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Byeon JH, Byun MS, Yi D, Jung JH, Sohn BK, Chang YY, Kong N, Jung G, Ahn H, Lee JY, Lee YS, Kim YK, Lee DY. Moderation of thyroid hormones for the relationship between amyloid and tau pathology. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:164. [PMID: 39044293 PMCID: PMC11264392 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered thyroid hormone levels have been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and related cognitive decline. However, the neuropathological substrates underlying the link between thyroid hormones and AD dementia are not yet fully understood. We first investigated the association between serum thyroid hormone levels and in vivo AD pathologies including both beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau deposition measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Given the well-known relationship between Aβ and tau pathology in AD, we additionally examined the moderating effects of thyroid hormone levels on the association between Aβ and tau deposition. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE) cohort. This study included a total of 291 cognitively normal adults aged 55 to 90. All participants received comprehensive clinical assessments, measurements for serum total triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and brain imaging evaluations including [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)- PET and [18F] AV-1451 PET. RESULTS No associations were found between either thyroid hormones or TSH and Aβ and tau deposition on PET. However, fT4 (p = 0.002) and fT3 (p = 0.001) exhibited significant interactions with Aβ on tau deposition: The sensitivity analyses conducted after the removal of an outlier showed that the interaction effect between fT4 and Aβ deposition was not significant, whereas the interaction between fT3 and Aβ deposition remained significant. However, further subgroup analyses demonstrated a more pronounced positive relationship between Aβ and tau in both the higher fT4 and fT3 groups compared to the lower group, irrespective of outlier removal. Meanwhile, neither T3 nor TSH had any interaction with Aβ on tau deposition. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that serum thyroid hormones may moderate the relationship between cerebral Aβ and tau pathology. Higher levels of serum thyroid hormones could potentially accelerate the Aβ-dependent tau deposition in the brain. Further replication studies in independent samples are needed to verify the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyeon Byeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyung Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeong Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Keimyung University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijung Jung
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ahn
- Interdisciplinary Program of Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program of Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang T, Zhao L, Chen C, Yang C, Zhang H, Su W, Cao J, Shi Q, Tian L. Structural and Functional Alterations of Hippocampal Subfields in Patients With Adult-Onset Primary Hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1707-1717. [PMID: 38324411 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothyroidism is often associated with cognitive and emotional dysregulation; however, the underlying neuropathological mechanisms remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to characterize abnormal alterations in hippocampal subfield volumes and functional connectivity (FC) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and overt hypothyroidism (OH). METHODS This cross-sectional observational study comprised 47 and 40 patients with newly diagnosed adult-onset primary SCH and OH, respectively, and 53 well-matched healthy controls (HCs). The demographics, clinical variables, and neuropsychological scale scores were collected. Next, the hippocampal subfield volumes and seed-based FC were compared between the groups. Finally, correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS SCH and OH exhibited significant alterations in cognitive and emotional scale scores. Specifically, the volumes of the right granule cell molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG) head, cornu ammonis (CA) 4, and CA3 head were reduced in the SCH and OH groups. Moreover, the volumes of the right molecular layer head, CA1 body, left GC-ML-DG head, and CA4 head were lower in SCH. In addition, the hippocampal subfield volumes decreased more significantly in SCH than OH. The seed-based FC decreased in SCH but increased in OH compared with HCs. Correlation analyses revealed thyroid hormone was negatively correlated with FC values in hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION Patients with SCH and OH might be at risk of cognitive decline, anxiety, or depression, and exhibited alterations in volume and FC in specific hippocampal subfields. Furthermore, the reduction in volume was more pronounced in SCH. This study provides novel insights into the neuropathological mechanisms of brain impairment in hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lianping Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wenxiu Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jiancang Cao
