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Gucký A, Hamuľaková S. Targeting Biometals in Alzheimer's Disease with Metal Chelating Agents Including Coumarin Derivatives. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:507-532. [PMID: 38829443 PMCID: PMC11182807 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Numerous physiological processes happening in the human body, including cerebral development and function, require the participation of biometal ions such as iron, copper, and zinc. Their dyshomeostasis may, however, contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases. Chelation of biometal ions is therefore a therapeutic strategy against AD. This review provides a survey of natural and synthetic chelating agents that are or could potentially be used to target the metal hypothesis of AD. Since metal dyshomeostasis is not the only pathological aspect of AD, and the nature of this disorder is very complex and multifactiorial, the most efficient therapeutics should target as many neurotoxic factors as possible. Various coumarin derivatives match this description and apart from being able to chelate metal ions, they exhibit the capacity to inhibit cholinesterases (ChEs) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) while also possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and numerous other beneficial effects. Compounds based on the coumarin scaffold therefore represent a desirable class of anti-AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Gucký
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Slávka Hamuľaková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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Effect of Extract-Added Water Derived from Deep-Sea Water with Different Hardness on Cognitive Function, Motor Ability and Serum Indexes of Obese Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091794. [PMID: 35565761 PMCID: PMC9101427 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea water (DSW) contains multiple minerals and is widely used as drinking water, for cosmetic purposes, and as seasoning. In this study, several types of extract-added water with different levels of hardness (200, 300, 500) were prepared from DSW collected off the coast of Muroto City, Kochi Prefecture. We administrated it to obese mice for two months and tested it for several effects. Although there was no anti-obesity effect for any hardness level in obese mice, the cognitive functions of each DSW-extract-added water-treated group were significantly improved compared to control obese mice in the water maze test. Time-to-fall by the rota-rod test was also dramatically improved in the DSW-extract-added water-treated groups. The levels of triglycerides and blood urea nitrogen were significantly decreased in DSW-extract-added water-treated obese mice. However, these results did not depend on the hardness. Hardness levels of 200 or 300 of DSW-extract-added water had greater effects on cognitive function and serum scores compared to a level of 500. We analyzed DSW using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. High concentrations of magnesium and potassium were detected, but sodium was not detected at very high concentrations. Although the detailed mechanisms of its effects are not yet understood, chronic intake of DSW-extract-added water may have a beneficial effect on health.
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Du W, Gu M, Hu M, Pinchi P, Chen W, Ryan M, Nold T, Bannaga A, Xu H. Lysosomal Zn 2+ release triggers rapid, mitochondria-mediated, non-apoptotic cell death in metastatic melanoma. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109848. [PMID: 34686351 PMCID: PMC8559338 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, lysosome function is often maladaptively upregulated to match the high energy demand required for cancer cell hyper-proliferation and invasion. Here, we report that mucolipin TRP channel 1 (TRPML1), a lysosomal Ca2+ and Zn2+ release channel that regulates multiple aspects of lysosome function, is dramatically upregulated in metastatic melanoma cells compared with normal cells. TRPML-specific synthetic agonists (ML-SAs) are sufficient to induce rapid (within hours) lysosomal Zn2+-dependent necrotic cell death in metastatic melanoma cells while completely sparing normal cells. ML-SA-caused mitochondria swelling and dysfunction lead to cellular ATP depletion. While pharmacological inhibition or genetic silencing of TRPML1 in metastatic melanoma cells prevents such cell death, overexpression of TRPML1 in normal cells confers ML-SA vulnerability. In the melanoma mouse models, ML-SAs exhibit potent in vivo efficacy of suppressing tumor progression. Hence, targeting maladaptively upregulated lysosome machinery can selectively eradicate metastatic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Du
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Mingxue Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meiqin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Prateeksunder Pinchi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Ryan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Nold
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ahmed Bannaga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4104 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pratt EPS, Damon LJ, Anson KJ, Palmer AE. Tools and techniques for illuminating the cell biology of zinc. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118865. [PMID: 32980354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential micronutrient that is required for a wide variety of cellular processes. Tools and methods have been instrumental in revealing the myriad roles of Zn2+ in cells. This review highlights recent developments fluorescent sensors to measure the labile Zn2+ pool, chelators to manipulate Zn2+ availability, and fluorescent tools and proteomics approaches for monitoring Zn2+-binding proteins in cells. Finally, we close with some highlights on the role of Zn2+ in regulating cell function and in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P S Pratt
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Leah J Damon
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Kelsie J Anson
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Amy E Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America.
