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Bukharaeva EA, Skorinkin AI, Samigullin DV, Petrov AM. Presynaptic Acetylcholine Receptors Modulate the Time Course of Action Potential-Evoked Acetylcholine Quanta Secretion at Neuromuscular Junctions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081771. [PMID: 35892671 PMCID: PMC9332499 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For effective transmission of excitation in neuromuscular junctions, the postsynaptic response amplitude must exceed a critical level of depolarization to trigger action potential spreading along the muscle-fiber membrane. At the presynaptic level, the end-plate potential amplitude depends not only on the acetylcholine quanta number released from the nerve terminals in response to the nerve impulse but also on a degree of synchronicity of quanta releases. The time course of stimulus-phasic synchronous quanta secretion is modulated by many extra- and intracellular factors. One of the pathways to regulate the neurosecretion kinetics of acetylcholine quanta is an activation of presynaptic autoreceptors. This review discusses the contribution of acetylcholine presynaptic receptors to the control of the kinetics of evoked acetylcholine release from nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junctions. The timing characteristics of neurotransmitter release is nowadays considered an essential factor determining the plasticity and efficacy of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellya A. Bukharaeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Federal Scientific Centre “Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 2/31 Lobatchevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (A.I.S.); (D.V.S.); (A.M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey I. Skorinkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Federal Scientific Centre “Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 2/31 Lobatchevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (A.I.S.); (D.V.S.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Dmitry V. Samigullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Federal Scientific Centre “Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 2/31 Lobatchevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (A.I.S.); (D.V.S.); (A.M.P.)
- Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Petrov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Federal Scientific Centre “Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 2/31 Lobatchevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (A.I.S.); (D.V.S.); (A.M.P.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova Street, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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Involvement of the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels L- P/Q- and N-Types in Synapse Elimination During Neuromuscular Junction Development. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4044-4064. [PMID: 35474562 PMCID: PMC9167222 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the nervous system development, synapses are initially overproduced. In the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) however, competition between several motor nerve terminals and the synapses they made ends with the maturation of only one axon. The competitive signaling between axons is mediated by the differential activity-dependent release of the neurotransmitter ACh, co-transmitters, and neurotrophic factors. A multiple metabotropic receptor-driven downstream balance between PKA and PKC isoforms modulates the phosphorylation of targets involved in transmitter release and nerve terminal stability. Previously, we observed in the weakest endings on the polyinnervated NMJ that M1 mAChR receptors reduce ACh release through the PKC pathway coupled to an excess of Ca2+ inflow through P/Q- N- and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). This signaling would contribute to the elimination of this nerve terminal. Here, we investigate the involvement of the P/Q-, N-, and L-subtype channels in transgenic B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-YFP)16-Jrs/J mice during synapse elimination. Then, the axon number and postsynaptic receptor cluster morphologic maturation were evaluated. The results show that both L- and P/Q-type VGCC (but not the N-type) are equally involved in synapse elimination. Their normal function favors supernumerary axonal loss by jointly enhancing intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. The block of these VGCCs or [Ca2+]i i sequestration results in the same delay of axonal loss as the cPKCβI and nPKCε isoform block or PKA activation. The specific block of the muscle cell's contraction with μ-conotoxin GIIIB also delays synapse maturation, and thus, a retrograde influence from the postsynaptic site regulating the presynaptic CaV1.3 may contribute to the synapse elimination.