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Limin Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Li Z, Liu J. Thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease, a vicious circle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1354372. [PMID: 38419953 PMCID: PMC10899337 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1354372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, research into the link between thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a current topic of interest. Previous research has primarily concentrated on examining the impact of thyroid dysfunction on the risk of developing AD, or solely explored the mechanisms of interaction between hypothyroidism and AD, a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms linking thyroid dysfunction, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, to Alzheimer's disease (AD) still require further elucidation. Therefore, the aim of this review is to offer a thorough and comprehensive explanation of the potential mechanisms underlying the causal relationship between thyroid dysfunction and AD, highlighting the existence of a vicious circle. The effect of thyroid dysfunction on AD includes neuron death, impaired synaptic plasticity and memory, misfolded protein deposition, oxidative stress, and diffuse and global neurochemical disturbances. Conversely, AD can also contribute to thyroid dysfunction by affecting the stress repair response and disrupting pathways involved in thyroid hormone (TH) production, transport, and activation. Furthermore, this review briefly discusses the role and significance of utilizing the thyroid as a therapeutic target for cognitive recovery in AD. By exploring potential mechanisms and therapeutic avenues, this research contributes to our understanding and management of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Su W, Zhao L, Bao S, Qin R, Cao J, Tian J, Han Y, Zhang T, Chen C, Shi Q, Guo Q, Shao F, Tian L. Alterations in gray matter morphology and functional connectivity in adult patients with newly diagnosed, untreated hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2023. [PMID: 37130043 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated adult hypothyroidism may be associated with cognitive and emotional impairment, but the precise underlying neuropathological mechanism is unknown. We investigated the brain morphological and functional abnormalities associated with cognition and emotion in hypothyroidism. METHODS This is a cross-sectional observational study. Forty-four newly diagnosed adult hypothyroid patients and 54 well-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. All participants underwent 3D T1WI and resting-state functional brain MRI. Morphological and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed to compare the inter-group differences. Neuropsychological tests, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) were administered. Thyroid function test and blood lipid levels were measured. Correlations were computed between neuropsychological and biochemical measures with neuroimaging indices. Sensitive morphological or functional neuroimaging indicators were identified using ROC analysis. RESULTS Compared with HC, hypothyroid patients demonstrated lower total and subdomain scores on the MoCA and higher HAMD-24 and HAMA scores. Morphological analysis revealed the hypothyroid patients had significantly reduced gray matter (GM) volumes in the right superior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor area as well as significantly increased GM volumes in the bilateral cerebellar CrusⅠand left precentral gyrus. Furthermore, MRIs of hypothyroid patients showed increased FC between the right cerebellar CrusⅠand left precentral gyrus, triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobe. The language scores of the MoCA were positively correlated with Jacobian values of the left supplementary motor area (r = 0.391, P = 0.046) and precentral gyrus (r = 0.401, P = 0.039). ROC analysis revealed FC value between cerebellar CrusⅠand angular gyrus could differentiate groups with relatively high accuracy (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 77.8%, AUC: 0.794, 95% CI: 0.701-0.888, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Untreated adult-onset hypothyroidism may be associated with impaired cognition and anxiety or depression. GM morphological alterations and FC of the cerebellum with subregions of the frontal and parietal lobes may represent key neuropathological mechanisms underlying the cognitive deterioration and mood dysregulation observed in hypothyroid adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Su
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Ningxia Medical University, 105002, School of Clinical Medicine, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China;
| | - Lianping Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Shisan Bao
- The University of Sydney, 4334, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Rui Qin
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Jiancang Cao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Jing Tian
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Yalan Han
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Chen Chen
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Qian Shi
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Qian Guo
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Feifei Shao
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Limin Tian
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 91589, Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province, 118136, Gansu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
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Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Association between NMDA gene polymorphism (rs4880213) and GRIN2B blood serum levels in thyroid pathology patients. J Med Life 2022; 15:109-116. [PMID: 35186144 PMCID: PMC8852646 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The article discusses a new hypothesis that autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland can lead to depression and neurological complications. It is believed that the neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor plays a significant role in depression pathophysiology and neurological and mental diseases, respectively. The study involved 153 patients with various forms of thyroid pathology. GRIN2B levels in the sera of the patients and healthy individuals were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with highly sensitive Human GRIN2B (Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate 2B) ELISA Kit. Genotyping of the glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1, GRIN1 (rs4880213) gene polymorphism. The CT genotype of the NMDA gene (rs4880213) was predominant in the surveyed population. The C allele of the NMDA gene was more frequent than the T allele among patients with thyroid disease. GRIN2B levels were significantly decreased in patients with postoperative hypothyroidism 3.45 times, and in patients with AIT-induced hypothyroidism, there was a probable increase in GRIN2B levels by 1.58 times compared with controls. GRIN2B levels were significantly different in patients of different groups depending on thyroid pathology. Our study showed direct close correlation (r=0.635) between GRIN2B and anti-TPO levels (p<0.001), a significant direct close correlation (r=0.527) between GRIN2B and anti-TG levels in the blood (p<0.001). Our results allow us to consider the GRIN2B level as an important prognostic minimally invasive marker of neurological complications in endocrine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Ivanivna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine,* Corresponding Author: Iryna Ivanivna Kamyshna, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Majdan Voli 1, Ternopil, Ukraine, 46001. E-mail:
