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He P, Gui M, Chen T, Zeng Y, Chen C, Lu Z, Xia N, Wang G, Chen Y. A Chymotrypsin-Dependent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Provides Protective Immunity against Homologous and Heterologous Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:512. [PMID: 38793763 PMCID: PMC11126036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the main pathogens causing respiratory diseases in humans. Vaccines are the most effective ways to prevent viral diseases. However, the limited protective efficacy of current influenza vaccines highlights the importance of novel, safe, and effective universal influenza vaccines. With the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic, live-attenuated vaccines delivered through respiratory mucosa have shown robustly protective efficacy. How to obtain a safe and effective live-attenuated vaccine has become a major challenge. Herein, using the influenza virus as a model, we have established a strategy to quickly obtain a live-attenuated vaccine by mutating the cleavage site of the influenza virus. This mutated influenza virus can be specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin. It has similar biological characteristics to the original strain in vitro, but the safety is improved by at least 100 times in mice. It can effectively protect against lethal doses of both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H5N1 viruses post mucosal administration, confirming that the vaccine generated by this strategy has good safety and broad-spectrum protective activities. Therefore, this study can provide valuable insights for the development of attenuated vaccines for respiratory viruses or other viruses with cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
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Izadi N, Hauk PJ. Cellular assays to evaluate B-cell function. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113395. [PMID: 36470409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) that present with recurrent infections are largely due to antibody (Ab) deficiencies. Therefore, assessment of the B-cell and Ab compartment is a major part of immunologic evaluation. Here we provide an overview about cellular assays used to study B-cell function and focus on lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA), opsonophagocytic assay (OPA), and the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay (ELISPOT) including clinical applications and limitations of these techniques. LPAs assess ex-vivo cell proliferation in response to various stimuli. Clinically available LPAs utilize peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mostly assess T-cell proliferation with pokeweed mitogen considered the most B-cell specific stimulus. In the research setting, isolating B cells or using more B-cell specific stimuli such as CD40L with IL-4/IL-21 or the TLR9 ligand CpG can more specifically capture the proliferative ability of B cells. OPAs are functional in-vitro killing assays used to evaluate the ability of IgG Ab to induce phagocytosis applied when assessing the potency of vaccine candidates or along with avidity assays to evaluate the quality of secreted IgG. The B-cell ELISPOT assesses Ab production at a cellular level and can characterize the Ab response of particular B-cell subtypes. It can be used in patients on IgG therapy by capturing specific Abs produced by individual B cells, which is not affected by exogenous IgG from plasma donors, and when assessing the vaccine response in patients on immunomodulatory drugs that can affect memory B-cell function. Emerging approaches that are only available in research settings are also briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, USC, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America.
| | - Pia J Hauk
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Section Allergy/Immunology, 13123 E 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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A neutralizing monoclonal antibody–based blocking ELISA to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 and vaccination efficacy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:379-390. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Ma J, Peng Z, Ma L, Diao L, Shao X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Huang C, Liu M. A Multiple-Target Simultaneous Detection Method for Immunosorbent Assay and Immunospot Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8704-8714. [PMID: 35649130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most common methods in biological studies, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) is a method to measure specific cell numbers by detecting protein secretion at a single-cell level. However, these two current methods can only detect one signal at one time and the sensitivity is not high enough to test low-concentration samples, which are major shortcomings in systematically analyzing the samples of interest. Herein, we demonstrated fluorescence-based oligo-linked immunosorbent assay (FOLISA) and fluorescence-based oligo-linked immunospot (FOLISPOT), which utilized DNA-barcoded antibodies to provide a highly multiplexed method with signal amplification. Signal amplification and simultaneous multiple-target detection were achieved by DNA complementary pairing and modular orthogonal DNA concatemers. By comparing FOLISA with traditional ELISA and comparing FOLISPOT with traditional ELISPOT, we found that the detection sensitivities of FOLISA and FOLISPOT are much higher than those of traditional ELISA and ELISPOT. The detection limit of ELISA is around 3 pg/mL, and the detection limit of FOLISA is below 0.06 pg/mL. FOLISPOT can detect more spots than ELISPOT and can detect targets that are undetectable for ELISPOT. Furthermore, FOLISA and FOLISPOT allowed sequential detection of multiple targets by using a single dye or multiple dyes in one round and sequential detection in multiple rounds. Thus, FOLISA and FOLISPOT enabled simultaneous detection of a large number of targets, significantly improved the detection sensitivity, and overcame the shortcomings of ELISA and ELISPOT. Overall, FOLISA and FOLISPOT presented effective and general platforms for rapid and multiplexed detection of antigens or antibodies with high sensitivity, either in laboratory tests or potentially in clinic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ma
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuofu Peng
- AlphaX (Beijing) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Diao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Liu
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Liu
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Kunshan 215300, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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