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Tsentsevitsky AN, Khaziev EF, Kovyazina IV, Petrov AM. GIRK channel as a versatile regulator of neurotransmitter release via L-type Ca 2+ channel-dependent mechanism in the neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 2022; 209:109021. [PMID: 35245509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are one of the main regulators of neuronal excitability. Activation of GIRK channels in the CNS usually leads to postsynaptic inhibition. However, the function of GIRK channels in the presynaptic processes, notably neurotransmitter release form motor nerve terminals, is yet to be comprehensively understood. Here, using electrophysiological and fluorescent approaches, the role of GIRK channels in neurotransmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals was studied. We found that the inhibition of GIRK channels with nanomolar tertiapin-Q synchronized exocytosis events with action potential but suppressed spontaneous and evoked neurotransmitter release, as well as Ca2+ transient and membrane permeability for K+. The action of GIRK channel inhibition on evoked neurotransmission was prevented by selective antagonist of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels of L-type. Furthermore, the effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation on neurotransmitter release, Ca2+ transient and K+ channel activity were markedly modulated by inhibition of GIRK channels. Thus, at the motor nerve terminals GIRK channels can regulate timing of neurotransmitter release and be a positive modulator of synaptic vesicle exocytosis acting partially via L-type Ca2+ channels. In addition, GIRK channels are key players in a feedback control of neurotransmitter release by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", P.o. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Eduard F Khaziev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", P.o. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina V Kovyazina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", P.o. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov St., 49, 420008, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", P.o. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov St., 49, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Zakyrjanova GF, Tsentsevitsky AN, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. Immune-related oxysterol modulates neuromuscular transmission via non-genomic liver X receptor-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:121-134. [PMID: 34391813 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions induce changes in the neuromuscular system. The mechanisms underlying this link are unclear. Besides cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of an antiviral oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) by immune cells is quickly increased in response to inflammation. Hypothetically, 25HC could contribute to regulation of neuromuscular activity as well as redox status. We found that 25HC (0.01-10 μM) can bidirectionally modulate neurotransmission in mice diaphragm, the main respiratory muscle. Low concentrations (≤0.1 μM) of 25HC reduced involvement of synaptic vesicles (SVs) into exocytosis during 20-Hz activity, whereas higher inflammatory-related concentrations (≥1 μM) had a profound potentiating effect on SV mobilization. The latter stimulatory action of 25HC was accompanied by increase in Ca2+ release from intracellular stores via IP3 receptors. Both increase in SV mobilization and [Ca2+]in were suppressed by a specific antagonist of liver X receptors (LXRs). These receptors formed clusters within the synaptic membranes in a lipid raft-dependent manner. Either raft disruption or intracellular Ca2+ chelation prevented 25HC-mediated acceleration of the exocytotic rate. The same action had inhibition of estrogen receptor α, Gi-protein, Gβγ, phospholipase C and protein kinase C. Additionally, 1 μM 25HC upregulated ROS production in a Ca2+-dependent way and an antioxidant partially decreased the exocytosis-promoting effect of 25HC. Thus, 25HC has prooxidant properties and it is a potent regulator of SV mobilization via activation of lipid raft-associated LXRs which can trigger signaling via estrogen receptor α - Gi-protein - Gβγ - phospholipase C - Ca2+ - protein kinase C pathway. 25HC-mediated increase in ROS may modulate this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel F Zakyrjanova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Department of Normal Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Department of Normal Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia.
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Kim YB, Choi J, Park C, Choi H, In J, Yang H. Effects of sevoflurane and adenosine receptor antagonist on the sugammadex-induced recovery from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in rodent phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm tissue specimens. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00827. [PMID: 34337892 PMCID: PMC8326504 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane affects on the A1 receptor in the central nervous system and potentiates the action of neuromuscular blocking agents. In the present study, we investigated whether sevoflurane (SEVO) has the ability to potentiate the neuromuscular blocking effect of rocuronium and if the specific antagonist of adenosine receptor (SLV320) can reverse this effect. In this study, phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm tissue specimens were obtained from 40 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The specimens were immersed in an organ bath filled with Krebs buffer and stimulated by a train-of-four (TOF) pattern using indirect supramaximal stimulation at 20 s intervals. The specimens were randomly allocated to control, 2-chloroadenosine (CADO), SEVO, or SLV320 + SEVO groups. In the CADO and SLV320 + SEVO groups, CADO and SLV320 were added to the organ bath from the start to a concentration of 10 μM and 10 nM, respectively. We then proceeded with rocuronium-induced blockade of >95% depression of the first twitch tension of TOF (T1) and TOF ratio (TOFR). In the SEVO and SLV320 + SEVO groups, SEVO was added to the Krebs buffer solution to concentration of 400-500 μM for 10 min. Sugammadex-induced T1 and TOFR recovery was monitored for 30 min until >95% of T1 and >0.9 of TOFR were confirmed, and the recovery pattern was compared by plotting these data. T1 recovery in the SEVO and CADO groups was significantly delayed compared with the control and SLV320 + SEVO groups (p < .05). In conclusion, sevoflurane affects on the A1 receptor at the neuromuscular junction and delays sugammadex-induced recovery from neuromuscular blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineCollege of MedicineGil Medical CenterGachon UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Moon Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineAsan Medical CenterUlsan University, College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Chungon Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineCollege of MedicineGil Medical CenterGachon UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hey‐Ran Choi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain MedicineSeoul Paik HospitalInje University, College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Junyong In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineCollege of MedicineIlsan HospitalDonggook UniversityGoyangGyeonggi DoRepublic of Korea
| | - Hong‐Seuk Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain MedicineDaejeon Eulji HospitalEulji UniversityDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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Modulatory Roles of ATP and Adenosine in Cholinergic Neuromuscular Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176423. [PMID: 32899290 PMCID: PMC7503321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the data on the modulatory action of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), the main co-transmitter with acetylcholine, and adenosine, the final ATP metabolite in the synaptic cleft, on neuromuscular transmission is presented. The effects of these endogenous modulators on pre- and post-synaptic processes are discussed. The contribution of purines to the processes of quantal and non-quantal secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, as well as the influence of the postsynaptic effects of ATP and adenosine on the functioning of cholinergic receptors, are evaluated. As usual, the P2-receptor-mediated influence is minimal under physiological conditions, but it becomes very important in some pathophysiological situations such as hypothermia, stress, or ischemia. There are some data demonstrating the same in neuromuscular transmission. It is suggested that the role of endogenous purines is primarily to provide a safety factor for the efficiency of cholinergic neuromuscular transmission.
