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Backes IM, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959603. [PMID: 36016956 PMCID: PMC9398215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal/neonatal period represents both a unique window of opportunity for interventions as well as vulnerability to a number of viral infections. While Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) are highly prevalent and typically of little consequence among healthy adults, they are among the most consequential infections of early life. Despite treatment with antiviral drugs, neonatal HSV (nHSV) infections can still result in significant mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity. Fortunately, newborns in our pathogen-rich world inherit some of the protection provided by the maternal immune system in the form of transferred antibodies. Maternal seropositivity, resulting in placental transfer of antibodies capable of neutralizing virus and eliciting the diverse effector functions of the innate immune system are associated with dramatically decreased risk of nHSV. Given this clear epidemiological evidence of reduced risk of infection and its sequelae, we present what is known about the ability of monoclonal antibody therapies to treat or prevent HSV infection and explore how effective antibody-based interventions in conjunction with antiviral therapy might reduce early life mortality and long-term morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara M Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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2
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Heydarifard Z, Zadheidar S, Yavarian J, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Kalantari S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ. Potential role of viral infections in miscarriage and insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:54-67. [PMID: 34961973 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine viruses can infect the decidua and placenta and cause adverse effects on the fetus during gestation. This review discusses the contribution of various viral infections to miscarriage and the molecular mechanisms by which viruses can cause devastating effects on healthy fetuses and induce miscarriage. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as newly emerged coronavirus was considered here, due to the concerns about its role during pregnancy and inducing miscarriage, as well. In this narrative review, an extensive literature search was conducted to find all studies investigating viral infections in miscarriage and their molecular mechanisms published over the past 20 years. The results of various studies investigating the roles of 20 viral infections in miscarriage are presented. Then, the mechanisms of pregnancy loss in viral infections were addressed, including alteration of trophoblast invasion and placental dysfunction, inducing excessive maternal immune response, and inducing apoptosis in the placental tissue. Viruses may cause pregnancy loss through different mechanisms and our knowledge about these mechanisms can be helpful for controlling or preventing viral infections and achieving a successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydarifard
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Megli CJ, Coyne CB. Infections at the maternal-fetal interface: an overview of pathogenesis and defence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:67-82. [PMID: 34433930 PMCID: PMC8386341 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections are a major threat to human reproductive health, and infections in pregnancy can cause prematurity or stillbirth, or can be vertically transmitted to the fetus leading to congenital infection and severe disease. The acronym 'TORCH' (Toxoplasma gondii, other, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) refers to pathogens directly associated with the development of congenital disease and includes diverse bacteria, viruses and parasites. The placenta restricts vertical transmission during pregnancy and has evolved robust mechanisms of microbial defence. However, microorganisms that cause congenital disease have likely evolved diverse mechanisms to bypass these defences. In this Review, we discuss how TORCH pathogens access the intra-amniotic space and overcome the placental defences that protect against microbial vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Megli
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive Infectious Disease, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Bhagirath AY, Medapati MR, de Jesus VC, Yadav S, Hinton M, Dakshinamurti S, Atukorallaya D. Role of Maternal Infections and Inflammatory Responses on Craniofacial Development. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:735634. [PMID: 35048051 PMCID: PMC8757860 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.735634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a tightly regulated immunological state. Mild environmental perturbations can affect the developing fetus significantly. Infections can elicit severe immunological cascades in the mother's body as well as the developing fetus. Maternal infections and resulting inflammatory responses can mediate epigenetic changes in the fetal genome, depending on the developmental stage. The craniofacial development begins at the early stages of embryogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the immunology of pregnancy and its responsive mechanisms on maternal infections. Further, we will also discuss the epigenetic effects of pathogens, their metabolites and resulting inflammatory responses on the fetus with a special focus on craniofacial development. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of infections and dysregulated inflammatory responses during prenatal development could provide better insights into the origins of craniofacial birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Y. Bhagirath
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Vivianne Cruz de Jesus
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sneha Yadav
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Martha Hinton
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Devi Atukorallaya
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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5