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5
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Fukui K, Okihiro S, Ohfuchi Y, Hashimoto M, Kato Y, Yoshida N, Mochizuki K, Tsumoto H, Miura Y. Proteomic study on neurite responses to oxidative stress: search for differentially expressed proteins in isolated neurites of N1E-115 cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:36-44. [PMID: 30705510 PMCID: PMC6348415 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species attack several living organs and induce cell death. Previously, we found axonal/dendrite degeneration before the induction of cell death in hydrogen peroxide-treated neuroblastoma: N1E-115 cells and primary neurons. This phenomenon may be connected with membrane oxidation, microtubule destabilization and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. However, its detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identified proteins after treatment with hydrogen peroxide using isolated neurites by liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight analysis. Twenty-one proteins were increased after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Specifically, 5 proteins which were secretogranin-1, heat shock protein family D member 1, Brain acid soluble protein 1, heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 and superoxide dismutase 1, were identified of all experiments and increased in isolated neurites of hydrogen peroxide-treated cells compared to the controls. Furthermore, secretogranin-1 and heat shock protein family D member 1 protein expressions were significantly increased in normal aged and Alzheimer’s transgenic mice brains. These results indicate that secretogranin-1 and heat shock protein family D member 1 might contribute to reactive oxygen species-induced neurite degeneration. Both proteins have been related to neurodegenerative disorders, so their study may shed light on neurite dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan.,Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Shunsuke Okihiro
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yuuka Ohfuchi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Minae Hashimoto
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yugo Kato
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshida
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Kaho Mochizuki
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Administration of Zinc Chelators Improves Survival of Mice Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus both in Monotherapy and in Combination with Caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5631-9. [PMID: 27401578 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus can infect immunocompromised patients, leading to high mortality rates due to the lack of reliable treatment options. This pathogen requires uptake of zinc from host tissues in order to successfully grow and cause virulence. Reducing the availability of that micronutrient could help treat A. fumigatus infections. In this study, we examined the in vitro effects of seven chelators using a bioluminescent strain of A. fumigatus 1,10-Phenanthroline and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) proved to be the chelators most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Intraperitoneal administration of either phenanthroline or TPEN resulted in a significant improvement in survival and decrease of weight loss and fungal burden for immunosuppressed mice intranasally infected with A. fumigatus In vitro both chelators had an indifferent effect when employed in combination with caspofungin. The use of TPEN in combination with caspofungin also significantly increased survival compared to that when using these drugs individually. Our results suggest that zinc chelation may be a valid strategy for dealing with A. fumigatus infections and that both phenanthroline and TPEN could potentially be used either independently or in combination with caspofungin, indicating that their use in combination with other antifungal treatments might also be applicable.
