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Gnavi S, Fornasari BE, Tonda-Turo C, Laurano R, Zanetti M, Ciardelli G, Geuna S. In vitro evaluation of gelatin and chitosan electrospun fibres as an artificial guide in peripheral nerve repair: a comparative study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e679-e694. [PMID: 27860458 DOI: 10.1002/term.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Random and aligned gelatin (GL) and chitosan (CS) nano-fibres have been prepared by electrospinning tuning the collector rotation speed. The effect of fibre alignment on cell adhesion and proliferation was assessed in vitro by using different Schwann cell (SC) and neuronal models. Moreover, actin cytoskeleton organization, lamellipodia and filipodia formation, and axon outgrowth were evaluated. GL and CS fibres induced similar adhesion and proliferation rates. GL and CS random fibres promoted higher adhesion and proliferation rates induction in comparison to the aligned ones, although GL and CS fibres alignment resulted in SC and axon-oriented growth. Filipodia formation was higher on aligned fibres, suggesting that these substrates can promote higher cell migration in comparison to random ones. 50B11 (neuronal cell line) differentiation was higher on GL fibres, whereas no differences were observed in dorsal root ganglia explants model. These data suggest that both GL and CS fibres can be promising substrates to be used in peripheral nerve reconstruction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnavi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - B E Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - C Tonda-Turo
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino, 10100, Italy
| | - R Laurano
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino, 10100, Italy
| | - M Zanetti
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10100, Italy
| | - G Ciardelli
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino, 10100, Italy.,CNR-IPCF UOS, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - S Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
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Ross CL, Syed I, Smith TL, Harrison BS. The regenerative effects of electromagnetic field on spinal cord injury. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:74-87. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1160408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gnavi S, Fornasari BE, Tonda-Turo C, Laurano R, Zanetti M, Ciardelli G, Geuna S. The Effect of Electrospun Gelatin Fibers Alignment on Schwann Cell and Axon Behavior and Organization in the Perspective of Artificial Nerve Design. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12925-42. [PMID: 26062130 PMCID: PMC4490479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun fibrous substrates mimicking extracellular matrices can be prepared by electrospinning, yielding aligned fibrous matrices as internal fillers to manufacture artificial nerves. Gelatin aligned nano-fibers were prepared by electrospinning after tuning the collector rotation speed. The effect of alignment on cell adhesion and proliferation was tested in vitro using primary cultures, the Schwann cell line, RT4-D6P2T, and the sensory neuron-like cell line, 50B11. Cell adhesion and proliferation were assessed by quantifying at several time-points. Aligned nano-fibers reduced adhesion and proliferation rate compared with random fibers. Schwann cell morphology and organization were investigated by immunostaining of the cytoskeleton. Cells were elongated with their longitudinal body parallel to the aligned fibers. B5011 neuron-like cells were aligned and had parallel axon growth when cultured on the aligned gelatin fibers. The data show that the alignment of electrospun gelatin fibers can modulate Schwann cells and axon organization in vitro, suggesting that this substrate shows promise as an internal filler for the design of artificial nerves for peripheral nerve reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gnavi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tonda-Turo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino 10100, Italy.
| | - Rossella Laurano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino 10100, Italy.
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino 10100, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico of Torino, Torino 10100, Italy.
- Department for Materials and Devices of the National Research Council, Institute for the Cehmical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF UOS), Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Torino, Orbassano 10043, Italy.
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The influence of electrospun fibre size on Schwann cell behaviour and axonal outgrowth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:620-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effects of the neurotrophic factors BDNF, NT-3, and FGF2 on dissociated neurons of the cochlear nucleus. Neuroreport 2015; 25:960-4. [PMID: 24978398 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cochlear nucleus is the first relay station for acoustic information in the auditory pathway and its cellular integrity is affected by hearing loss. Neurotrophic factors, which are known to regulate fundamental processes in the brain, are expressed in the cochlear nucleus and are regulated by the changes in the stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the neurotrophins Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and the neurotrophic factor Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on primary cultured cells of the mouse cochlear nucleus. No effect on overall cell growth was detected after 8 days in culture by the factors applied. NT-3 had a strong impact on enhancement of neuronal survival, whereas BDNF stimulated neuronal survival and axonal outgrowth. Axonal branching was negatively affected by the administration of BDNF. FGF2 did not show any effect. The results presented represent fundamental research on auditory neurons, but might be one step toward defining novel therapeutic strategies in the future to prevent cochlear nucleus degeneration induced by hearing loss.
