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Wang L, Tonsager AJ, Zheng W, Wang Y, Stessman D, Fang W, Stenback KE, Campbell A, Tanvir R, Zhang J, Cothron S, Wan D, Meng Y, Spalding MH, Nikolau BJ, Li L. Single-cell genetic models to evaluate orphan gene function: The case of QQS regulating carbon and nitrogen allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126139. [PMID: 37051080 PMCID: PMC10084940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate two synthetic single-cell systems that can be used to better understand how the acquisition of an orphan gene can affect complex phenotypes. The Arabidopsis orphan gene, Qua-Quine Starch (QQS) has been identified as a regulator of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) partitioning across multiple plant species. QQS modulates this important biotechnological trait by replacing NF-YB (Nuclear Factor Y, subunit B) in its interaction with NF-YC. In this study, we expand on these prior findings by developing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, to refactor the functional interactions between QQS and NF-Y subunits to affect modulations in C and N allocation. Expression of QQS in C. reinhardtii modulates C (i.e., starch) and N (i.e., protein) allocation by affecting interactions between NF-YC and NF-YB subunits. Studies in S. cerevisiae revealed similar functional interactions between QQS and the NF-YC homolog (HAP5), modulating C (i.e., glycogen) and N (i.e., protein) allocation. However, in S. cerevisiae both the NF-YA (HAP2) and NF-YB (HAP3) homologs appear to have redundant functions to enable QQS and HAP5 to affect C and N allocation. The genetically tractable systems that developed herein exhibit the plasticity to modulate highly complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tonsager
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Wenguang Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dan Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kenna E. Stenback
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexis Campbell
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rezwan Tanvir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jinjiang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science, Columbus, MS, United States
| | - Samuel Cothron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Dongli Wan
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, United States
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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The Role of Dietary Nutrients in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147417. [PMID: 34299037 PMCID: PMC8303934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are highly susceptible to injuries induced from everyday activities such as falling or work and sport accidents as well as more severe incidents such as car and motorcycle accidents. Many efforts have been made to improve nerve regeneration, but a satisfactory outcome is still unachieved, highlighting the need for easy to apply supportive strategies for stimulating nerve growth and functional recovery. Recent focus has been made on the effect of the consumed diet and its relation to healthy and well-functioning body systems. Normally, a balanced, healthy daily diet should provide our body with all the needed nutritional elements for maintaining correct function. The health of the central and peripheral nervous system is largely dependent on balanced nutrients supply. While already addressed in many reviews with different focus, we comprehensively review here the possible role of different nutrients in maintaining a healthy peripheral nervous system and their possible role in supporting the process of peripheral nerve regeneration. In fact, many dietary supplements have already demonstrated an important role in peripheral nerve development and regeneration; thus, a tailored dietary plan supplied to a patient following nerve injury could play a non-negotiable role in accelerating and promoting the process of nerve regeneration.
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Abstract
With the increased consumer demand for nutritional foods, it is important to develop value-added products, which will not only catch the attention of a wider consumer group but also provide greater benefits in terms of enhanced nutrition and functionality. Milk whey proteins are one of the most valued constituents due to their nutritional and techno-functional attributes. Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides, possessing bioactive properties such as being antioxidant and antihypertensive as well as having antimicrobial activities, which, when ingested, confers several health benefits. These peptides have the potential to be used as an active food ingredient in the production of functional foods. In addition to their bioactivities, whey proteins are known to possess enhanced functional attributes that allow them to be utilized in broad applications, such as an encapsulating agent or carrier materials to entrap bioactive compounds, emulsification, and in edible and active packaging. Hence, over the recent years, several whey protein-based ingredients have been developed and utilized in making formulations for a wide range of foods to harness their beneficial properties. This review highlights the bioactive properties, functional characteristics, associated processing limitations, and applications of different whey protein fractions and derivatives in the field of food formulations, encapsulation, and packaging.
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Abstract
Qualitative histopathology has been the gold standard for evaluation of morphological tissue changes in all organ systems, including the peripheral nervous system. However, the human eye is not sensitive enough to detect small changes in quantity or size. Peripheral nervous system toxicity can manifest as subtle changes in neuron size, neuron number, axon size, number of myelinated or unmyelinated axons, or number of nerve fibers. Detection of these changes may be beyond the sensitivity of the human eye alone, necessitating quantitative approaches in some cases. Although 2-dimensional (2D) histomorphometry can provide additional information and is more sensitive than qualitative evaluation alone, the results are not always representative of the entire tissue and assumptions about the tissue can lead to bias, or inaccuracies, in the data. Design-based stereology provides 3D estimates of number, volume, surface area, or length, and stereological principles can be applied to peripheral nervous system tissues to obtain accurate and precise estimates, such as neuron number and size, axon number, and total intraepidermal nerve fiber length. This review describes practical stereological approaches to 3 compartments of the peripheral nervous system: ganglia, peripheral nerves, and intraepidermal nerve fibers.
