1
|
Wang SH, Kuo BJ, Ho TC, Wan SW, Yen KL, Huang PH, Perng OGC, Chen PL, Chien YW, Lo YC. Lambda-free light chain: A serum marker of dengue disease via NS3 protease-mediated antibody cleavage. Virulence 2023; 14:2279355. [PMID: 37927064 PMCID: PMC10766417 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2279355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue poses a significant global public health threat, with diverse clinical manifestations due to complex interactions between the host and the pathogen. Recent reports have highlighted elevated serum-free light chain (FLC) levels in viral infectious diseases. Hence, our study aimed to investigate serum FLC levels in dengue patients. The findings revealed elevated serum λ FLCs, which were associated with the severity of dengue. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that λ FLCs may serve as a serum marker for identifying dengue disease (AUC: 0.7825, sensitivity: 80, specificity: 71.43) and classifying severe dengue (AUC: 0.8102, sensitivity: 75, specificity: 79.52). The viral protease, Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), acts as a protease that cleaves viral polyproteins as well as host substrates. Therefore, we proposed that antibodies might be potential targets of NS3 protease, leading to an increase in FLCs. LC/MS-MS analysis confirmed that λ FLCs were the predominant products after antibody degradation by NS3 protease. Additionally, purified NS3 protease cleaved both human IgG and DENV2-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in the presence of λ FLCs. Moreover, NS3 protease administration in vitro led to a reduction in the neutralizing efficacy of DENV2-neutralizing antibodies. In summary, the elevated serum λ FLC levels effectively differentiate dengue patients from healthy individuals and identify severe dengue. Furthermore, the elevation of serum λ FLCs is, at least in part, mediated through NS3 protease-mediated antibody cleavage. These findings provide new insights for developing diagnostic tools and understanding the pathogenesis of DENV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Jiun Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lun Yen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Guey Chuen Perng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cláudia Marinho da Silva A, Lima Amaral CM, Maestre Herazo MA, Nattaly Nobre Santos E, Petterson Viana Pereira E, Paula Silva da Costa H, Rodrigues Freitas E, Renata Figueiredo Gadelha C, Izabel Florindo Guedes M, Fraga van Tilburg M. Production and characterization of egg yolk antibodies against the ZIKV NS2B expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111088. [PMID: 37925945 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal and congenital complications pose a threat to global health, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions with co-circulation of related flaviviruses and intense vector proliferation. Diagnosis of ZIKV by RT-PCR is limited to the viraemic phase and is not always accessible in low-income tropical settings, while serological tests often show cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses. Given the similarity of ZIKV symptoms to those of other arboviruses, but the different prognosis and risks, it is important to develop specific and accessible diagnostic tools. Egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were obtained from Leghorn laying hens immunized with recombinant ZIKV NS2B protein produced in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana. After three immunizations, total IgY was recovered from the eggs by the 20% ammonium sulfate precipitation method. After characterisation by SDS-PAGE, dot blotting and ELISA, the IgY was adsorbed to dengue virus (DENV) from cell culture supernatants and tested for its ability to specifically detect ZIKV-positive sera samples. High yield and purity were observed on SDS-PAGE for polyclonal IgY, which reacted with NS2B at high titres in ELISA and detected both NS2B and ZIKV in dot blotting. However, a cross-reaction with DENV was observed and the anti-NS2B IgY was unable to discriminate ZIKV from DENV positive sera samples, even after adsorption with DENV. This is probably due to the phylogenetic relationship of the viruses and the shared identity of their proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Marinho da Silva
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cícero Matheus Lima Amaral
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mario A Maestre Herazo
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60020-181 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Nattaly Nobre Santos
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eric Petterson Viana Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Helen Paula Silva da Costa
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Fraga van Tilburg
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gandhi L, Maisnam D, Rathore D, Chauhan P, Bonagiri A, Venkataramana M. Differential localization of dengue virus protease affects cell homeostasis and triggers to thrombocytopenia. iScience 2023; 26:107024. [PMID: 37534186 PMCID: PMC10391676 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is one of the symptoms of many virus infections which is the "hallmark" in the case of dengue virus. In this study, we show the differential localization of existing two forms of dengue virus protease, i.e., NS2BNS3 to the nucleus and NS3 to the nucleus and mitochondria. We also report a nuclear transcription factor, erythroid differentiation regulatory factor 1 (EDRF1), as the substrate for this protease. EDRF1 regulates the expression and activity of GATA1, which in turn controls spectrin synthesis. Both GATA1 and spectrins are required for platelet formation. On the other hand, we found that the mitochondrial activities will be damaged by NS3 localization which cleaves GrpEL1, a co-chaperone of mitochondrial Hsp70. Levels of both EDRF1 and GrpEL1 were found to deteriorate in dengue virus-infected clinical samples. Hence, we conclude that NS2BNS3-mediated EDRF1 cleavage and the NS3-led mitochondrial dysfunction account for thrombocytopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepti Maisnam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepika Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anvesh Bonagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Musturi Venkataramana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pollak NM, Olsson M, Ahmed M, Tan J, Lim G, Setoh YX, Wong JCC, Lai YL, Hobson-Peters J, Macdonald J, McMillan D. Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Detection of the Four Dengue Virus Serotypes in Clinically Relevant Matrices. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0279622. [PMID: 36682882 PMCID: PMC9927141 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02796-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient and accurate diagnosis of dengue, a major mosquito-borne disease, is of primary importance for clinical care, surveillance, and outbreak control. The identification of specific dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) to DENV-4 can help in understanding the transmission dynamics and spread of dengue disease. The four rapid low-resource serotype-specific dengue tests use a simple sample preparation reagent followed by reverse transcription-isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) combined with lateral flow detection (LFD) technology. Results are obtained directly from clinical sample matrices in 35 min, requiring only a heating block and pipettes for liquid handling. In addition, we demonstrate that the rapid sample preparation step inactivates DENV, improving laboratory safety. Human plasma and serum were spiked with DENV, and DENV was detected with analytical sensitivities of 333 to 22,500 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50)/mL. The analytical sensitivities in blood were 94,000 to 333,000 TCID50/mL. Analytical specificity testing confirmed that each test could detect multiple serotype-specific strains but did not respond to strains of other serotypes, closely related flaviviruses, or chikungunya virus. Clinical testing on 80 human serum samples demonstrated test specificities of between 94 and 100%, with a DENV-2 test sensitivity of 100%, detecting down to 0.004 PFU/μL, similar to the sensitivity of the PCR test; the other DENV tests detected down to 0.03 to 10.9 PFU/μL. Collectively, our data suggest that some of our rapid dengue serotyping tests provide a potential alternative to conventional labor-intensive RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection, which requires expensive thermal cycling instrumentation, technical expertise, and prolonged testing times. Our tests provide performance and speed without compromising specificity in human plasma and serum and could become promising tools for the detection of high DENV loads in resource-limited settings. IMPORTANCE The efficient and accurate diagnosis of dengue, a major mosquito-borne disease, is of primary importance for clinical care, surveillance, and outbreak control. This study describes the evaluation of four rapid low-resource serotype-specific dengue tests for the detection of specific DENV serotypes in clinical sample matrices. The tests use a simple sample preparation reagent followed by reverse transcription-isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) combined with lateral flow detection (LFD) technology. These tests have several advantages compared to RT-qPCR detection, such as a simple workflow, rapid sample processing and turnaround times (35 min from sample preparation to detection), minimal equipment needs, and improved laboratory safety through the inactivation of the virus during the sample preparation step. The low-resource formats of these rapid dengue serotyping tests have the potential to support effective dengue disease surveillance and enhance the diagnostic testing capacity in resource-limited countries with both endemic dengue and intense coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Pollak
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- DMTC Ltd., Kew, Victoria, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Malin Olsson
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- DMTC Ltd., Kew, Victoria, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeeha Ahmed
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Javier Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Lim
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yee Ling Lai
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- DMTC Ltd., Kew, Victoria, Australia
- BioCifer Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David McMillan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- DMTC Ltd., Kew, Victoria, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitochondrial Import of Dengue Virus NS3 Protease and Cleavage of GrpEL1, a Cochaperone of Mitochondrial Hsp70. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01178-20. [PMID: 32581108 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infections, which have been reported in nearly 140 countries, pose a significant threat to human health. The genome of dengue virus encodes three structural and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins along with two untranslated regions, one each on both ends. Among them, dengue protease (NS3) plays a pivotal role in polyprotein processing and virus multiplication. NS3 is also known to regulate several host proteins to induce and maintain pathogenesis. Certain viral proteins are known to interact with mitochondrial membrane proteins and interfere with their functions, but the association of a virus-coded protein with the mitochondrial matrix is not known. In this report, by using in silico analysis, we show that NS3pro alone is capable of mitochondrial import; however, this is dependent on its innate mitochondrial transport signal (MTS). Transient-transfection and protein import studies confirm the import of NS3pro to the mitochondrial matrix. Similarly, NS3pro-helicase (amino acids 1 to 464 of NS3) also targets the mitochondria. Intriguingly, reduced levels of matrix-localized GrpE protein homolog 1 (GrpEL1), a cochaperone of mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70), were noticed in NS3pro-expressing, NS3pro-helicase-expressing, and virus-infected cells. Upon the use of purified components, GrpEL1 undergoes cleavage, and the cleavage sites have been mapped to KR81A and QR92S. Importantly, GrpEL1 levels are seriously compromised in severe dengue virus-infected clinical samples. Our studies provide novel insights into the import of NS3 into host mitochondria and identify a hitherto unknown factor, GrpEL1, as a cleavage target, thereby providing new avenues for dengue virus research and the design of potential therapeutics.IMPORTANCE Approximately 40% of the world's population is at risk of dengue virus infection. There is currently no specific drug or potential vaccine for these infections. Lack of complete understanding of the pathogenesis of the virus is one of the hurdles that must be overcome in developing antivirals for this virus infection. In the present study, we observed that the dengue virus-coded protease imports to the mitochondrial matrix, and our report is the first ever of a virus-coded protein, either animal or human, importing to the mitochondrial matrix. Our analysis indicates that the observed mitochondrial import is due to an inherited mitochondrial transport signal. We also show that matrix-localized GrpE protein homolog 1 (GrpEL1), a cochaperone of mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70), is also the substrate of dengue virus protease, as observed in vitro and ex vivo in virus-infected cells and dengue virus-infected clinical samples. Hence, our studies reveal an essential aspect of the pathogenesis of dengue virus infections, which may aid in developing antidengue therapeutics.
Collapse
|