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Gelatin-based hydrogel for vascular endothelial growth factor release in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:459-470. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zamburlin P, Ruffinatti FA, Gilardino A, Farcito S, Parrini M, Lovisolo D. Calcium signals and FGF-2 induced neurite growth in cultured parasympathetic neurons: spatial localization and mechanisms of activation. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1355-70. [PMID: 23529843 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth of neuritic processes in developing neurons is tightly controlled by a wide set of extracellular cues that act by initiating downstream signaling cascades, where calcium signals play a major role. Here we analyze the calcium dependence of the neurite growth promoted by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) in chick embryonic ciliary ganglion neurons, taking advantage of dissociated, organotypic, and compartmentalized cultures. We report that signals at both the growth cone and the soma are involved in the promotion of neurite growth by the factor. Blocking calcium influx through L- and N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels reduces, while release from intracellular stores does not significantly affect, the growth of neuritic processes. Simultaneous recordings of calcium signals elicited by FGF-2 at the soma and at the growth cone show that the factor activates different patterns of responses in the two compartments: steady and sustained responses at the former, oscillations at the latter. At the soma, both voltage-dependent channel and TRPC blockers strongly affect steady-state levels. At the growth cone, the changes in the oscillatory pattern are more complex; therefore, we used a tool based on wavelet analysis to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the effects of the two classes of blockers. We report that the oscillatory behavior at the growth cone is dramatically affected by all the blockers, pointing to a role for calcium influx through the two classes of channels in the generation of signals at the leading edge of the elongating neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zamburlin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Zamburlin P, Ruffinatti FA, Gilardino A, Farcito S, Lovisolo D. Calcium signals induced by FGF-2 in parasympathetic neurons: role of second messenger pathways. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:30-4. [PMID: 22732451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, or FGF-2, has been shown to promote neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth in dissociated neurons from the embryonic chick ciliary ganglion; in these effects the three main signal transduction pathways downstream the activated FGFR receptor, i.e. the MAPK, the PI3-K and the PLCγ ones, are differentially involved. While it has been shown that FGF-2 can elicit long lasting elevations in intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), the role of the three pathways in this process has not been elucidated. Here we show, by means of pharmacological inhibitors, that all three are involved, at a different extent, in the generation of the [Ca(2+)](i) increase induced by FGF-2; in particular, inhibition of the PLCγ pathway, in addition to reducing the number of responsive cells, induces, in a significant population of cells, basal calcium oscillations in the absence of the growth factor and interferes with calcium signals elicited by depolarization. We propose that this complex behaviour can be due to a perturbation in PIP(2) levels at the plasmamembrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna Zamburlin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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Gilardino A, Farcito S, Zamburlin P, Audisio C, Lovisolo D. Specificity of the second messenger pathways involved in basic fibroblast growth factor-induced survival and neurite growth in chick ciliary ganglion neurons. J Neurosci Res 2010; 87:2951-62. [PMID: 19405103 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exerts multiple neurotrophic actions on cultured neurons from the ciliary ganglion of chick embryo, among them promotion of neuronal survival and of neurite outgrowth. To understand the specificity of the signal transduction cascades involved in the control of these processes, we used pharmacological inhibitors of the three main effectors known to act downstream of the bFGF receptor (FGFR): phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). Neuronal survival was assessed at 24 and 48 hr; neurite growth was analyzed both on dissociated neurons and on explants of whole ganglia. Our data show that only the PI3-K pathway is involved in the survival-promoting effect of bFGF; on the other hand, all three effectors converge on the enhancement of neurite outgrowth, both on isolated neurons and in whole ganglia.