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Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Santi E, Taliento C, Vitagliano A, Schiuma G, Beltrami S, Rizzo S, Lanza G, Rizzo R, Gafà R, Greco P. Late-onset intrauterine growth restriction and HHV-6 infection: A pilot study. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6317-6322. [PMID: 34138476 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to impaired growth and development of the fetus, characterized by placental morphological abnormalities that affect the fetus's supply of nutrients. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is physiologically expressed during pregnancy, but decreased in normal placenta during the last weeks of gestation possibly inducing childbirth. Several viruses involved in congenital infection, such as herpesviruses, exploit HLA-G expression as an immune-escape mechanism. To date, despite different congenital herpetic infections having been associated with late IUGR, no direct implication of Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection has been reported. We evaluated HLA-G expression and HHV-6 infection in 11 placentas from late-onset IUGR newborns and 11 placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies by histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. We found higher levels of HLA-G expression and HHV-6 presence in IUGR placenta samples compared with control placenta samples. We report HHV-6 staining in IUGR placenta samples, characterized by high HLA-G expression. These preliminary data suggest a possible involvement of HHV-6 infection in HLA-G deregulation that might affect vessel remodeling and prevent the correct pregnancy outcome in the IUGR condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica Santi
- Department of Medical Sciences,Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Taliento
- Department of Medical Sciences,Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- Department of Medical Sciences,Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Translational and for Romagna Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Translational and for Romagna Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Department of Medical Sciences,Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Sánchez-Luquez K, Schadock IC, Gonçalves CV, Tornatore M, Finger-Jardim F, Avila EC, Soares MA, de Martínez AMB, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB, da Hora VP. Impact of TLR7 and TLR9 polymorphisms on susceptibility to placental infections and pregnancy complications. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 146:103342. [PMID: 34102513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of the TLR7 Gln11Leu (rs179008) and TLR9 -1237 T/C (rs5743836) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on susceptibility to placental infections and pregnancy complications in 455 Brazilian women. Demographic, socioeconomic, gynecological, and clinical characteristics of the women were collected. Placental tissues were sampled from pregnant women and human and viral DNA was extracted. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1), Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2) and Human betaherpesvirus 5 (Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV) were detected by nested PCR. TLR9 and TLR7 SNPs were genotyped by PCR amplification of bi-directional specific alleles (Bi-PASA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), respectively. Infections at the time of birth were detected in 45.71 % of women. The presence of the TT genotype (recessive model) of the TLR7 SNP was associated with increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection (O.R. = 2.23, p = 0.05). The presence of the C allele of the TLR9 SNP, in heterozygosis or homozygosis (dominant model), decreased the infection risk by HCMV (O.R. = 0.31, p-mod<0.05). The TT genotype (recessive model) of the TLR7 SNP was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased occurrence of pre-treated hypertension. The codominant model of the TLR9 SNP was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with reduced risk of hospitalization during pregnancy. In combination, the AA/CT (TLR7-TLR9) genotypes significantly decreased the risk of placental infection by HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 (O.R. = 0.47, p = 0.02), the susceptibility to all infectious agents considered in combination (O.R. = 0.4, p = 0.00), and the need of hospitalization (O.R. = 0.48, p = 0.02). In conclusion, TLR7 and TLR9 SNPs are potential modulating factors for the risk of placental infections and pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sánchez-Luquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ines Claudia Schadock
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele Tornatore
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emiliana Claro Avila
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Soares
- Oncovirology Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Barral de Martínez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada da Hora
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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7
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Diagnosis of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infection from the Placenta. Case Rep Pediatr 2020; 2020:8898612. [PMID: 33520322 PMCID: PMC7817230 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8898612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a high rate of fetal demise and premature birth in intrauterine HSV infection, the outcome in neonates is usually adverse. A female preterm infant with a gestational age of 25 1/7 weeks with expected early clinical course tested positive for neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 after the neonatologist was informed of positive immunohistochemistry for the virus on the fifth day of life by the pathologist. Pathological examination of the placenta had revealed subacute necrotizing inflammation with stromal cell necrosis suggestive of intrauterine infection, possibly ascending due to prolonged rupture of membranes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case wherein placental pathology indicated exposure to HSV in utero before the infant presented with signs or symptoms of neonatal HSV resulting in a favorable outcome for the infant. Due to the variability of presentation of intrauterine HSV infection, pathological examination of the placenta in the first 2–5 days of life in premature infants can provide clues to the diagnosis of neonatal HSV which may significantly impact the outcome.