| | - Larysa Borysivna Pavlovych
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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Blas-Valdivia V, Franco-Colín M, Rojas-Franco P, Chao-Vazquez A, Cano-Europa E. Gallic Acid Prevents the Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stresses in the Hippocampus of Adult-Onset Hypothyroid Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671614. [PMID: 34295248 PMCID: PMC8290492 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for hippocampal redox environment and neuronal viability in adulthood, where its deficiency causes hypothyroidism related to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses in the hippocampus, resulting in neuronal death. One option of treatment is antioxidants; however, they must be transported across the blood-brain barrier. Gallic acid is a polyphenol that meets these criteria. Thus, this study aimed to prove that the neuroprotective mechanism of GA is associated with the prevention of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses in the hippocampus of adult-onset hypothyroid rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into euthyroid (n = 20) and hypothyroid groups (n = 20). Thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland reimplementation caused hypothyroidism. Each group was subdivided into two: vehicle and 50 mg/kg/d of gallic acid. 3 weeks after thyroidectomy, six animals of each group were euthanized, and the hippocampus was dissected to evaluate oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. The rest of the animals were euthanized after 4 weeks of treatment for histological analysis of the hippocampus. The results showed that hypothyroidism increased lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and nitrites; it also increased endoplasmic reticulum stress by activating the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) pathway, the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and activated transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) pathways associated with a proapoptotic state that culminates in hippocampal neuronal damage. Meanwhile, the hypothyroid rat treated with gallic acid reduced oxidative stress and increased endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) through IRE1α and ATF6. Also, the gallic acid treatment prevented the Bax/BCl2 ratio from increasing and the overexpression of p53 and caspase 12. This treatment in hypothyroid animals was associated with the neuronal protection observed in the hippocampus. In conclusion, gallic acid prevents hypothyroidism-induced hippocampal damage associated with oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Blas-Valdivia
- Lab. Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Margarita Franco-Colín
- Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Placido Rojas-Franco
- Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Chao-Vazquez
- Lab. Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Feng J, Hao Z, Zhang X, Li M, zhong W, Zhang C, Gharawi A, Alrashood ST, Khan HA. Effect of thiamazole on kainic acid-induced seizures in mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1840-1846. [PMID: 33732070 PMCID: PMC7938111 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) induced epileptic seizures in mice is a commonly used experimental model of epilepsy. Previous studies have suggested the roles of various neurotransmitters and oxidative stress in KA-induced seizures. An important role of hypothyroidism has also been suggested in epilepsy. Thiamazole (TZ) is an anti-hyperthyroid drug with antioxidant property. This study reports the effect of TZ on KA-induced epileptic seizures in mice, produced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of KA (18 mg/kg). Prior to KA injection, the animals were treated with TZ (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg IP). Our results showed that in KA alone group, about half of the animals developed seizures. Pre-treatment of mice with TZ significantly increased the frequency of seizures in dose-dependent manner. Administration of TZ significantly reduced the latency time and aggravated the severity of seizures. TZ also increased the mortality in KA-treated mice. Striatal dopamine and serotonin levels were markedly increased in KA alone treated mice, which were not significantly affected by TZ treatment. Among the indices of oxidative stress, we observed a significant reduction in cerebral vitamin E whereas the levels of cerebral malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes were significantly increased in animals with high severity of seizures. In conclusion, TZ potentiated the frequency and severity of experimental seizure in mice. There is a possibility of altered metabolism of KA in presence of TZ that might have potentiated the toxicity of KA. These findings suggest a caution while administering anti-hyperthyroid drugs in epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Zheng Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of ICU, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Wuzhao zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchang 334 Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330024, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hainan Medical University (Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology, Hainan Medical University (Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China.