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Li L, Zheng W, Zhu Y, Ye H, Tang B, Arendsee ZW, Jones D, Li R, Ortiz D, Zhao X, Du C, Nettleton D, Scott MP, Salas-Fernandez MG, Yin Y, Wurtele ES. QQS orphan gene regulates carbon and nitrogen partitioning across species via NF-YC interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14734-9. [PMID: 26554020 PMCID: PMC4664325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514670112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources to the synthesis of plant proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids is complex and under the control of many genes; much remains to be understood about this process. QQS (Qua-Quine Starch; At3g30720), an orphan gene unique to Arabidopsis thaliana, regulates metabolic processes affecting carbon and nitrogen partitioning among proteins and carbohydrates, modulating leaf and seed composition in Arabidopsis and soybean. Here the universality of QQS function in modulating carbon and nitrogen allocation is exemplified by a series of transgenic experiments. We show that ectopic expression of QQS increases soybean protein independent of the genetic background and original protein content of the cultivar. Furthermore, transgenic QQS expression increases the protein content of maize, a C4 species (a species that uses 4-carbon photosynthesis), and rice, a protein-poor agronomic crop, both highly divergent from Arabidopsis. We determine that QQS protein binds to the transcriptional regulator AtNF-YC4 (Arabidopsis nuclear factor Y, subunit C4). Overexpression of AtNF-YC4 in Arabidopsis mimics the QQS-overexpression phenotype, increasing protein and decreasing starch levels. NF-YC, a component of the NF-Y complex, is conserved across eukaryotes. The NF-YC4 homologs of soybean, rice, and maize also bind to QQS, which provides an explanation of how QQS can act in species where it does not occur endogenously. These findings are, to our knowledge, the first insight into the mechanism of action of QQS in modulating carbon and nitrogen allocation across species. They have major implications for the emergence and function of orphan genes, and identify a nontransgenic strategy for modulating protein levels in crop species, a trait of great agronomic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;
| | - Wenguang Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Huaxun Ye
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Buyun Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Zebulun W Arendsee
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Dallas Jones
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Ruoran Li
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Diego Ortiz
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Chuanlong Du
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - M Paul Scott
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;
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Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6847-58. [PMID: 26884639 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The looming food insecurity demands the utilization of nutrient-rich residues from food industries as value-added products. Whey, a dairy industry waste has been characterized to be excellent nourishment with an array of bioactive components. Whey protein comprises 20 % of total milk protein and it is rich in branched and essential amino acids, functional peptides, antioxidants and immunoglobulins. It confers benefits against a wide range of metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular complications, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, cancer and phenylketonuria. The protein has been validated to boost recovery from resistance exercise-injuries, stimulate gut physiology and protect skin against detrimental radiations. Apart from health invigoration, whey protein has proved its suitability as fat replacer and emulsifier. Further, its edible and antimicrobial packaging potential renders its highly desirable in food as well as pharmaceutical sectors. Considering the enormous nutraceutical worth of whey protein, this review emphasizes on its established and emerging biological roles. Present and future scopes in food processing and dietary supplement formulation are discussed. Associated hurdles are identified and how technical advancement might augment its applications are explored. This review is expected to provide valuable insight on whey protein-fortified functional foods, associated technical hurdles and scopes of improvement.