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Yang Y, Zhang LH, Yang BX, Tian JK, Zhang L. Aurantiamide acetate suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting autophagic flux. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1055-64. [PMID: 25704599 PMCID: PMC4420607 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate the effect of aurantiamide acetate isolated from the aerial parts of Clematis terniflora DC against gliomas. Human malignant glioma U87 and U251 cells were incubated with different concentrations (0-100 μM) of aurantiamide acetate. Aurantiamide acetate greatly decreased the cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It induced moderate mitochondrial fragmentation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. No significant difference was found in the alternation of other intracellular organelles, although F-actin structure was slightly disturbed. Apparent ultrastructure alternation with increased autophagosome and autolysosome accumulation was observed in aurantiamide acetate-treated cells. The expression of LC3-II was greatly up-regulated in cells exposed to aurantiamide acetate (P < 0.05 compared with control). The cytoplasmic accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes induced by aurantiamide acetate treatment was confirmed by fluorescent reporter protein labelling. Administration of chloroquine (CQ), which inhibits the fusion step of autophagosomes, further increased the accumulation of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm of U87 cells. Autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine, Bafilomycin A1 or CQ had no influence on aurantiamide acetate-induced cytotoxicity, whereas autophagy stimulator rapamycin significantly suppressed aurantiamide acetate-induced cell death. The anti-tumour effects of aurantiamide acetate were further evaluated in tumour-bearing nude mice. Intratumoural injection of aurantiamide acetate obviously suppressed tumour growth, and increased number of autophagic vacuoles was observed in tumour tissues of animals receiving aurantiamide acetate. Our findings suggest that aurantiamide acetate may suppress the growth of malignant gliomas by blocking autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Kong SMY, Chan BKK, Park JS, Hill KJ, Aitken JB, Cottle L, Farghaian H, Cole AR, Lay PA, Sue CM, Cooper AA. Parkinson's disease-linked human PARK9/ATP13A2 maintains zinc homeostasis and promotes α-Synuclein externalization via exosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2816-33. [PMID: 24603074 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays a central causative role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased expression of the P-type ATPase ion pump PARK9/ATP13A2 suppresses α-Synuclein toxicity in primary neurons. Our data indicate that ATP13A2 encodes a zinc pump; neurospheres from a compound heterozygous ATP13A2(-/-) patient and ATP13A2 knockdown cells are sensitive to zinc, whereas ATP13A2 over-expression in primary neurons confers zinc resistance. Reduced ATP13A2 expression significantly decreased vesicular zinc levels, indicating ATP13A2 facilitates transport of zinc into membrane-bound compartments or vesicles. Endogenous ATP13A2 localized to multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), a late endosomal compartment located at the convergence point of the endosomal and autophagic pathways. Dysfunction in MVBs can cause a range of detrimental effects including lysosomal dysfunction and impaired delivery of endocytosed proteins/autophagy cargo to the lysosome, both of which have been observed in cells with reduced ATP13A2 function. MVBs also serve as the source of intra-luminal nanovesicles released extracellularly as exosomes that can contain a range of cargoes including α-Synuclein. Elevated ATP13A2 expression reduced intracellular α-Synuclein levels and increased α-Synuclein externalization in exosomes >3-fold whereas ATP13A2 knockdown decreased α-Synuclein externalization. An increased export of exosome-associated α-Synuclein may explain why surviving neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in sporadic PD patients were observed to over-express ATP13A2. We propose ATP13A2's modulation of zinc levels in MVBs can regulate the biogenesis of exosomes capable of containing α-Synuclein. Our data indicate that ATP13A2 is the first PD-associated gene involved in exosome biogenesis and indicates a potential neuroprotective role of exosomes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Y Kong
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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9