| | - Ali Gharawi
- Department of Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T. Alrashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Yajima H, Amano I, Ishii S, Sadakata T, Miyazaki W, Takatsuru Y, Koibuchi N. Absence of Thyroid Hormone Induced Delayed Dendritic Arborization in Mouse Primary Hippocampal Neurons Through Insufficient Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:629100. [PMID: 33708176 PMCID: PMC7940752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.629100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays important roles in the developing brain. TH deficiency in early life leads to severe developmental impairment in the hippocampus. However, the mechanisms of TH action in the developing hippocampus are still largely unknown. In this study, we generated 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3)-free neuronal supplement, based on the composition of neuronal supplement 21 (NS21), to examine the effect of TH in the developing hippocampus using primary cultured neurons. Effects of TH on neurons were compared between cultures in this T3-free culture medium (-T3 group) and a medium in which T3 was added (+T3 group). Morphometric analysis and RT-qPCR were performed on 7, 10, and 14 days in vitro (DIV). On 10 DIV, a decreased dendrite arborization in -T3 group was observed. Such difference was not observed on 7 and 14 DIV. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA levels also decreased significantly in -T3 group on 10 DIV. We then confirmed protein levels of phosphorylated neurotrophic tyrosine kinase type 2 (NTRK2, TRKB), which is a receptor for BDNF, on 10 DIV by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Phosphorylated NTRK2 levels significantly decreased in -T3 group compared to +T3 group on 10 DIV. Considering the role of BDNF on neurodevelopment, we examined its involvement by adding BDNF on 8 and 9 DIV. Addition of 10 ng/ml BDNF recovered the suppressed dendrite arborization induced by T3 deficiency on 10 DIV. We show that the lack of TH induces a developmental delay in primary hippocampal neurons, likely caused through a decreased Bdnf expression. Thus, BDNF may play a role in TH-regulated dendritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Tomczyk T, Urbańska EM. Experimental hypothyroidism raises brain kynurenic acid - Novel aspect of thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173363. [PMID: 32663543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism frequently manifests with altered mood and disturbed cognition. Kynurenic acid may influence cognition through antagonism of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA) and α7 nicotinic receptors. In here, thyroid hormones effects on kynurenic acid synthesis in rat cortical slices and on kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) activity in semi-purified cortical homogenates were studied. Furthermore, brain kynurenic acid levels and KATs activities were evaluated in experimental model of hypothyroidism, induced by chronic administration of 0.05% propylthiouracil in drinking water. In vitro, L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3), reduced kynurenic acid synthesis and KATs activities (IC50 ~ 50-150 μM). In vivo, propylthiouracil increased cortical, hippocampal and striatal, but not cerebellar kynurenic acid content (192%, 142% and 124% of control, respectively), despite uniformly decreased KAT II activity and lower cortical and striatal KAT I activity. T4 application to hypothyroid animals restored kynurenic acid levels to control values and reversed enzymatic changes. T4 alone did not change brain kynurenic acid levels, despite increased activities of brain KATs. Hence, thyroid hormones modulate kynurenic acid levels by two opposing mechanisms, stimulation of KATs activity, most probably transcriptional, and direct, post-translational inhibition of KATs. Lack of correlation between KATs activity and kynurenic acid level may reflect the influence of T4 on organic anion transporter and result from impaired removal of kynurenic acid from the brain during hypothyroidism. Our data reveal novel mechanism linked with thyroid hormones deficiency and imply the potential involvement of increased brain kynurenic acid in the hypothyroidism-related cognitive disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tomczyk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa M Urbańska
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.
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Bortolotto VC, Araujo SM, Pinheiro FC, Poetini MR, de Paula MT, Meichtry LB, de Almeida FP, Musachio EAS, Guerra GP, Prigol M. Modulation of glutamate levels and Na +,K +-ATPase activity contributes to the chrysin memory recovery in hypothyroidism mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112892. [PMID: 32302609 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the thyroid hormones, like in hypothyroidism, are closely related to dementia and Alzheimer's disease demonstrating the main symptom of these disorders: memory deficit. In this study we evaluated the effect of chrysin on deficit spatial and aversive memories and the contribution of glutamatergic, cholinergic pathways and Na+, K+-ATPase activity on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in hypothyroid adult female mice C57BL/6. Hypothyroidism was induced by the continuous exposure to 0.1% methimazole (MTZ) in drinking water for 31 days. The exposure to MTZ was associated to low plasma levels of thyroid hormones (TH) compared to the control group on the 32nd. Subsequently, euthyroid and MTZ-induced hypothyroid mice received (intragastrically) either vehicle or chrysin (20 mg/kg) once a day for 28 consecutive days. After treatments mice performed the following behavioral assessments: open-field test (OFT), morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test. Additionally, plasma TH levels were measured again, as well as glutamate levels, Na+,K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were analyzed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice. Mice with hypothyroidism showed a deficit of spatial and aversive memory and chrysin treatment reversed these deficits. It also reduced the levels of glutamate and decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity in both cerebral structures in the hypothyroid mice compared with the euthyroid ones, with the exception of glutamate in the hippocampus, which was a partial reversal. AChE activity was not altered by treatments. Together, our results demonstrate that chrysin normalized hippocampal glutamate levels and Na+,K+-ATPase activity, which could be involved in the reversal of memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Stífani Machado Araujo