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Li L, Wurtele ES. The QQS orphan gene of Arabidopsis modulates carbon and nitrogen allocation in soybean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:177-87. [PMID: 25146936 PMCID: PMC4345402 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome of each species contains as high as 8% of genes that are uniquely present in that species. Little is known about the functional significance of these so-called species specific or orphan genes. The Arabidopsis thaliana gene Qua-Quine Starch (QQS) is species specific. Here, we show that altering QQS expression in Arabidopsis affects carbon partitioning to both starch and protein. We hypothesized QQS may be conserved in a feature other than primary sequence, and as such could function to impact composition in another species. To test the potential of QQS in affecting composition in an ectopic species, we introduced QQS into soybean. Soybean T1 lines expressing QQS have up to 80% decreased leaf starch and up to 60% increased leaf protein; T4 generation seeds from field-grown plants contain up to 13% less oil, while protein is increased by up to 18%. These data broaden the concept of QQS as a modulator of carbon and nitrogen allocation, and demonstrate that this species-specific gene can affect the seed composition of an agronomic species thought to have diverged from Arabidopsis 100 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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Girotti PA, Misawa R, Palombit K, Mendes CE, Bittencourt JC, Castelucci P. Differential effects of undernourishment on the differentiation and maturation of rat enteric neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:367-80. [PMID: 23644765 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The colocalization, number, and size of various classes of enteric neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the purinergic P2X2 and P2X7 receptors (P2X2R, P2X7R) were analyzed in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of control, undernourished, and re-fed rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to undernourishment (protein-deprivation) or fed a control diet, and their offspring comprised the following experimental groups: rats exposed to a normal diet throughout gestation until postnatal day (P)42, rats protein-deprived throughout gestation and until P42, and rats protein-deprived throughout gestation until P21 and then given a normal diet until P42. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the myenteric and submucosal plexuses to evaluate immunoreactivity for P2X2R, P2X7R, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calbindin, and calretinin. Double-immunohistochemistry of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses demonstrated that 100% of NOS-IR, calbindin-IR, calretinin-IR, and ChAT-IR neurons in all groups also expressed P2X2R and P2X7R. Neuronal density increased in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of undernourished rats compared with controls. The average size (profile area) of some types of neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses was smaller in the undernourished than in the control animals. These changes appeared to be reversible, as animals initially undernourished but then fed a normal diet at P21 (re-feeding) were similar to controls. Thus, P2X2R and P2X7R are present in NOS-positive inhibitory neurons, calbindin- and calretinin-positive intrinsic primary afferent neurons, cholinergic secretomotor neurons, and vasomotor neurons in rats. Alterations in these neurons during undernourishment are reversible following re-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Azevedo Girotti
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415 Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo, CEP, Brazil
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Mizuno MS, Crisma AR, Borelli P, Castelucci P. Expression of the P2X 2 receptor in different classes of ileum myenteric neurons in the female obese ob/ob mouse. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4693-703. [PMID: 23002338 PMCID: PMC3442207 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine whether the ob/ob mouse model of obesity is accompanied by enteric nervous system abnormalities such as altered motility.
METHODS: The study examined the distribution of the P2X2 receptor (P2X2R) in myenteric neurons of female ob/ob mice. Specifically, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the co-expression of the P2X2R with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and calretinin (CalR) in neurons of the small intestine myenteric plexus in ob/ob and control female mice. In these sections, we used scanning confocal microscopy to analyze the co-localization of these markers as well as the neuronal density (cm2) and area profile (μm²) of P2X2R-positive neurons. In addition, enteric neurons were labeled using the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase method and analyzed with light microscopy as an alternate means by which to analyze neuronal density and area.
RESULTS: In the present study, we observed a 29.6% increase in the body weight of the ob/ob animals (OG) compared to the control group (CG). In addition, the average small intestine area was increased by approximately 29.6% in the OG compared to the CG. Immunoreactivity (IR) for the P2X2R, nNOS, ChAT and CalR was detectable in the myenteric plexus, as well as in the smooth muscle, in both groups. This IR appeared to be mainly cytoplasmic and was also associated with the cell membrane of the myenteric plexus neurons, where it outlined the neuronal cell bodies and their processes. P2X2R-IR was observed to co-localize 100% with that for nNOS, ChAT and CalR in neurons of both groups. In the ob/ob group, however, we observed that the neuronal density (neuron/cm2) of P2X2R-IR cells was increased by 62% compared to CG, while that of NOS-IR and ChAT-IR neurons was reduced by 49% and 57%, respectively, compared to control mice. The neuronal density of CalR-IR neurons was not different between the groups. Morphometric studies further demonstrated that the cell body profile area (μm²) of nNOS-IR, ChAT-IR and CalR-IR neurons was increased by 34%, 20% and 55%, respectively, in the OG compared to controls. Staining for NADH diaphorase activity is widely used to detect alterations in the enteric nervous system; however, our qualitative examination of NADH-diaphorase positive neurons in the myenteric ganglia revealed an overall similarity between the two groups.
CONCLUSION: We demonstrate increases in P2X2R expression and alterations in nNOS, ChAT and CalR IR in ileal myenteric neurons of female ob/ob mice compared to wild-type controls.
