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Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Waschek JA, Cohen JR, Chi GC, Proszynski TJ, Niewiadomski P. PACAP Promotes Matrix-Driven Adhesion of Cultured Adult Murine Neural Progenitors. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417708720. [PMID: 28523979 PMCID: PMC5439654 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417708720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are born throughout the life of mammals in germinal zones of the brain known as neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. These niches contain a subpopulation of cells known as adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs), which self-renew and give rise to new neurons and glia. aNPCs are regulated by many factors present in the niche, including the extracellular matrix (ECM). We show that the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) affects subventricular zone-derived aNPCs by increasing their surface adhesion. Gene array and reconstitution assays indicate that this effect can be attributed to the regulation of ECM components and ECM-modifying enzymes in aNPCs by PACAP. Our work suggests that PACAP regulates a bidirectional interaction between the aNPCs and their niche: PACAP modifies ECM production and remodeling, in turn the ECM regulates progenitor cell adherence. We speculate that PACAP may in this manner help restrict adult neural progenitors to the stem cell niche in vivo, with potential significance for aNPC function in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Waschek
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Cohen
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gloria C Chi
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomasz J Proszynski
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Niewiadomski
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,3 Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Structural and Morphometric Comparison of Lower Incisors in PACAP-Deficient and Wild-Type Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:300-8. [PMID: 27154515 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution. PACAP plays an important role in the development of the nervous system, it has a trophic and protective effect, and it is also implicated in the regulation of various physiological functions. Teeth are originated from the mesenchyme of the neural crest and the ectoderm of the first branchial arch, suggesting similarities with the development of the nervous system. Earlier PACAP-immunoreactive fibers have been found in the odontoblastic and subodontoblastic layers of the dental pulp. Our previous examinations have shown that PACAP deficiency causes alterations in the morphology and structure of the developing molars of 7-day-old mice. In our present study, morphometric and structural comparison was performed on the incisors of 1-year-old wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice. Hard tissue density measurements and morphometric comparison were carried out on the mandibles and the lower incisors with micro-CT. For structural examination, Raman microscopy was applied on frontal thin sections of the mandible. With micro-CT morphometrical measurements, the size of the incisors and the relative volume of the pulp to dentin were significantly smaller in the PACAP-deficient group compared to the wild-type animals. The density of calcium hydroxyapatite in the dentin was reduced in the PACAP-deficient mice. No structural differences could be observed in the enamel with Raman microscopy. Significant differences were found in the dentin of PACAP-deficient mice with Raman microscopy, where increased carbonate/phosphate ratio indicates higher intracrystalline disordering. The evaluation of amide III bands in the dentin revealed higher structural diversity in wild-type mice. Based upon our present and previous results, it is obvious that PACAP plays an important role in tooth development with the regulation of morphogenesis, dentin, and enamel mineralization. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular background of the effects of PACAP on tooth development.
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Juhász T, Szentléleky E, Somogyi CS, Takács R, Dobrosi N, Engler M, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Pathway Is Induced by Mechanical Load and Reduces the Activity of Hedgehog Signaling in Chondrogenic Micromass Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17344-67. [PMID: 26230691 PMCID: PMC4581197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurohormone exerting protective function during various stress conditions either in mature or developing tissues. Previously we proved the presence of PACAP signaling elements in chicken limb bud-derived chondrogenic cells in micromass cell cultures. Since no data can be found if PACAP signaling is playing any role during mechanical stress in any tissues, we aimed to investigate its contribution in mechanotransduction during chondrogenesis. Expressions of the mRNAs of PACAP and its major receptor, PAC1 increased, while that of other receptors, VPAC1, VPAC2 decreased upon mechanical stimulus. Mechanical load enhanced the expression of collagen type X, a marker of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and PACAP addition attenuated this elevation. Moreover, exogenous PACAP also prevented the mechanical load evoked activation of hedgehog signaling: protein levels of Sonic and Indian Hedgehogs and Gli1 transcription factor were lowered while expressions of Gli2 and Gli3 were elevated by PACAP application during mechanical load. Our results suggest that mechanical load activates PACAP signaling and exogenous PACAP acts against the hypertrophy inducing effect of mechanical load.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Szentléleky
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szűcs Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Dobrosi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Máté Engler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Sandor B, Fintor K, Felszeghy S, Juhasz T, Reglodi D, Mark L, Kiss P, Jungling A, Fulop BD, Nagy AD, Hashimoto H, Zakany R, Nagy A, Tamas A. Structural and morphometric comparison of the molar teeth in pre-eruptive developmental stage of PACAP-deficient and wild-type mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:331-41. [PMID: 25112419 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with widespread distribution. It plays pivotal role in neuronal development. PACAP-immunoreactive fibers have been found in the tooth pulp, and recently, it has been shown that PACAP may also play a role in the regeneration of the periodontium after luxation injuries. However, there is no data about the effect of endogenous PACAP on tooth development. Ectodermal organogenesis including tooth development is regulated by different members of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hedgehog (HH), and Wnt families. There is also a growing evidence to support the hypothesis that PACAP interacts with sonic hedgehog (SHH) receptor (PTCH1) and its downstream target (Gli1) suggesting its role in tooth development. Therefore, our aim was to study molar tooth development in mice lacking endogenous PACAP. In this study morphometric, immunohistochemical and structural comparison of molar teeth in pre-eruptive developmental stage was performed on histological sections of 7-day-old wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice. Further structural analysis was carried out with Raman microscope. The morphometric comparison of the 7-day-old samples revealed that the dentin was significantly thinner in the molars of PACAP-deficient mice compared to wild-type animals. Raman spectra of the enamel in wild-type mice demonstrated higher diversity in secondary structure of enamel proteins. In the dentin of PACAP-deficient mice higher intracrystalline disordering in the hydroxyapatite molecular structure was found. We also obtained altered SHH, PTCH1 and Gli1 expression level in secretory ameloblasts of PACAP-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates suggesting that PACAP might play an important role in molar tooth development and matrix mineralization involving influence on SHH signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sandor
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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