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New insights into the role of fibroblast growth factors in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1413-1427. [PMID: 34731369 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), acknowledged as the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The characteristic pathologic hallmarks of AD-including the deposition of extracellular senile plaques (SP) formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, along with prominent vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment-have been observed in patients. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), originally characterized as angiogenic factors, are a large family of signaling molecules that are implicated in a wide range of biological functions in brain development, maintenance and repair, as well as in the pathogenesis of brain-related disorders including AD. Many studies have focused on the implication of FGFs in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we will provide a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, and discuss the possible opportunities for targeting these molecules as novel treatment strategies in AD.
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Zhou J, Zhang HA, Lin Y, Liu HM, Cui YM, Xu Y, Zhao N, Ma JM, Fan K, Jiang CL. Protective effect of ginsenoside against acute renal failure via reduction of renal oxidative stress and enhanced expression of ChAT in the proximal convoluted tubule and ERK1/2 in the paraventricular nuclei. Physiol Res 2014; 63:597-604. [PMID: 24908085 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of acute renal failure (ARF) induced by myoglobin release. Ginsenosides (GS), the principal active ingredients of ginseng, is considered as an extremely good antioxidative composition of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of ginsenoside in rats with ARF on the changes of cholinergic nervous system in the kidney as well as on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN). In our assay, glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats was employed to study the protective effects of ginsenoside. Our results indicated that the treatment of ARF rats with ginsenosides for 48 h significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, restored the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Meanwhile, the obvious increase of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) in the proximal convoluted tubular cells (PCT) was observed by immunohistochemistry in ARF+GS group. The same effect was also observed in the changes of p-ERK1/2-IR in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei. Our results suggest that ginsenoside administered orally may have a strong renal protective effect against glycerol-induced ARF, reduce the renal oxidative stress, and ginsenoside can also activate the cholinergic system in PCT, simultaneously MAPK signal pathway in the PVN was also activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Hannoufa A, Pillai BVS, Chellamma S. Genetic enhancement of Brassica napus seed quality. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:39-52. [PMID: 23979711 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate value of the Brassica napus (canola) seed is derived from the oil fraction, which has long been recognized for its premium dietary attributes, including its low level of saturated fatty acids, high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, and favorable omega-3 fatty acid profile. However, the protein (meal) portion of the seed has also received favorable attention for its essential amino acids, including abundance of sulfur-containing amino acids, such that B. napus protein is being contemplated for large scale use in livestock and fish feed formulations. Efforts to optimize the composition of B. napus oil and protein fractions are well documented; therefore, this article will review research concerned with optimizing secondary metabolites that affect the quality of seed oil and meal, from undesirable anti-nutritional factors to highl value beneficial products. The biological, agronomic, and economic values attributed to secondary metabolites have brought much needed attention to those in Brassica oilseeds and other crops. This review focuses on increasing levels of beneficial endogenous secondary metabolites (such as carotenoids, choline and tochopherols) and decreasing undesirable antinutritional factors (glucosinolates, sinapine and phytate). Molecular genetic approaches are given emphasis relative to classical breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada,
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NCAM function in the adult brain: lessons from mimetic peptides and therapeutic potential. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1163-73. [PMID: 23494903 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are complexes of transmembranal proteins critical for cell-cell interactions. Initially recognized as key players in the orchestration of developmental processes involving cell migration, cell survival, axon guidance, and synaptic targeting, they have been shown to retain these functions in the mature adult brain, in relation to plastic processes and cognitive abilities. NCAMs are able to interact among themselves (homophilic binding) as well as with other molecules (heterophilic binding). Furthermore, they are the sole molecule of the central nervous system undergoing polysialylation. Most interestingly polysialylated and non-polysialylated NCAMs display opposite properties. The precise contributions each of these characteristics brings in the regulations of synaptic and cellular plasticity in relation to cognitive processes in the adult brain are not yet fully understood. With the aim of deciphering the specific involvement of each interaction, recent developments led to the generation of NCAM mimetic peptides that recapitulate identified binding properties of NCAM. The present review focuses on the information such advances have provided in the understanding of NCAM contribution to cognitive function.