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García AP, Palou M, Sánchez J, Priego T, Palou A, Picó C. Moderate caloric restriction during gestation in rats alters adipose tissue sympathetic innervation and later adiposity in offspring. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17313. [PMID: 21364997 PMCID: PMC3041800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal prenatal undernutrition predisposes offspring to higher adiposity in adulthood. Mechanisms involved in these programming effects, apart from those described in central nervous system development, have not been established. Here we aimed to evaluate whether moderate caloric restriction during early pregnancy in rats affects white adipose tissue (WAT) sympathetic innervation in the offspring, and its relationship with adiposity development. For this purpose, inguinal and retroperitoneal WAT (iWAT and rpWAT, respectively) were analyzed in male and female offspring of control and 20% caloric-restricted (from 1-12 d of pregnancy) (CR) dams. Body weight (BW), the weight, DNA-content, morphological features and the immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase and Neuropeptide Y area (TH+ and NPY+ respectively, performed by immunohistochemistry) of both fat depots, were studied at 25 d and 6 m of age, the latter after 2 m exposure to high fat diet. At 6 m of life, CR males but not females, exhibited greater BW, and greater weight and total DNA-content in iWAT, without changes in adipocytes size, suggesting the development of hyperplasia in this depot. However, in rpWAT, CR males but not females, showed larger adipocyte diameter, with no changes in DNA-content, suggesting the development of hypertrophy. These parameters were not different between control and CR animals at the age of 25 d. In iWAT, both at 25 d and 6 m, CR males but not females, showed lower TH(+) and NPY(+), suggesting lower sympathetic innervation in CR males compared to control males. In rpWAT, at 6 m but not at 25 d, CR males but not females, showed lower TH(+) and NPY(+). Thus, the effects of caloric restriction during gestation on later adiposity and on the differences in the adult phenotype between internal and subcutaneous fat depots in the male offspring may be associated in part with specific alterations in sympathetic innervation, which may impact on WAT architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula García
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of Balearic Islands and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Misawa R, Girotti PA, Mizuno MS, Liberti EA, Furness JB, Castelucci P. Effects of protein deprivation and re-feeding on P2X 2 receptors in enteric neurons. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3651-63. [PMID: 20677337 PMCID: PMC2915425 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i29.3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of malnutrition and re-feeding on the P2X2 receptor, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calretinin, calbindin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in neurons of the rat ileum.
METHODS: We analyzed the co-localization, numbers and sizes of P2X2-expressing neurons in relation to NOS-immunoreactive (IR), calbindin-IR, ChAT-IR, and calretinin-IR neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexus. The experimental groups consisted of: (1) rats maintained on normal feed throughout pregnancy until 42 d post-parturition (N); (2) rats deprived of protein throughout pregnancy and 42 d post-parturition (D); and (3) rats undernourished for 21 d post-parturition and then given a protein diet from days 22 to 42 (DR). The myenteric and submucosal plexuses were evaluated by double labeling by immunohistochemical methods for P2X2 receptor, NOS, ChAT, calbindin and calretinin.
RESULTS: We found similar P2X2 receptor immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and surface membranes of myenteric and submucosal neurons from the N, D and DR groups. Double labeling of the myenteric plexus demonstrated that approximately 100% of NOS-IR, calbindin-IR, calretinin-IR and ChAT-IR neurons in all groups also expressed the P2X2 receptor. In the submucosal plexus, the calretinin-IR, ChAT-IR and calbindin-IR neurons were nearly all immunoreactive for the P2X2 receptor. In the myenteric plexus, there was a 19% increase in numbers per cm2 for P2X2 receptor-IR neurons, 64% for NOS-IR, 84% for calretinin-IR and 26% for ChAT-IR neurons in the D group. The spatial density of calbindin-IR neurons, however, did not differ among the three groups. The submucosal neuronal density increased for calbindin-IR, calretinin-IR and ChAT-IR neurons. The average size of neurons in the myenteric plexus neurons in the D group was less than that in the controls and, in the re-fed rats; there was a 34% reduction in size only for the calretinin-IR neurons.
CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates that expression of the P2X2 receptor is present in inhibitory, intrinsic primary afferent, cholinergic secretomotor and vasomotor neurons. Undernutrition affected P2X2 receptor expression in the submucosal plexus, and neuronal and size. These changes were rescued in the re-fed rats.
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