1
|
Lazarevic I, Miljanovic D, Banko A, Cupic M, Cirkovic A. Quantitative HBV Core Antibodies as a Prognostic Marker for HBeAg Seroclearance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2024; 16:1121. [PMID: 39066283 PMCID: PMC11281513 DOI: 10.3390/v16071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the seroclearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is an important event and a significant surrogate endpoint of all current therapeutic strategies. The prediction of HBeAg seroclearance can help assess the benefits of therapy in patients during or before therapy initiation. The quantitation of HBV core antibodies (qAnti-HBc) is a new non-invasive biomarker for solving multiple diagnostic dilemmas. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that measured qAnti-HBc in patients who achieved HBeAg seroclearance were performed through PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS electronic database searches. Nineteen articles were included in the systematic review, comprising 3434 chronically infected patients (1014 with and 2420 without HBeAg seroclearance). Sixteen publications with data regarding qAnti-HBc levels were included in the meta-analysis. The baseline level of qAnti-HBc antibodies was significantly higher in patients with than without HBeAg seroclearance (SMD = 0.88, 95%CI SMD = 0.56-1.2, p < 0.001). The same conclusion was reached for patients originating from Asia (SMD = 0.94, 95%CI SMD = 0.55-1.33) and for the qAnti-HBc antibodies among adult HBV patients with therapy-induced HBeAg seroclearance (SMD = 0.90, 95%CI SMD = 0.54-1.25, p < 0.001). The systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence of the role of qAnti-HBc as a promising biomarker for predicting HBeAg seroclearance in chronically infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lazarevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.); (A.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Danijela Miljanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.); (A.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Ana Banko
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.); (A.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Maja Cupic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.M.); (A.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Andja Cirkovic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu X, Li W, Deng R, Zhou B, Yu R, Hou J, Shen S, Sun J, Liu S. Serum hepatitis B virus spliced RNA proportion increases with liver disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29400. [PMID: 38293843 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) spliced RNAs (spRNAs) are ubiquitous in HBV-infected patients; however, their clinical significance remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between HBV spRNAs and liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients; in vitro cell line assessment was also performed. The serum HBV wild-type RNA (wtRNA) and spRNA levels were individually quantified in a cohort of 279 treatment-naïve, hepatitis B e antigen positive CHB patients with or without cirrhosis. The spRNA proportion was determined as (spRNA × 100%)/(spRNAs + wtRNA). 20 patients' serum samples underwent spRNA species profiling using next-generation sequencing. Serum spRNA species 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were the most common variants. The spRNA proportion varied from 0.00% to 19.02%, with higher levels in HBV genotype C patients than in those with genotype B (1.76% vs. 0.84%, p < 0.001). The spRNA proportion was positively associated with the alanine aminotransferase levels (r = 0.144, p = 0.053) and significantly higher in cirrhotic than in non-cirrhotic patients (1.69% vs. 1.04%, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed a 2.566-fold higher risk of cirrhosis in patients with elevated spRNA proportion (p = 0.024). In vitro experiments confirmed that spRNAs contributed to hepatic stellate cell activation, which is critical in liver fibrosis development. Therefore, increased HBV spRNA expression poses a risk for liver disease progression. Quantifying serum HBV spRNAs can aid in monitoring liver disease progression. Furthermore, the therapeutic targeting of spRNAs may improve the prognosis of patients with CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis; Guangdong Institute of Hepatology; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Liu Y, Liu J, Xia J, Yan X, Li J, Liu X, Huang R, Wu C. A novel nomogram for predicting HBeAg seroclearance in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues. Ann Hepatol 2024; 29:101151. [PMID: 37704066 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Seroclearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is an important treatment goal for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study developed a nomogram for predicting HBeAg seroclearance in CHB patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Five hundred and sixty-nine CHB patients treated with NAs from two institutions between July 2016 to November 2021 were retrospectively included. One institution served as the training set (n = 374) and the other as the external validation set (n = 195). A predictive nomogram was established based on cox regression analysis. RESULTS The overall HBeAg seroclearance rates were 27.3 and 21.5 % after the median follow-up of 100.2 weeks and 65.1 weeks in the training set and validation set, respectively. In the training set, baseline aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HBeAg, and hepatitis B core antibody levels were independently associated with HBeAg seroclearance and were used to establish the HBEAg SeroClearance (ESC)-nomogram. The calibration curve revealed that the ESC-nomogram had a good agreement with actual observation. The ESC-nomogram showed relatively high accuracy for predicting 48 weeks, 96 weeks, and 144 weeks of HBeAg seroclearance in the training set (AUCs: 0.782, 0.734 and 0.671) and validation set (AUCs: 0.699, 0.718 and 0.689). The patients with high ESC-nomogram scores (≥ 79.51) had significantly higher cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance and seroconversion than patients with low scores (< 79.51) in both sets (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The novel ESC-nomogram showed good performance for predicting antiviral efficacy in HBeAg-positive CHB patients with NAs treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huai'an No. 4 People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoqiu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an No. 4 People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi Y, Wang Z, Ge S, Xia N, Yuan Q. Hepatitis B Core Antibody Level: A Surrogate Marker for Host Antiviral Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051111. [PMID: 37243197 DOI: 10.3390/v15051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus core protein (HBcAg) is a highly immunogenic particulate antigen. Nearly all patients with persistent or resolved hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection show seropositivity for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), which appears in the early stage of infection and is mostly present for life. Traditionally, the anti-HBc is regarded as an evidential serological marker of HBV infections. In the last ten years, several studies revealed the predictive value of quantitative anti-HBc (qAnti-HBc) level in the treatment response and clinical outcome of chronic HBV infections, implying new insights into this classic marker. Overall, qAnti-HBc should be regarded as an indicator of the host's immune response specific to HBV, which correlates with HBV-related hepatitis activity and liver pathology. This review summarized the latest understanding of the clinical values of qAnti-HBc for differentiating the CHB phase, predicting treatment response, and providing disease prognosis. Moreover, we also discussed the possible mechanism of qAnti-HBc regulation during different courses of HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, National Institute of Diagnostics Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, National Institute of Diagnostics Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, National Institute of Diagnostics Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, National Institute of Diagnostics Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Vaccine Development, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, National Institute of Diagnostics Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Finite versus Indefinite Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Therapy of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Exhibiting Negative HBsAg Levels after Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6069781. [PMID: 35872855 PMCID: PMC9307367 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6069781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim To determine whether a decrease in HBsAg to <0.05 IU/mL could be a criterion for cessation of finite nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 6715 patients with CHB between January 1998 and May 2016. Patients were followed up every 12–24 weeks. Among 104 patients achieving HBsAg levels < 0.05 IU/mL, 71 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis: 31 received finite NUC therapy, and 40 received indefinite NUC therapy. In the finite therapy group, 9 patients received no NUC consolidation therapy, 6 received short-term (<1 year) consolidation, and 16 received long-term (>1 year) consolidation. The outcome measures were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, albumin, hepatitis B virus DNA, and HBsAg levels. Results Baseline parameters and characteristics at the time when HBsAg levels had fallen to <0.05 IU/mL were similar between the finite and indefinite therapy groups. No patients experienced viral breakthrough/relapse during a median follow-up of 120 weeks. There were little or no differences in long-term outcomes between the finite and indefinite therapy groups and between the short-term and long-term consolidation groups. Conclusions Discontinuation of NUCs may be acceptable in patients whose HBsAg levels fall to <0.05 IU/mL. Consolidation therapy lasting <1 year appears adequate to prevent poor long-term prognosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Wu Y, Deng R, Shen S, Fan R, Peng J, Li W, Liang X, Hou J, Sun J, Zhou B. Methodology-dependent performance of serum HBV RNA in predicting treatment outcomes in chronic hepatitis B patients. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105037. [PMID: 33711337 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether different serum HBV RNA detection assays can consistently predict treatment outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B remains controversial. METHODS We enrolled 188 patients who had stopped nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) (STOP cohort-1, -2) and 78 receiving entecavir (ETV) therapy (ETV cohort) and used double-target (targeting both 5' and 3' ends of the HBV pregenome RNA [DT-RNA]) and three single-target (targeting the S-region [S-RNA], X-region [X-RNA], and poly-A tail of HBV RNA [PolyA-RNA]) assays to predict treatment outcomes. RESULTS In STOP cohorts, DT-RNA, S-RNA and X-RNA at NAs cessation showed higher predictive powers for clinical relapse (time-dependent areas under the curve [AUCs] for years 1, 2, 3, and 4 ranged between 0.724 and 0.772 in cohort-1, and between 0.741 and 0.824 in cohort-2) than the PolyA-RNA (AUCs between 0.604 and 0.611 in cohort-1; and between 0.530 and 0.584 in cohort-2). The predictive power for 2-year HBeAg loss of the four targeted RNAs in the ETV cohort at 6 months were similar (AUCs, 0.848, 0.838, 0.825, and 0.801), and superior to that of the HBV DNA level at 6 months (AUC, 0.721). CONCLUSION The outcome prediction performance of serum HBV RNAs is methodology-dependent. PolyA-RNA detection was not recommended to predict off-treatment relapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xieer Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|