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Cui X, Weng Y, Frappé I, Burgess A, Girão da Cruz MT, Schachner M, Aubert I. The cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates the expression of choline acetyltransferase and the development of septal cholinergic neurons. Brain Behav 2011; 1:73-86. [PMID: 22399087 PMCID: PMC3236547 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the L1 gene cause severe brain malformations and mental retardation. We investigated the potential roles of L1 in the regulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and in the development of septal cholinergic neurons, which are known to project to the hippocampus and play key roles in cognitive functions. Using stereological approaches, we detected significantly fewer ChAT-positive cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MS/VDB) of 2-week-old L1-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates (1644 ± 137 vs. 2051 ± 165, P = 0.038). ChAT protein levels in the septum were 53% lower in 2-week-old L1-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates. ChAT activity in the septum was significantly reduced in L1-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates at 1 (34%) and 2 (40%) weeks of age. In vitro, increasing doses of L1-Fc induced ChAT activity in septal neurons with a significant linear trend (*P = 0.0065). At 4 weeks of age in the septum and at all time points investigated in the caudate-putamen (CPu), the number of ChAT-positive neurons and the levels of ChAT activity were not statistically different between L1-deficient mice and wild-type littermates. The total number of cells positive for the neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) in the MS/VDB and CPu was not statistically different in L1-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates, and comparable expression of the cell cycle marker Ki67 was observed. Our results indicate that L1 is required for the timely maturation of septal cholinergic neurons and that L1 promotes the expression and activity of ChAT in septal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cui
- Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ying‐Qi Weng
- Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Isabelle Frappé
- Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Alison Burgess
- Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Zentrum fuer Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitaetskrankenhaus Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, P.R. China
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sloan CD, Shen L, West JD, Wishart HA, Flashman LA, Rabin LA, Santulli RB, Guerin SJ, Rhodes CH, Tsongalis GJ, McAllister TW, Ahles TA, Lee SL, Moore JH, Saykin AJ. Genetic pathway-based hierarchical clustering analysis of older adults with cognitive complaints and amnestic mild cognitive impairment using clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1060-9. [PMID: 20468060 PMCID: PMC3021757 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical clustering is frequently used for grouping results in expression or haplotype analyses. These methods can elucidate patterns between measures that can then be applied to discerning their validity in discriminating between experimental conditions. Here a hierarchical clustering method is used to analyze the results of an imaging genetics study using multiple brain morphology and cognitive testing endpoints for older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or cognitive complaints (CC) compared to healthy controls (HC). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a subset of those included on a larger array that are found in a reported Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neurodegeneration pathway. The results indicate that genetic models within the endpoints cluster together, while there are 4 distinct sets of SNPs that differentiate between the endpoints, with most significant results associated with morphology endpoints rather than cognitive testing of patients' reported symptoms. The genes found in at least one cluster are ABCB1, APBA1, BACE1, BACE2, BCL2, BCL2L1, CASP7, CHAT, CST3, DRD3, DRD5, IL6, LRP1, NAT1, and PSEN2. The greater associations with morphology endpoints suggests that changes in brain structure can be influenced by an individual's genetic background in the absence of dementia and in some cases (Cognitive Complaints group) even without those effects necessarily being detectable on commonly used clinical tests of cognition. The results are consistent with polygenic influences on early neurodegenerative changes and demonstrate the effectiveness of hierarchical clustering in identifying genetic associations among multiple related phenotypic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel D. Sloan
- Computational Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Genetics and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - John D. West
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Heather A. Wishart
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Laura A. Flashman
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Laura A. Rabin
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Robert B. Santulli
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Stephen J. Guerin
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - C. Harker Rhodes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Gregory J. Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Thomas W. McAllister
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Tim A. Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen L. Lee
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Computational Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Genetics and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH,Department of Computer Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH,Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH,Departments of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Neurology and Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Address for Correspondence: Dr. Andrew J. Saykin, Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut St., R2, E124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: 317-278-6947, Fax: 317-274-1067,
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