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Zhang Y, Yu G, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Gao Q, Jiang P, Zhang J, Lee W, Zhang Y. Activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 by frog trefoil factor (TFF) 2 and PAR4 by human TFF2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3771-80. [PMID: 21461878 PMCID: PMC11115081 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors (TFFs) promote epithelial cell migration to reseal superficial wounds after mucosal injury, but their receptors and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that frog TFF2 activates protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 to induce human platelet aggregation. Based on this result, we further tested the involvement of PARs in human TFF2 (hTFF2)-promoted mucosal healing. hTFF2-stimulated migration of epithelial HT-29 cells was largely inhibited by PAR4 depletion with small interfering RNAs but not by PAR1 or PAR2 depletion. The PAR4-negative epithelial cell lines AGS and LoVo were highly responsive to hTFF2 as assessed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cell migration upon PAR4 expression. Our findings suggest that hTFF2 promotes cell migration via PAR4. These findings will be helpful in further investigations into the functions and molecular mechanisms of TFFs and PARs in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenhui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
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Almonte AG, Sweatt JD. Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors: roles in synaptic function and behavior. Brain Res 2011; 1407:107-22. [PMID: 21782155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors have been intensively investigated in the periphery and their roles in a wide range of processes-coagulation, inflammation, and digestion, for example-have been well characterized (see Coughlin, 2000; Macfarlane et al., 2001; Molinari et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2008; Di Cera, 2009 for reviews). A growing number of studies demonstrate that these protein systems are widely expressed in many cell types and regions in mammalian brains. Accumulating lines of evidence suggest that the brain has co-opted the activities of these interesting proteins to regulate various processes underlying synaptic activity and behavior. In this review, we discuss emerging roles for serine proteases in the regulation of mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine G Almonte
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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