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciane Cabral Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rósula Poetini
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane Trindade de Paula
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Barreto Meichtry
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli Polet de Almeida
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Elize Aparecida Santos Musachio
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, Itaqui 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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Amano I, Takatsuru Y, Khairinisa MA, Kokubo M, Haijima A, Koibuchi N. Effects of Mild Perinatal Hypothyroidism on Cognitive Function of Adult Male Offspring. Endocrinology 2018. [PMID: 29522169 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mild perinatal hypothyroidism may result from inadequate iodine intake, insufficient treatment of congenital hypothyroidism, or exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Because thyroid hormones are critical for brain development, severe hypothyroidism that is untreated in infancy causes irreversible cretinism. Milder hypothyroidism may also affect cognitive development; however, the effects of mild and/or moderate hypothyroidism on brain development are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the behavior of adult male mice rendered mildly hypothyroid during the perinatal period using low-dose propylthiouracil (PTU). PTU was administered through drinking water (5 or 50 ppm) from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21. Cognitive performance, studied by an object in-location test (OLT), was impaired in PTU-treated mice at postnatal week 8. These results suggest that, although the hypothyroidism was mild, it partially impaired cognitive function. We next measured the concentration of neurotransmitters (glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glycine) in the hippocampus using in vivo microdialysis during OLT. The concentrations of neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and glycine, decreased in PTU-treated mice. The expression levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits, which are profound regulators of glutamate neurotransmission and memory function, also were decreased in PTU-treated mice. These data indicate that mild perinatal hypothyroidism causes cognitive disorders in adult offspring. Such disorders may be partially induced secondary to decreased concentrations of neurotransmitters and receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michifumi Kokubo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Hypothyroidism Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Adult Rat Hippocampus: A Mechanism Associated with Hippocampal Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2089404. [PMID: 29743975 PMCID: PMC5884203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2089404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for hippocampal neuronal viability in adulthood, and their deficiency causes hypothyroidism, which is related to oxidative stress events and neuronal damage. Also, it has been hypothesized that hypothyroidism causes a glucose deprivation in the neuron. This study is aimed at evaluating the temporal participation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERE) in hippocampal neurons of adult hypothyroid rats and its association with the oxidative stress events. Adult Wistar male rats were divided into euthyroid and hypothyroid groups. Thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland reimplementation caused hypothyroidism at three weeks postsurgery. Oxidative stress, redox environment, and antioxidant enzyme markers, as well as the expression of the ERE through the pathways of PERK, ATF6, and IRE1, were evaluated at the 3rd and 4th weeks postsurgery. We found a rise in ROS and nitrite production; also, catalase increased and glutathione peroxidase diminished their activities. These events promote an enhancement of the lipoperoxidation, as well as of γ-GT, myeloperoxidase, and caspase 3 activities. With respect to ERE, there were ATF6, IRE1, and GADD153 overexpressions with a reduction in mitochondrial activity and GSH2/GSSG ratio. We conclude that the endoplasmic reticulum stress might play a pivotal role in the activation of hypothyroidism-induced hippocampal cell death.
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Effect of levetiracetam on extracellular amino acid levels in the dorsal hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:111-119. [PMID: 29331845 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an anticonvulsant drug with a unique mechanism of action that is not completely understood. However, its activity profile may involve effects on excitatory and/or inhibitory neurotransmission since the primary target of LEV, synaptic vesicle protein 2A, is ubiquitously expressed in all types of synaptic vesicles. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the effect of LEV (300 mg/kg/day for one week, administered via osmotic mini-pumps) on neurotransmitter release and its probable selective effect on extracellular gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), glutamine (Gln), taurine (Tau) and glycine (Gly) concentrations (using in vivo microdialysis under basal and high-K+ conditions) in the dorsal hippocampus (DH), a region that undergoes major synaptic changes during epilepsy. Epileptic rats developed clear signs of hyperexcitability, i.e., an elevated Glu/GABA ratio in the DH. The LEV concentration in blood after 7 days of treatment was within the therapeutic range. In contrast, LEV was not detected four days after mini-pump removal (washout period). Furthermore, LEV restored the Glu/GABA ratio to approximately the control level and significantly increased the GABA concentration after the initiation of high-K+ conditions. Based on these data, LEV treatment restored the lost balance between the excitatory and inhibitory systems under basal conditions. Moreover, LEV showed a selective effect by preferentially increasing vesicular release of GABA, a mechanism by which LEV could reduce epileptic seizures.
