1
|
Ronan R, Kshirsagar A, Rebelo AL, Sunny A, Kilcoyne M, Flaherty RO, Rudd PM, Schlosser G, Saldova R, Pandit A, McMahon SS. Distinct Glycosylation Responses to Spinal Cord Injury in Regenerative and Nonregenerative Models. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1449-1466. [PMID: 35506863 PMCID: PMC9171824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in disruption of tissue integrity and loss of function. We hypothesize that glycosylation has a role in determining the occurrence of regeneration and that biomaterial treatment can influence this glycosylation response. We investigated the glycosylation response to spinal cord transection in Xenopus laevis and rat. Transected rats received an aligned collagen hydrogel. The response compared regenerative success, regenerative failure, and treatment in an established nonregenerative mammalian system. In a healthy rat spinal cord, ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) N-glycoprofiling identified complex, hybrid, and oligomannose N-glycans. Following rat SCI, complex and outer-arm fucosylated glycans decreased while oligomannose and hybrid structures increased. Sialic acid was associated with microglia/macrophages following SCI. Treatment with aligned collagen hydrogel had a minimal effect on the glycosylation response. In Xenopus, lectin histochemistry revealed increased levels of N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in premetamorphic animals. The addition of GlcNAc is required for processing complex-type glycans and is a necessary foundation for additional branching. A large increase in sialic acid was observed in nonregenerative animals. This work suggests that glycosylation may influence regenerative success. In particular, loss of complex glycans in rat spinal cord may contribute to regeneration failure. Targeting the glycosylation response may be a promising strategy for future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ronan
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- Discipline
of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Ana Lúcia Rebelo
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Abbah Sunny
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Discipline
of Microbiology, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Roisin O’ Flaherty
- Department
of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co., Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- Conway
Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04
PR94, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of
Natural Science, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- UCD
School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science (CHAS), University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin D04 PR94, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Siobhan S. McMahon
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- Discipline
of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glioblastomas exploit truncated O -linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3693-3703. [PMID: 32019882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907921117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain malignancy, for which immunotherapy has failed to prolong survival. Glioblastoma-associated immune infiltrates are dominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), which are key mediators of immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy. We and others demonstrated aberrant expression of glycans in different cancer types. These tumor-associated glycans trigger inhibitory signaling in TAMs through glycan-binding receptors. We investigated the glioblastoma glycocalyx as a tumor-intrinsic immune suppressor. We detected increased expression of both tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycans and their receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), on CD163+ TAMs in glioblastoma patient-derived tumor tissues. In an immunocompetent orthotopic glioma mouse model overexpressing truncated O-linked glycans (MGL ligands), high-dimensional mass cytometry revealed a wide heterogeneity of infiltrating myeloid cells with increased infiltration of PD-L1+ TAMs as well as distant alterations in the bone marrow (BM). Our results demonstrate that glioblastomas exploit cell surface O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi JY, Seo J, Park M, Kim MH, Kang K, Choi IS. Multiplexed Metabolic Labeling of Glycoconjugates in Polarized Primary Cerebral Cortical Neurons. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3480-3484. [PMID: 30204301 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of cell-surface glycoconjugates in the brain changes continuously, reflecting neurophysiology especially in the developing phase, but their functions and fates mostly remain unexplored. Their spatiotemporal distribution is particularly important in polarized neuronal cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons composed of a soma and neurites. In this work, we dually labeled sialic acid (Sia5Ac) and N-acetylgalactosamine/glucosamine (GalNAc/GlcNAc) by a neurocompatible strategy of metabolic glycan labeling, metabolism-by-tissues (MbT), and obtained the multiplexed information on their spatiotemporal distribution on polarized cortical neurons. The analyses showed the preferentially distinct distribution of each saccharide set at the late developmental stage after randomized, heterogeneous distribution at the early stage, suggesting that Sia5Ac and GalNAc/GlcNAc are translocated anisotropically during neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yu Choi
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Seo
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Matthew Park
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Kim
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17104, Korea
| | - Insung S Choi
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chia J, Goh G, Bard F. Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1623-39. [PMID: 26968459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications, changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a common hypothesis, short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Road, 119077, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and (6108=6108)*5040# ieds] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens Tn and sialyl-Tn (STn) are expressed in most carcinomas and usually absent in healthy tissues. These antigens have been correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, and associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment. Presently they are used in clinical trials as therapeutic vaccination, but with limited success due to their low immunogenicity. Alternatively, anti-Tn and/or STn antibodies may be used to harness the immune system against tumor cells. Whilst the development of antibodies against these antigens had a boost two decades ago for diagnostic use, so far no such antibody entered into clinical trials. Possible limitations are the low specificity and efficiency of existing antibodies and that novel antibodies are still necessary. The vast array of methodologies available today will allow rapid antibody development and novel formats. Following the advent of hybridoma technology, the immortalization of human B cells became a methodology to obtain human monoclonal