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Machamer JB, Apland JP, Winner BM, Wolfe SE, Pagarigan KT, Bounader KM, Kasten SA, Adler M, McNutt PM. Functional basis for dose-dependent antagonism of rat and rabbit neuromuscular transmission by the bis-pyridinium oxime MMB4. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3877-3891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Breakdown of phospholipids and the elevated nitric oxide are involved in M3 muscarinic regulation of acetylcholine secretion in the frog motor synapse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:589-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Darabid H, St-Pierre-See A, Robitaille R. Purinergic-Dependent Glial Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity of Competing Terminals and Synapse Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2070-2082.e6. [PMID: 30463006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise wiring of synaptic connections requires the elimination of supernumerary inputs competing for innervation of the same target cell. This competition is activity-dependent, strengthening some inputs whereas others are eliminated. Although glial cells are required for the elimination and clearance of terminals, their involvement in activity-dependent synaptic competition remains ill-defined. Here, we used the developing neuromuscular junctions of mice to show that perisynaptic glial cells, through 2Y1 purinergic receptors (P2Y1Rs), decode synaptic efficacy of competing terminals in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This glial activity induces long-lasting synaptic potentiation of strong but not weak terminals via presynaptic adenosine 2A receptors. Blockade of glial activity by intracellular Ca2+ chelation or blockade of P2Y1Rs prevents this plasticity. In addition, blockade of P2Y1Rs delays synapse elimination in vivo. Hence, P2Y1Rs drive glial cell regulation of strong synaptic inputs and influence synapse competition and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Darabid
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre St-Pierre-See
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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The Impact of Kinases in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at the Neuromuscular Synapse: Insights into BDNF/TrkB and PKC Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121578. [PMID: 31817487 PMCID: PMC6953086 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuron survival in adulthood in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, BDNF is a contraction-inducible protein that, through its binding to tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB), contributes to the retrograde neuroprotective control done by muscles, which is necessary for motor neuron function. BDNF/TrkB triggers downstream presynaptic pathways, involving protein kinase C, essential for synaptic function and maintenance. Undeniably, this reciprocally regulated system exemplifies the tight communication between nerve terminals and myocytes to promote synaptic function and reveals a new view about the complementary and essential role of pre and postsynaptic interplay in keeping the synapse healthy and strong. This signaling at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) could establish new intervention targets across neuromuscular diseases characterized by deficits in presynaptic activity and muscle contractility and by the interruption of the connection between nervous and muscular tissues, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Indeed, exercise and other therapies that modulate kinases are effective at delaying ALS progression, preserving NMJs and maintaining motor function to increase the life quality of patients. Altogether, we review synaptic activity modulation of the BDNF/TrkB/PKC signaling to sustain NMJ function, its and other kinases’ disturbances in ALS and physical and molecular mechanisms to delay disease progression.