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A quantitative approach to the dynamics of neurite sprouting induced by a neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 185:178-83. [PMID: 19765612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sprouting, stabilization and growth of neurites is a dynamic process by which developing neurons establish connections with the other elements of the nervous system; this process is under the control of extracellular cues, among which neurotrophic factors play a crucial role. Due to the complexity of the spatiotemporal evolution of the neurite network, particularly in the early stages of growth, it is not easy to obtain information about the relevant parameters from qualitative observations. We have developed a quantitative description of the dynamics of production and stabilization of neuritic processes in a well-characterized experimental model of peripheral neurons in culture, and we have combined it with a simulation approach to extract the differences between the behaviour in the absence and in the presence of the neurotrophic factor basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF). We show that the factor rapidly stabilizes the neuronal morphology to a bipolar phenotype, by shifting the sprouting process from a disordered phase to a more ordered and organized one.
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Stewart AL, Anderson RB, Kobayashi K, Young HM. Effects of NGF, NT-3 and GDNF family members on neurite outgrowth and migration from pelvic ganglia from embryonic and newborn mice. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:73. [PMID: 18657279 PMCID: PMC2515305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Pelvic ganglia are derived from the sacral neural crest and contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Various members of the neurotrophin and GDNF families of neurotrophic factors have been shown to play important roles in the development of a variety of peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons; however, to date, the role of these factors in the development of pelvic ganglia has been limited to postnatal and older ages. We examined the effects of NGF, NT-3, GDNF, neurturin and artemin on cell migration and neurite outgrowth from explants of the pelvic ganglia from embryonic and newborn mice grown on collagen gels, and correlated the responses with the immunohistochemical localization of the relevant receptors in fixed tissue. Results Cell migration assays showed that GDNF strongly stimulated migration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells of pelvic ganglia from E11.5, E14.5 and P0 mice. Other factors also promoted TH cell migration, although to a lesser extent and only at discrete developmental stages. The cells and neurites of the pelvic ganglia were responsive to each of the GDNF family ligands – GDNF, neurturin and artemin – from E11.5 onwards. In contrast, NGF and NT-3 did not elicit a significant neurite outgrowth effect until E14.5 onwards. Artemin and NGF promoted significant outgrowth of sympathetic (TH+) neurites only, whereas neurturin affected primarily parasympathetic (TH-negative) neurite outgrowth, and GDNF and NT-3 enhanced both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurite outgrowth. In comparison, collagen gel assays using gut explants from E11.5 and E14.5 mice showed neurite outgrowth only in response to GDNF at E11.5 and to neurturin only in E14.5 mice. Conclusion Our data show that there are both age-dependent and neuron type-dependent differences in the responsiveness of embryonic and neo-natal pelvic ganglion neurons to growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Stewart
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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Kim S, Im WS, Kang L, Lee ST, Chu K, Kim BI. The application of magnets directs the orientation of neurite outgrowth in cultured human neuronal cells. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 174:91-6. [PMID: 18682261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electric and magnetic fields have been known to influence cellular behavior. In the present study, we hypothesized that the application of static magnetic fields to neurons will cause neurites to grow in a specific direction. In cultured human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells or PC12 cells, neurite outgrowth was induced by forskolin, retinoic acid, or nerve growth factor (NGF). We applied static magnetic fields to the neurons and analyzed the direction and morphology of newly formed neuronal processes. In the presence of the magnetic field, neurites grew in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, as revealed by the higher orientation index of neurites grown under the magnetic field compared to that of the neurites grown in the absence of the magnetic field. The neurites parallel to the magnetic field appeared to be dystrophic, beaded or thickened, suggesting that they would hinder further elongation processes. The co-localized areas of microtubules and actin filaments were arranged into the vertical axis to the magnetic field, while the levels of neurofilament and synaptotagmin were not altered. Our results suggest that the application of magnetic field can be used to modulate the orientation and direction of neurite formation in cultured human neuronal cells.
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