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Sánchez-Huerta K, García-Martínez Y, Vergara P, Segovia J, Pacheco-Rosado J. Thyroid hormones are essential to preserve non-proliferative cells of adult neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 76:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Zhang LN, Sun YJ, Wang LX, Gao ZB. Glutamate Transporters/Na(+), K(+)-ATPase Involving in the Neuroprotective Effect as a Potential Regulatory Target of Glutamate Uptake. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1124-1131. [PMID: 25586061 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate (Glu) transporters GLAST and GLT-1, as the two most important transporters in brain tissue, transport Glu from the extracellular space into the cell protecting against Glu toxicity. Furthermore, GLAST and GLT-1 are sodium-dependent Glu transporters (GluTs) that rely on sodium and potassium gradients generated principally by Na(+), K(+)-ATPase to generate ion gradients that drive Glu uptake. There is an interaction between Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and GluTs to modulate Glu uptake, and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α, β or γ subunit can be directly coupled to GluTs, co-localizing with GLAST or GLT-1 in vivo to form a macromolecular complex and operate as a functional unit to regulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. Therefore, GluTs/Na(+), K(+)-ATPase may be involved in the neuroprotective effect as a potential regulatory target of Glu uptake in neurodegenerative diseases induced by Glu-mediated neurotoxicity as the final common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xue Wang
- Cadre Ward, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, Compound A1, Taiping Bridge Xili, Beijing, 100073, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Bin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China.
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Ge JF, Peng YY, Qi CC, Chen FH, Zhou JN. Depression-like behavior in subclinical hypothyroidism rat induced by hemi-thyroid electrocauterization. Endocrine 2014; 45:430-8. [PMID: 23794115 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the depression-like behavior performances of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) rat. SCH rat model was induced by hemi-thyroid electrocauterization, and the behavior performances were measured by sucrose preference test, force swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). SCH rat model was established successfully by hemi-thyroid electrocauterization. In the behavior tasks, SCH rats displayed depression-like behavior were indicated as a significant elevation of immobility time in both the TST and FST, though the sucrose preference was not significantly decreased. The index of left adrenal cortex in both SCH and clinical hypothyroidism (CH) group significantly increased, and many large lipid vacuoles were observed in the zona fasciculata cells. The serum corticosterone concentration and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression 2 h after behavior test was markedly up-regulated in CH rats, but not SCH rats, indicated that SCH induced a less impairment of HPA axis than CH did. The important finding of this study was that the concentration of hippocampal T3 was lower in SCH group than that of the sham group. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation test showed that the immobility behaviors in TST and FST were both negatively correlated with hippocampal T3 concentration. Taking together, our results indicated that SCH could result in depression-like behavior, accompanied with subtle hyperactivity of HPA axis. The reduced hippocampal T3 prior to the reduction of thyroid hormone in serum might be taken as an early sign of hippocampus impairment in the progression from SCH to CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
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Wu S, Tan G, Dong X, Zhu Z, Li W, Lou Z, Chai Y. Metabolic profiling provides a system understanding of hypothyroidism in rats and its application. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55599. [PMID: 23409005 PMCID: PMC3567130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothyroidism is a chronic condition of endocrine disorder and its precise molecular mechanism remains obscure. In spite of certain efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in treating hypothyroidism, it often results in other side effects because of its over-replacement, so it is still urgent to discover new modes of treatment for hypothyroidism. Sini decoction (SND) is a well-known formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is considered as efficient agents against hypothyroidism. However, its holistic effect assessment and mechanistic understanding are still lacking due to its complex components. Methodology/Principal Findings A urinary metabonomic method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was employed to explore global metabolic characters of hypothyroidism. Three typical hypothyroidism models (methimazole-, propylthiouracil- and thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism) were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism of hypothyroidism. 17, 21, 19 potential biomarkers were identified with these three hypothyroidism models respectively, primarily involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and purine metabolism. In order to avert the interference of drug interaction between the antithyroid drugs and SND, the thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism model was further used to systematically assess the therapeutic efficacy of SND on hypothyroidism. A time-dependent recovery tendency was observed in SND-treated group from the beginning of model to the end of treatment, suggesting that SND exerted a recovery effect on hypothyroidism in a time-dependent manner through partially regulating the perturbed metabolic pathways. Conclusions/Significance Our results showed that the metabonomic approach is instrumental to understand the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism and offers a valuable tool for systematically studying the therapeutic effects of SND on hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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