antibodies with better specificity. Advances in molecular biology including phage display technology for high throughput screening, transgenic mice and more recently molecularly engineered antibodies enhanced the field of antibody production. The development of novel antibodies against Tn and STn taking advantage of innovative technologies and engineering techniques may result in innovative therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 or not 3512=3512# hidk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 order by 1-- gzgk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens Tn and sialyl-Tn (STn) are expressed in most carcinomas and usually absent in healthy tissues. These antigens have been correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, and associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment. Presently they are used in clinical trials as therapeutic vaccination, but with limited success due to their low immunogenicity. Alternatively, anti-Tn and/or STn antibodies may be used to harness the immune system against tumor cells. Whilst the development of antibodies against these antigens had a boost two decades ago for diagnostic use, so far no such antibody entered into clinical trials. Possible limitations are the low specificity and efficiency of existing antibodies and that novel antibodies are still necessary. The vast array of methodologies available today will allow rapid antibody development and novel formats. Following the advent of hybridoma technology, the immortalization of human B cells became a methodology to obtain human monoclonal antibodies with better specificity. Advances in molecular biology including phage display technology for high throughput screening, transgenic mice and more recently molecularly engineered antibodies enhanced the field of antibody production. The development of novel antibodies against Tn and STn taking advantage of innovative technologies and engineering techniques may result in innovative therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Loureiro LR, Carrascal MA, Barbas A, Ramalho JS, Novo C, Delannoy P, Videira PA. Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [PMID: 26270678 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783;if(3956=5996) select 3956 else drop function yccq--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens Tn and sialyl-Tn (STn) are expressed in most carcinomas and usually absent in healthy tissues. These antigens have been correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, and associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment. Presently they are used in clinical trials as therapeutic vaccination, but with limited success due to their low immunogenicity. Alternatively, anti-Tn and/or STn antibodies may be used to harness the immune system against tumor cells. Whilst the development of antibodies against these antigens had a boost two decades ago for diagnostic use, so far no such antibody entered into clinical trials. Possible limitations are the low specificity and efficiency of existing antibodies and that novel antibodies are still necessary. The vast array of methodologies available today will allow rapid antibody development and novel formats. Following the advent of hybridoma technology, the immortalization of human B cells became a methodology to obtain human monoclonal antibodies with better specificity. Advances in molecular biology including phage display technology for high throughput screening, transgenic mice and more recently molecularly engineered antibodies enhanced the field of antibody production. The development of novel antibodies against Tn and STn taking advantage of innovative technologies and engineering techniques may result in innovative therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Loureiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
- IHMT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal.
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barbas
- IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
| | - José S Ramalho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Novo
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- IHMT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.
| | - Paula A Videira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and 5081=5081# wakk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
27
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 where 8055=8055 or not 3512=3512-- sjzm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
28
|
Loureiro LR, Carrascal MA, Barbas A, Ramalho JS, Novo C, Delannoy P, Videira PA. Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [PMID: 26270678 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783;select (case when (7747=1872) then 7747 else 1/(select 0) end)--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens Tn and sialyl-Tn (STn) are expressed in most carcinomas and usually absent in healthy tissues. These antigens have been correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, and associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment. Presently they are used in clinical trials as therapeutic vaccination, but with limited success due to their low immunogenicity. Alternatively, anti-Tn and/or STn antibodies may be used to harness the immune system against tumor cells. Whilst the development of antibodies against these antigens had a boost two decades ago for diagnostic use, so far no such antibody entered into clinical trials. Possible limitations are the low specificity and efficiency of existing antibodies and that novel antibodies are still necessary. The vast array of methodologies available today will allow rapid antibody development and novel formats. Following the advent of hybridoma technology, the immortalization of human B cells became a methodology to obtain human monoclonal antibodies with better specificity. Advances in molecular biology including phage display technology for high throughput screening, transgenic mice and more recently molecularly engineered antibodies enhanced the field of antibody production. The development of novel antibodies against Tn and STn taking advantage of innovative technologies and engineering techniques may result in innovative therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Loureiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
- IHMT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal.
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barbas
- IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
| | - José S Ramalho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Novo
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- IHMT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.
| | - Paula A Videira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal.
- Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and 5401=2784#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and (5526=8738)*8738# lvgk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
35
|
|
36
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 having 4867=4867# mhcu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and elt(9942=9942,1925)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
|
48
|
Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and make_set(9434=2890,2890)-- bvfi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
49
|
|
50
|
|