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Huang Z, Zhang XA, Bosch M, Smith SJ, Lippard SJ. Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) as a membrane-permeable chelator for interception of biological mobile zinc. Metallomics 2013; 5:648-55. [PMID: 23715510 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the characterization of tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) as a membrane-permeable zinc chelator for intercepting biological mobile zinc. Compared to N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), TPA chelates zinc with faster kinetics in cuvettes, live cells, and brain slices. TPA also is generally less toxic than TPEN in cell culture. Mechanistic analysis indicates that these improvements arise from both the electronic and steric properties of TPA including weaker metal-binding affinity, lower pKa, and smaller size. These results demonstrate that TPA chelation is a valuable addition to the methodologies available for investigating mobile zinc in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Chowanadisai W, Graham DM, Keen CL, Rucker RB, Messerli MA. A zinc transporter gene required for development of the nervous system. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e26207. [PMID: 24567773 PMCID: PMC3925451 DOI: 10.4161/cib.26207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The essentiality of zinc for normal brain development is well established. It has been suggested that primary and secondary zinc deficiencies can contribute to the occurrence of numerous human birth defects, including many involving the central nervous system. In a recent study, we searched for zinc transporter genes that were critical for neurodevelopment. We confirmed that ZIP12 is a zinc transporter encoded by the gene slc39a12 that is highly expressed in the central nervous systems of human, mouse, and frog (Xenopus tropicalis).Using loss-of-function methods, we determined that ZIP12 is required for neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth and necessary for neurulation and embryonic viability. These results highlight an essential need for zinc regulation during embryogenesis and nervous system development. We suggest that slc39a12 is a candidate gene for inherited neurodevelopmental defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutrition; University of California, Davis; Davis, CA USA ; Cellular Dynamics Program; Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - David M Graham
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering; Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Carl L Keen
- Department of Nutrition; University of California, Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Robert B Rucker
- Department of Nutrition; University of California, Davis; Davis, CA USA
| | - Mark A Messerli
- Cellular Dynamics Program; Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA ; Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering; Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA
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Fukui K, Kawakami H, Honjo T, Ogasawara R, Takatsu H, Shinkai T, Koike T, Urano S. Vitamin E deficiency induces axonal degeneration in mouse hippocampal neurons. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 58:377-83. [PMID: 23419395 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.58.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence demonstrate the relationship between vitamin E deficiency and cognitive dysfunction in rodent models, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we found axonal injury in the hippocampal CA1 region of vitamin E-deficient and normal old mice using immunohistochemical assay. The number of cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of vitamin E-deficient mice and normal old mice was significantly lower than in normal young mice. It is well known that collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)-2 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of axonal conditions. The expressions of CRMP-2 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of vitamin E-deficient mice were significantly lower than both the regions of normal ones. In normal old mice, the expression of CRMP-2 in the cerebral cortex was significantly lower than in the normal ones. In addition, the appearance of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-light chain 3 (LC3), a major index of autophagy, was higher in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of vitamin E-deficient mice than in normal young and old mice. These results indicate that axonal degeneration is induced in living tissues, but not cultured cells, and that changes in CRMP-2 and MAP-LC3 may underlie vitamin E-deficiency-related axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukui
- Physiological Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.
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12
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Yang Y, Coleman M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Yue Z. Autophagy in axonal and dendritic degeneration. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:418-28. [PMID: 23639383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of axons and dendrites is a common and early pathological feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, and is thought to be regulated by mechanisms distinct from those determining death of the cell body. The unique structures of axons and dendrites (collectively neurites) may cause them to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism in which cells clear protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Basal autophagy occurs continuously as a housekeeping function, and can be acutely expanded in response to stress or injury. Emerging evidence shows that insufficient or excessive autophagy contributes to neuritic degeneration. Here, we review the recent progress that has begun to reveal the role of autophagy in neurite function and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China.