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8
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Charostad J, Mokhtari-Azad D V M T, Mph, Ph D, Yavarian J, Ghavami N, Mahmood Seyed Khorrami S, Behboudi E, Jalilvand S, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi N. Detection of human herpes viruses 1-5 in miscarriage: A case-control study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020; 18:501-508. [PMID: 32803115 PMCID: PMC7385915 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v13i7.7367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miscarriage is the spontaneous pregnancy loss before 24 wk of gestation. The incidence rate of miscarriage over the past few decades has shown steady or even growing trends. Viral intrauterine infections are one of the probable etiological causes of miscarriage. Previous evidence have shown that human herpes viruses (HHVs) could be considered as the potential reasons for intrauterine infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective This case-control study aimed to detect HHV1-5 DNAs in placental tissues and assess their association with miscarriage during the first 24 wk of pregnancy in spontaneous and therapeutic abortions. Materials and Methods Placental tissues from 83 women with spontaneous abortions during the first and the second trimesters of pregnancy and 81 women with therapeutic abortion during the same gestational age were collected. The DNA extraction was performed by the phenol/chloroform method. A part of the DNA polymerase gene of HHVs was amplified with multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction products were subjected to sequencing. Results The results showed the presence of human cytomegalovirus genome in the placenta of both spontaneous (8.4%) and therapeutic (4.9%) abortions. No statistically significant differences were found between these two groups. The other investigated viruses were not detected here. Conclusion In conclusion, like some other studies, no correlation was detected between the HHVs placental infections and the increased risk of spontaneous abortions. In order to find the actual role of HHVs infections in miscarriage, further investigations should be performed on a larger sample size in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mph
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ph D
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Emad Behboudi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Groß R, Bauer R, Krüger F, Rücker-Braun E, Olari LR, Ständker L, Preising N, Rodríguez AA, Conzelmann C, Gerbl F, Sauter D, Kirchhoff F, Hagemann B, Gačanin J, Weil T, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Sanchez-Garcia E, Forssmann WG, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Stenger S, Walther P, Wiese S, Spellerberg B, Münch J. A Placenta Derived C-Terminal Fragment of β-Hemoglobin With Combined Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:508. [PMID: 32328038 PMCID: PMC7153485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta acts as physical and immunological barrier against the transmission of viruses and bacteria from mother to fetus. However, the specific mechanisms by which the placenta protects the developing fetus from viral and bacterial pathogens are poorly understood. To identify placental peptides and small proteins protecting from viral and bacterial infections, we generated a peptide library from 10 kg placenta by chromatographic means. Screening the resulting 250 fractions against Herpes-Simplex-Virus 2 (HSV-2), which is rarely transmitted through the placenta, in a cell-based system identified two adjacent fractions with significant antiviral activity. Further rounds of chromatographic purification and anti-HSV-2 testing allowed to purify the bioactive peptide. Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a 36-mer derived from the C-terminal region of the hemoglobin β subunit. The purified and corresponding chemically synthesized peptide, termed HBB(112–147), inhibited HSV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner, with a mean IC50 in the median μg/ml range. Full-length hemoglobin tetramer had no antiviral activity. HBB(112–147) did not impair infectivity by direct targeting of the virions but prevented HSV-2 infection at the cell entry level. The peptide was inactive against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Rubella and Zika virus infection, suggesting a specific anti-HSV-2 mechanism. Notably, HBB(112–147) has previously been identified as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. It is abundant in placenta, reaching concentrations between 280 and 740 μg/ml, that are well sufficient to inhibit HSV-2 and prototype Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. We here additionally show, that HBB(112–147) also acts potently against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (including a multi-drug resistant strain) in a dose dependent manner, while full-length hemoglobin is inactive. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of HBB(112–147) was increased under acidic conditions, a hallmark of infection and inflammatory conditions. Indeed, we found that HBB(112–147) is released from the hemoglobin precursor by Cathepsin D and Napsin A, acidic proteases highly expressed in placental and other tissues. We propose that upon viral or bacterial infection, the abundant hemoglobin precursor is proteolytically processed to release HBB(112–147), a broadly active antimicrobial innate immune defense peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elke Rücker-Braun
