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Tan NK, Pope CF, Carrington D. Performance evaluation of fully automated cobas® 6800 CMV PCR for the detection and quantification of cytomegalovirus DNA in neonatal urine and saliva, and adult urine, saliva, and vaginal secretion. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29223. [PMID: 37966419 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in bodily fluids is essential to manage congenital and prenatal CMV infection. The rapid and fully automated cobas® CMV PCR is approved only for the testing of plasma in transplant patients. To evaluate the performance of the cobas® CMV to detect and quantify CMV DNA in neonatal and adult female urine, saliva, and vaginal secretion, the limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), imprecision, linearity, PCR efficiency, bias, analytical specificity, cross-reactivity, and cross-contamination of the cobas® CMV for urine, saliva, and vaginal secretion was determined. The performance of the assay was evaluated prospectively with two laboratory-developed PCR assays using neonatal and adult urine, saliva swabs, and vaginal swabs. The LoD and LoQ were 31 and 100 IU/mL, respectively, for urine, and 81 and 100 IU/mL, respectively, for vaginal secretion. The LoD and LoQ for saliva were the same (200 IU/mL). The cobas® CMV was precise (coefficient of variation ≤10%), linear (R2 ≥ 0.995), and efficient (1.07 and 1.09) between 100 and 250,000 IU/mL for the sample types. The bias and analytical specificity was <±0.30 log10 IU/mL and 100%, respectively. Cross-reactivity with non-CMV pathogens was not detected. Cross-contamination rate was 0.28%. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the cobas® CMV for neonatal urine and saliva were ≥95.0%, ≥93.3%, and ≥90.4%, respectively. The overall percent agreement for adult urine, saliva, and vaginal secretion was 86.6%, 94.5%, and 89.4%, respectively. Taken together, the cobas® CMV demonstrated acceptable analytical and diagnostic performance, and is suitable for routine diagnostic laboratory investigation of CMV infection in neonates and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee Keong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infection and Immunity, South West London Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cassie F Pope
- Infection Care Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - David Carrington
- Infection Care Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Tan NK, Carrington D, Pope CF. Detecting human cytomegalovirus in urine, vagina and saliva: Impact of biological fluids and storage durations and temperatures on CMV DNA recovery. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29081. [PMID: 37675875 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Sample collection, transport and storage conditions vary in the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding literature. Currently, limited data exist on the impact of biological fluids and pre-analytical sample handling on the detection of CMV DNA. To evaluate CMV DNA recovery from urine, vaginal fluid and saliva stored in different conditions, adult urine, vaginal and saliva fluids and swabs, stored with or without selected nucleic acid preservation media at various durations and temperatures, was compared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantitation of spiked samples and self-collected urine (n = 45) and vaginal swabs (n = 58) from CMV seropositive pregnant women. There was a time-dependent reduction in CMV DNA recovery from urine, urine diluted in phosphate-buffered saline, and saliva stored at 2-8°C, but not from urine preserved in cobas® PCR transport media (CPM) (urine/CPM). For vaginal fluid, a reduction in recovery was evident after 7 days storage at 2-8°C. CMV DNA recovery over 91 days was similar between -80°C and -20°C storage for urine and vaginal swabs preserved in CPM, and saliva swabs preserved in eNAT® PCR transport media. A statistically significant change in CMV DNA recovery after 25 months storage (median) at -80°C was not observed for self-collected urine/CPM and vaginal swab/CPM from pregnant women. Taken together, recovery of CMV DNA is dependent on fluid type and storage conditions. To improve the validity and reliability of detection at different storage durations and temperatures, the use of nucleic acid preserving transport media at the point of collection for urine, vaginal fluid and saliva may be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee Keong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infection and Immunity, South West London Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Carrington
- Infection Care Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Cassie F Pope
- Infection Care Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 78:1-11. [PMID: 32726192 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1803540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female infertility may be defined as a woman of reproductive age being unable to become pregnant after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Social, genetic, endocrine, physiological, and psychological factors as well as lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking and alcohol consumption), either alone or in combination with male factors, are major causes. However, approximately 15-30% of cases of female infertility remain unexplained. Numerous investigations have also indicated that microbiomes play an important role in human reproduction. All parts of the female reproductive system may be influenced by infectious and pathological agents, especially viruses, and these may interfere with reproductive function and so are risk factors for infertility, although in many cases an exact role is unclear. We present an overview of the impact of common viral infections on female reproduction, searching Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for potentially relevant studies of viruses known to have a potential effect. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human herpesvirus (HHV) increase infertility rates whilst human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infections mostly lead to higher abortion and miscarriage rates. Moreover, HPV infection is linked to increased tubal infertility, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. HPV was the most frequently observed infection and with lower pregnancy rate and foetal death in women undergoing IVF treatments. Assisted reproductive treatment could be a safe and effective approach for HIV and HBV infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan , Rasht, Iran
| | - M Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, and Shiraz HIV/Aids Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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Charostad J, Mokhtari-Azad D V M T, Mph, Ph D, Yavarian J, Ghavami N, Mahmood Seyed Khorrami S, Behboudi E, Jalilvand S, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi N. Detection of human herpes viruses 1-5 in miscarriage: A case-control study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2020; 18:501-508. [PMID: 32803115 PMCID: PMC7385915 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v13i7.7367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miscarriage is the spontaneous pregnancy loss before 24 wk of gestation. The incidence rate of miscarriage over the past few decades has shown steady or even growing trends. Viral intrauterine infections are one of the probable etiological causes of miscarriage. Previous evidence have shown that human herpes viruses (HHVs) could be considered as the potential reasons for intrauterine infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective This case-control study aimed to detect HHV1-5 DNAs in placental tissues and assess their association with miscarriage during the first 24 wk of pregnancy in spontaneous and therapeutic abortions. Materials and Methods Placental tissues from 83 women with spontaneous abortions during the first and the second trimesters of pregnancy and 81 women with therapeutic abortion during the same gestational age were collected. The DNA extraction was performed by the phenol/chloroform method. A part of the DNA polymerase gene of HHVs was amplified with multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction products were subjected to sequencing. Results The results showed the presence of human cytomegalovirus genome in the placenta of both spontaneous (8.4%) and therapeutic (4.9%) abortions. No statistically significant differences were found between these two groups. The other investigated viruses were not detected here. Conclusion In conclusion, like some other studies, no correlation was detected between the HHVs placental infections and the increased risk of spontaneous abortions. In order to find the actual role of HHVs infections in miscarriage, further investigations should be performed on a larger sample size in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mph