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13
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Radford RJ, Lippard SJ. Chelators for investigating zinc metalloneurochemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:129-36. [PMID: 23478014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiology and pathology of mobile zinc signaling has become an important topic in metalloneurochemistry. To study the action of mobile zinc effectively, specialized tools are required that probe the temporal and positional changes of zinc ions within live tissue and cells. In the present article we describe the design and implementation of selective zinc chelators as antagonists to interrogate the function of mobile zinc, with an emphasis on the pools of vesicular zinc in the terminals of hippocampal mossy fiber buttons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Radford
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Fukui K, Ushiki K, Takatsu H, Koike T, Urano S. Tocotrienols prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced axon and dendrite degeneration in cerebellar granule cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:184-93. [PMID: 22149330 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.647689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack several living tissues and increase the risk of development and progression of serious diseases. In neuronal level, ROS induce cell death in concentration-dependent fashion. However, little is known about the mechanisms of neuronal changes by ROS prior to induction of cell death. Here we found that treatment of cerebellar granule neurons (CGCs) with 0.5 μM hydrogen peroxide induced axonal injury, but not cell death. The number of dendrites remarkably decreased in hydrogen peroxide-treated CGCs, and extensive beading was observed on survival dendrites. In addition, an abnormal band of the original collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)-2 was detected by Western blotting in hydrogen peroxide-treated CGCs. Treatment with each tocotrienol isoform prevented axonal and dendrite degeneration and induction of the abnormal band of the original band of CRMP-2 in hydrogen peroxide-treated CGCs. These results indicate that treatment with tocotrienols may therefore be neuroprotective in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by preventing changes to the CRMP-2 that occur before neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukui
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
Our understanding of the roles played by zinc in the physiological and pathological functioning of the brain is rapidly expanding. The increased availability of genetically modified animal models, selective zinc-sensitive fluorescent probes, and novel chelators is producing a remarkable body of exciting new data that clearly establishes this metal ion as a key modulator of intracellular and intercellular neuronal signaling. In this Mini-Symposium, we will review and discuss the most recent findings that link zinc to synaptic function as well as the injurious effects of zinc dyshomeostasis within the context of neuronal death associated with major human neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Fukui K, Takatsu H, Koike T, Urano S. Hydrogen peroxide induces neurite degeneration: Prevention by tocotrienols. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:681-91. [PMID: 21417547 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.567984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack several types of tissues and chronic exposure to ROS may attenuate various biological functions and increase the risk of several types of serious disorders. It is known that treatments with ROS attack neurons and induce cell death. However, the mechanisms of neuronal change by ROS prior to induction of cell death are not yet understood. Here, it was found that treatment of neurons with low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide induced neurite injury, but not cell death. Unusual bands located above the original collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)-2 protein were detected by western blotting. Treatment with tocopherol or tocotrienols significantly inhibited these changes in neuro2a cells and cerebellar granule neurons (CGCs). Furthermore, prevention by tocotrienols of hydrogen peroxide-induced neurite degeneration was stronger than that by tocopherol. These findings indicate that neurite beading is one of the early events of neuronal degeneration prior to induction of death of hydrogen peroxide-treated neurons. Treatment with tocotrienols may protect neurite function through its neuroprotective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukui
- Physiological Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology,Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan.
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John E, Laskow TC, Buchser WJ, Pitt BR, Basse PH, Butterfield LH, Kalinski P, Lotze MT. Zinc in innate and adaptive tumor immunity. J Transl Med 2010; 8:118. [PMID: 21087493 PMCID: PMC3002329 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is important. It is the second most abundant trace metal with 2-4 grams in humans. It is an essential trace element, critical for cell growth, development and differentiation, DNA synthesis, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation. Zinc deficiency has adverse consequences during embryogenesis and early childhood development, particularly on immune functioning. It is essential in members of all enzyme classes, including over 300 signaling molecules and transcription factors. Free zinc in immune and tumor cells is regulated by 14 distinct zinc importers (ZIP) and transporters (ZNT1-8). Zinc depletion induces cell death via apoptosis (or necrosis if apoptotic pathways are blocked) while sufficient zinc levels allows maintenance of autophagy. Cancer cells have upregulated zinc importers, and frequently increased zinc levels, which allow them to survive. Based on this novel synthesis, approaches which locally regulate zinc levels to promote survival of immune cells and/or induce tumor apoptosis are in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica John
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas C Laskow
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William J Buchser
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Qian HR, Yang Y. Neuron differentiation and neuritogenesis stimulated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:907-12. [PMID: 19574996 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, on neuron differentiation of cultured mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induced by retinoic acid (RA) in vitro. Superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons were used to study the effect of NAC on neuritogenesis. METHODS Immunoblotting was performed to detect the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). MTT assays were used to determine cell viability. Cell death was estimated with trypan blue exclusion and Hoechst 33342 staining. Immunocytochemical analysis was carried out to identify neurons. RESULTS We obtained a high percentage of MAP2-positive neurons derived from embryoid bodies (EBs) induced by RA by administering 1 mmol/L NAC at differentiation day 0. On differentiation day 8, the expression of MAP2 protein was strongly upregulated in the presence of NAC. NAC promoted neuron differentiation of ES cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, NAC suppressed cell death caused by RA during neuron differentiation. In addition, neurite extension of SCG neurons was greatly stimulated in the presence of NAC. CONCLUSION These results show that NAC enhanced both neuron differentiation and neuritogenesis, suggesting that it may be used in the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting neuron loss and neurite dystrophy in neurodegenerative diseases.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 907-912; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.72.