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lia-Raluca Olari
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nico Preising
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando A Rodríguez
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Gerbl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hagemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jasmina Gačanin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Structural characterization and antiviral activity of two fucoidans from the brown algae Sargassum henslowianum. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Bhatta AK, Keyal U, Liu Y, Gellen E. Vertikale Übertragung des Herpes-simplex-Virus: eine Aktualisierung. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:685-693. [PMID: 29873927 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13529_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infektionen mit den Herpes-simplex-Viren (HSV)-1 und -2 haben weltweit eine hohe Prävalenz. Eine HSV-Infektion während der Schwangerschaft kann eine neonatale Herpes-Infektion verursachen, die durch eine lebenslange Infektion mit Latenz- und Reaktivierungsperioden gekennzeichnet ist. Ein Säugling kann sich in utero (5 %), peripartal (85 %) oder postnatal (10 %) mit dem HS-Virus infizieren. Herpes neonatorum ist eine seltene aber bedeutsame Infektion, die mit schwerer Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert sein kann, insbesondere bei Dissemination oder Beteiligung des zentralen Nervensystems. Fortschritte bei Diagnose und Therapie haben zur Verringerung der Mortalität sowie, in geringerem Ausmaß, zu einem verbesserten neurologischen Outcome geführt. Dennoch sind weitere Verbesserungen wünschenswert. Dabei ist es entscheidend, Ärzte in die Lage zu versetzen, diejenigen Säuglinge, die einem erhöhten Risiko einer HSV-Infektion ausgesetzt sind, zu erkennen und die Mutter-Kind-Übertragung effektiver zu verhindern. Ein lohnendes Ziel für die Zukunft ist die Entwicklung neuer antiviraler Wirkstoffe mit höherer Wirksamkeit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Bhatta
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Uma Keyal
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Emese Gellen
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen, Ungarn
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12
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Bhatta AK, Keyal U, Liu Y, Gellen E. Vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus: an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:685-692. [PMID: 29762896 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2 infections are highly prevalent worldwide. HSV infection during pregnancy can result in neonatal herpes infection, which is characterized by lifelong infection with periods of latency and reactivation. HSV can be acquired by an infant during one of three periods: in utero (5 %), peripartum (85 %), or postnatal (10 %). Neonatal HSV is a rare but significant infection that may be associated with severe morbidity and mortality, especially if there is dissemination or central nervous system involvement. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances have led to a reduction in mortality and, to a lesser extent, improvement of neurodevelopmental outcomes, but further developments are still needed. It is essential to improve the clinician's ability to identify infants who are at increased risk of HSV infection and to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The development of novel antiviral agents with higher efficacy is a worthwhile aim for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Bhatta
- Department of Dermatopathology Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Uma Keyal
- Department of Dermatopathology Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatopathology Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Emese Gellen
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Finger-Jardim F, Avila EC, da Hora VP, Santos PCD, Gonçalves CV, Mor G, de Martinez AMB, Soares MA. Herpes simplex virus type 2 IgG antibodies in sera of umbilical cord as a proxy for placental infection in asymptomatic pregnant women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12824. [PMID: 29427299 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is mainly sexually transmitted. When infecting pregnant women, HSV-2 is able to infect the placenta, can reach the fetus, and may affect the fetal development. We sought to determine the prevalence of HSV-2 infection and reactivation in asymptomatic pregnant women, the correlation between IgG in the maternal circulation and cord blood, and the correlation between circulating IgG, placental, and newborn infection (blood cord). METHOD OF STUDY Serum samples and placental tissues from pregnant women and umbilical cord blood samples from their newborns were collected. Anti-HSV-2 antibodies were identified by ELISA, and HSV-2 DNA was detected by nested PCR. RESULTS The seropositivity of IgG in pregnant women was 29.7% and IgM was detected in 1 woman (0.5%). In the umbilical cord of newborns, 33.1% were IgG-positive and IgM was detected in 2 samples (1.5%). A positive correlation between HSV-2 IgG titers in serum from pregnant women and cord blood samples was found (r = .36, P = .001). A difference between the positive and negative placental groups (maternal side) was found in titers of IgG in sera of umbilical cord, which were significantly higher in the positive placental group (P = .004). CONCLUSION We describe for the first time that newborns from mothers with HSV-2 placental infection have higher IgG titers in sera of umbilical cord, suggesting IgGs antibodies can be indicative of placental viral infection in asymptomatic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Emiliana Claro Avila
