both naïve CHC and hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients, peginterferon α -2a had a higher relapse rate than peginterferon α -2b. Conclusions. Peginterferon α -2a has superior efficacy with higher EVR, ETR, and SVR than peginterferon α -2b for CHC patients, both plus ribavirin. Peginterferon α -2a might obtain a similar or even lower discontinuation rate than peginterferon α -2b. However, peginterferon α -2a had a higher relapse rate than peginterferon α -2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongguo Yang
- 1Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Liping Zhuang
- 2Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Department of Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China
- 3Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Yang
- 4The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- 1Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
- *Xiaorong Chen:
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