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ph D
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Emad Behboudi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enters latency after primary infection and can reactivate periodically with virus excreted in body fluids which can be called shedding. CMV shedding during the early stage of pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. The shedding pattern in healthy seropositive women who plan to have babies has not been well characterised. Vaginal swabs, urine and blood were collected from 1262 CMV IgG-positive women who intended to have babies and tested for CMV DNA by fluorogenic quantitative PCR method. Serum IgM was also detected. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and CMV shedding prevalence was analysed. Among 1262 seropositive women, 12.8% (161/1262) were detected CMV DNA positive in at least one body fluid. CMV DNA was more frequently detected in vaginal secretion (10.5%) than in urine (3.2%) and blood (0.6%) also with higher viral loads (P < 0.00). CMV shedding was more likely detected in IgM-positive women than IgM-negative women (29.5% (13/44) vs. 12.2% (148/1218); OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.55–5.93; P = 0.001). CMV shedding in vaginal secretion was highly correlated with shedding in urine, the immune state of IgM, the adverse pregnant history and younger age. CMV shedding was more commonly detected in vaginal secretion than in urine or blood with higher viral loads among healthy seropositive women of reproductive age. Further studies are needed to figure out whether the shedding is occasional or continuous and whether it is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Barbosa NG, Yamamoto AY, Duarte G, Aragon DC, Fowler KB, Boppana S, Britt WJ, Mussi-Pinhata MM. Cytomegalovirus Shedding in Seropositive Pregnant Women From a High-Seroprevalence Population: The Brazilian Cytomegalovirus Hearing and Maternal Secondary Infection Study. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:743-750. [PMID: 29490030 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in highly seropositive populations occur in infants born to women with preexisting CMV seroimmunity. Although essential for developing prevention strategies, CMV shedding patterns in pregnant women with nonprimary infections have not been characterized. We investigated correlates of CMV shedding in a cohort of seropositive pregnant women. Methods In a prospective study, saliva, urine, vaginal swabs, and blood were collected from 120 CMV-seropositive women in the first, second, and third trimesters and 1 month postpartum. Specimens were tested for CMV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed the contribution of the specific maternal characteristics to viral shedding. Results CMV shedding was detected at least once in 42 (35%) women. Mothers living with or providing daily care to young children (3-6 years) were twice as likely to shed CMV at least once compared to women with less exposure to young children (58% vs 26%; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-3.56). Living in crowded households (≥2 people per room) was associated with viral shedding (64% vs 31%; aRR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.26-3.13). Sexual activity as indicated by the number of sexual partners per year or condom use was not found to be a correlate of viral shedding. Conclusions CMV shedding is relatively frequent in seropositive pregnant women. The association between virus shedding and caring for young children as well as crowded living conditions may provide opportunities for increased exposures that could lead to CMV reinfections in seropositive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara G Barbosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Y Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Duarte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi C Aragon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen B Fowler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Marisa M Mussi-Pinhata
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Natural Inhibitor of Human Cytomegalovirus in Human Seminal Plasma. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01855-18. [PMID: 30626669 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01855-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent viral cause of congenital infections that can lead to severe birth defects. Although HCMV is frequently detected in semen and thus is potentially sexually transmitted, the role of semen in HCMV transmission is largely unclear. Here we describe that human seminal plasma (SP; the cell-free supernatant of semen) inhibits HCMV infection. The inhibition of HCMV infection was dose dependent and effective for different cell types, virus strains, and semen donors. This inhibitory effect was specific for HCMV, as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections were enhanced by SP. Mechanistically, SP inhibited infection by interfering with the attachment of virions to cells most likely via an interaction with the trimeric glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gO. Together, our findings suggest that semen contains a factor that potentially limits sexual transmission of HCMV.IMPORTANCE The role of semen in sexual transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is currently unclear. This is surprising, as HCMV is frequently detected in this body fluid and infection is of high danger for neonates and pregnant women. In this study, we found that seminal plasma (SP) dose dependently inhibited HCMV infection. The infection inhibition was specific for HCMV, as other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), were not inhibited by SP. SP must contain a soluble, heat-resistant factor that limits attachment of HCMV particles to cells, probably by interaction with the trimeric glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gO. This novel virus-host interaction could possibly limit transmission of HCMV via semen during sexual intercourse.
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Shi TL, Huang LJ, Xiong YQ, Zhong YY, Yang JJ, Fu T, Lei XF, Chen Q. The risk of herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy upon adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhou H, Liu Y, Liu L, Zhang M, Chen X, Qi Y. Maternal pre-pregnancy risk factors for miscarriage from a prevention perspective: a cohort study in China. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 206:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.07.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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