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada da Hora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Paula Costa Dos Santos
- Parasitology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Marcelo Alves Soares
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Oliveira GMD, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Moreira DR, Guimarães VS, Aguiar RALPD, Miranda DMD, Romanelli RMDC. Detection of cytomegalovirus, herpes virus simplex, and parvovirus b19 in spontaneous abortion placentas. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 32:768-775. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1391778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mafra de Oliveira
- Departament of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel R. Moreira
- Departament of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Vitor Souza Guimarães
- Departament of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Departament of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Abstract
Despite the prevalence of viral infections in the American population, we still have a limited understanding of how they affect pregnancy and fetal development. Viruses can gain access to the decidua and placenta by ascending from the lower reproductive tract or via hematogenous transmission. Viral tropism for the decidua and placenta is then dependent on viral entry receptor expression in these tissues as well as on the maternal immune response to the virus. These factors vary by cell type and gestational age and can be affected by changes to the in utero environment and maternal immunity. Some viruses can directly infect the fetus at specific times during gestation, while some only infect the placenta. Both scenarios can result in severe birth defects or pregnancy loss. Systemic maternal viral infections can also affect the pregnancy, and these can be especially dangerous, because pregnant women suffer higher virus-associated morbidity and mortality than do nonpregnant counterparts. In this Review, we discuss the potential contributions of maternal, placental, and fetal viral infection to pregnancy outcome, fetal development, and maternal well-being.
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Finger-Jardim F, Avila EC, da Hora VP, Gonçalves CV, de Martinez AMB, Soares MA. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 at maternal and fetal sides of the placenta in asymptomatic pregnant women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28440579 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) commonly causes orolabial infection, but can also infect the genital mucosa. In contrast, HSV-2 is usually genital. Genital herpes can transmit the virus vertically to the fetus during pregnancy. We sought to estimate the prevalence of HSV-1/2 on the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. METHOD OF STUDY Placental tissues were collected from pregnant women seen at the Rio Grande University Hospital. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were detected by nested PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was, respectively, 28% and 12.6% (maternal side) and 29.9% and 8.3% (fetal side). All HSV-positive women were asymptomatic. Sexual behavior, vaginal delivery, and presence of HSVs on one side of the placenta were risk factors associated with HSV infection. CONCLUSION The occurrence of HSVs in placental tissue was high, especially for HSV-1. Novel strategies need to be implemented for the management of asymptomatic women who might transmit HSV to their newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emiliana C Avila
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P da Hora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla V Gonçalves
- Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria B de Martinez
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Klase ZA, Khakhina S, Schneider ADB, Callahan MV, Glasspool-Malone J, Malone R. Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004877. [PMID: 27560129 PMCID: PMC4999274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly) and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain-Barré syndrome) has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of "TORCH" viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Klase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adriano De Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael V Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Zika Foundation, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jill Glasspool-Malone
- Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Malone
- Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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