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Non-nuclear Wld(S) determines its neuroprotective efficacy for axons and synapses in vivo. J Neurosci 2009; 29:653-68. [PMID: 19158292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3814-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration contributes widely to neurodegenerative disease but its regulation is poorly understood. The Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld(S)) protein protects axons dose-dependently in many circumstances but is paradoxically abundant in nuclei. To test the hypothesis that Wld(S) acts within nuclei in vivo, we redistributed it from nucleus to cytoplasm in transgenic mice. Surprisingly, instead of weakening the phenotype as expected, extranuclear Wld(S) significantly enhanced structural and functional preservation of transected distal axons and their synapses. In contrast to native Wld(S) mutants, distal axon stumps remained continuous and ultrastructurally intact up to 7 weeks after injury and motor nerve terminals were robustly preserved even in older mice, remaining functional for 6 d. Moreover, we detect extranuclear Wld(S) for the first time in vivo, and higher axoplasmic levels in transgenic mice with Wld(S) redistribution. Cytoplasmic Wld(S) fractionated predominantly with mitochondria and microsomes. We conclude that Wld(S) can act in one or more non-nuclear compartments to protect axons and synapses, and that molecular changes can enhance its therapeutic potential.
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Schmidt RE, Parvin CA, Green KG. Synaptic ultrastructural alterations anticipate the development of neuroaxonal dystrophy in sympathetic ganglia of aged and diabetic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:1166-86. [PMID: 19018240 PMCID: PMC2665250 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318190d6db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroaxonal dystrophy, a distinctive axonopathy characterized by marked enlargement of distal axons, is the hallmark pathologic alteration in aged and diabetic human prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and in corresponding rodent models. Neuroaxonal dystrophy is thought to represent the abnormal outcome of cycles of synaptic degeneration and regeneration; a systematic study of identified axon terminals in aged and diabetic prevertebral ganglia, however, has not previously been performed. We examined the initial changes that develop in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements in sympathetic ganglia of aged and diabetic mice and found numerous synaptic changes involving both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. Early alterations in presynaptic axon terminal size, vesicle content, and morphology culminate in the development of anastomosing membranous tubulovesicular aggregates, accumulation of autophagosomes, and amorphous debris that form a continuum with progressively larger classically dystrophic swellings. Dendritic changes consist of the development of swellings composed of delicate tubulovesicular elements and mitochondriopathy characterized by increased numbers of small mitochondria and, exclusively in aged ganglia, megamitochondria. These results support the hypothesis that neuroaxonal dystrophy results from progressive changes in presynaptic axon terminals that likely involve membrane dynamics and which are accompanied by distinctive changes in postsynaptic dendritic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Axon & dendrite degeneration: its mechanisms and protective experimental paradigms. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:751-60. [PMID: 18029056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that axon and dendrite (or neurite) degeneration both in vivo and in vitro requires self-destructive programs independent of cell death programs to segregate neurite degeneration from cell soma demise. This review will deal with the mechanisms of neurite degeneration caused by several experimental paradigms including trophic factor deprivation and Wallerian degeneration as well as those under pathological conditions. The involvement of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction is emphasized in these mechanisms. The mechanisms through which protective agents including the Wld(s) protein rescue neurites from degeneration or fail to do so will be discussed.
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