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Kim YB, Choi JM, Chang YJ, Choi HR, In J, Yang HS. Effects of different sugammadex doses on the train of four ratio recovery progression during rocuronium induced neuromuscular blockade in the rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 73:239-246. [PMID: 31619027 PMCID: PMC7280895 DOI: 10.4097/kja.19278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we used an ex-vivo model to investigate the recovery pattern of both the train-of-four (TOF) ratio and first twitch tension of TOF (T1), and determined their relationship during recovery from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade at various concentrations of sugammadex. Methods Tissue specimens of the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm were obtained from 60 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Each specimen was immersed in an organ bath filled with Krebs buffer solution and stimulated with the TOF pattern using indirect supramaximal stimulation at 20-second intervals. After a 30-minute stabilization period, rocuronium loading and booster doses were serially administered at 10-minute intervals in each sample until > 95% depression of T1 was confirmed. Specimens were randomly allocated to either the control group (washout) or to one of five sugammadex concentration groups (0.75, 1, 2, 4, or 8 times equimolar doses of rocuronium to produce > 95% T1 depressions; SGX0.75, SGX1, SGX2, SGX4, and SGX8, respectively). Recovery from neuromuscular blockade was monitored using T1 and the TOF ratio simultaneously until the recovery of T1 to > 95% and the TOF ratio to > 0.9. Results Statistically significant intergroup differences were observed between the recovery patterns of T1 and the TOF ratio (TOFR, P < 0.050), except between SGX2 and SGX4 groups. TOFR/T1 values were maintained at nearly 1 in the control, SGX0.75, and SGX1 groups; however, they were exponentially decayed in the SGX2, SGX4, and SGX8 groups. Conclusions Recovery of the TOF ratio may be influenced by the sugammadex dose, and a TOF ratio of 1.0 may be achieved before full T1 recovery if administration of sugammadex exceeds that of rocuronium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Moon Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hey-Ran Choi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyong In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Daejon Sun Hospital, Daejon, Korea
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Khairullin AE, Teplov AY, Grishin SN, Farkhutdinov AM, Ziganshin AU. The Thermal Sensitivity of Purinergic Modulation of Contractile Activity of Locomotor and Respiratory Muscles in Mice. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Bernareggi A, Sciancalepore M, Lorenzon P. Interplay Between Cholinergic and Adenosinergic Systems in Skeletal Muscle. Neuroscience 2019; 439:41-47. [PMID: 31121259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering works of Ricardo Miledi, the neuromuscular junction represents the best example of a synapse where ACh is the neurotransmitter acting on nicotinic ACh receptors. ATP, co-released with ACh, is promptly degraded to Ado, which acts as a modulator of the cholinergic synaptic activity. Consequently, both ACh and adenosine play a crucial role in controlling the nerve-muscle communication. Apart from their role in the context of synaptic transmission, ACh and adenosine are autocrinally released by skeletal muscle cells, suggesting also a non nerve-driven function of these molecules. Indeed, the existence of cholinergic and adenosinergic systems has been widely described in many other non neuronal cell types. In this review, we will describe the two systems and their interplay in non-innervated differentiating skeletal muscle cells, and in innervated adult skeletal muscle fibers. We believe that the better comprehension of the interactions between the activity of nAChRs and adenosine could help the knowledge of skeletal muscle physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bernareggi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Lorenzon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
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Gaydukov AE, Bogacheva PO, Balezina OP. The Participation of Presynaptic Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Inhibition of Acetylcholine Release during Long-Term Activity of Mouse Motor Synapses. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Simó A, Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. nPKCε Mediates SNAP-25 Phosphorylation of Ser-187 in Basal Conditions and After Synaptic Activity at the Neuromuscular Junction. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5346-5364. [PMID: 30607888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) and substrates like SNAP-25 regulate neurotransmission. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), PKC promotes neurotransmitter release during synaptic activity. Thirty minutes of muscle contraction enhances presynaptic PKC isoform levels, specifically cPKCβI and nPKCε, through retrograde BDNF/TrkB signaling. This establishes a larger pool of these PKC isoforms ready to promote neuromuscular transmission. The PKC phosphorylation site in SNAP-25 has been mapped to the serine 187 (Ser-187), which is known to enhance calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release in vitro. Here, we localize SNAP-25 at the NMJ and investigate whether cPKCβI and/or nPKCε regulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation. We also investigate whether nerve and muscle cell activities regulate differently SNAP-25 phosphorylation and the involvement of BDNF/TrkB signaling. Our results demonstrate that nPKCε isoform is essential to positively regulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation on Ser-187 and that muscle contraction prevents it. TrkB and cPKCβI do not regulate SNAP-25 protein level or its phosphorylation during neuromuscular activity. The results provide evidence that nerve terminals need both pre- and postsynaptic activities to modulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation and ensure an accurate neurotransmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Victor Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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Kim YB, Yang HS, Kim HJ, Choi HR, In J, Yoon SY, Ro YJ. Effects of neuromuscular presynaptic muscarinic M 1 receptor blockade on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in immobilized tibialis anterior muscles. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1309-1316. [PMID: 30005130 PMCID: PMC6282578 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This in vivo study tested the hypothesis that the modulation of acetylcholine (ACh) release by the M1 muscarinic receptor (mAChR) in the neuromuscular junction of disused muscles may affect the tensions of the muscles during the neuromuscular monitoring of a rocuronium‐induced neuromuscular block and compared the results with those obtained from normal muscles. A total of 20 C57BL/6 (wild‐type) and 10 α7 knock out (α7KO) mice were used in this experiment. As a pre‐experimental procedure, knee and ankle joints of right hind limbs were fixed by needle pinning at the 90° flexed position. After 2 weeks, the main experiment was performed. Both tendons of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were obtained, and the muscle tensions were recorded while the dose‐responses of rocuronium were measured three times in the same mouse by the serial administration of pirenzepine (0, 0.001 and 0.01 μg/g). Weight losses were observed after 2 weeks of immobilization in both groups, and a decrease in the mass of TA muscles at the immobilized side was observed compared to those of the contralateral nonimmobilized side. Tension depression of the TA muscles at immobilized side of the α7KO group was faster than those of the wild‐type group, but these differences decreased after the administration of pirenzepine. The tension depressions were similar regardless of the pirenzepine doses at the same side in the group. Tension depression may become more rapid in the α7 AChR‐expressed disused muscles by the decreased release of ACh release upon neuronal firing by the blockade of facilitatory M1mAChR
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hey-Ran Choi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyong In
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Soon-Young Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Jin Ro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Simó A, Just-Borràs L, Cilleros-Mañé V, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. BDNF-TrkB Signaling Coupled to nPKCε and cPKCβI Modulate the Phosphorylation of the Exocytotic Protein Munc18-1 During Synaptic Activity at the Neuromuscular Junction. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:207. [PMID: 29946239 PMCID: PMC6007318 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Munc18-1, a neuron-specific member of the Sec1/Munc18 family, is involved in neurotransmitter release by binding tightly to syntaxin. Munc18-1 is phosphorylated by PKC on Ser-306 and Ser-313 in vitro which reduces the amount of Munc18-1 able to bind syntaxin. We have previously identified that PKC is involved in neurotransmitter release when continuous electrical stimulation imposes a moderate activity on the NMJ and that muscle contraction through TrkB has an important impact on presynaptic PKC isoforms levels, specifically cPKCβI and nPKCε. Therefore, the present study was designed to understand how Munc18-1 phosphorylation is affected by (1) synaptic activity at the neuromuscular junction, (2) nPKCε and cPKCβI isoforms activity, (3) muscle contraction per se, and (4) the BDNF/TrkB signaling in a neuromuscular activity-dependent manner. We performed immunohistochemistry and confocal techniques to evidence the presynaptic location of Munc18-1 in the rat diaphragm muscle. To study synaptic activity, we stimulated the phrenic nerve (1 Hz, 30 min) with or without contraction (abolished by μ-conotoxin GIIIB). Specific inhibitory reagents were used to block nPKCε and cPKCβI activity and to modulate the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Main results obtained from Western blot experiments showed that phosphorylation of Munc18-1 at Ser-313 increases in response to a signaling mechanism initiated by synaptic activity and directly mediated by nPKCε. Otherwise, cPKCβI and TrkB activities work together to prevent this synaptic activity-induced Munc18-1 phosphorylation by a negative regulation of cPKCβI over nPKCε. Therefore, a balance between the activities of these PKC isoforms could be a relevant cue in the regulation of the exocytotic apparatus. The results also demonstrate that muscle contraction prevents the synaptic activity-induced Munc18-1 phosphorylation through a mechanism that opposes the TrkB/cPKCβI/nPKCε signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Bernareggi A, Ren E, Giniatullin A, Luin E, Sciancalepore M, Giniatullin R, Lorenzon P. Adenosine Promotes Endplate nAChR Channel Activity in Adult Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers via Low Affinity P1 Receptors. Neuroscience 2018; 383:1-11. [PMID: 29733889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a powerful modulator of skeletal neuromuscular transmission, operating via inhibitory or facilitatory purinergic-type P1 receptors. To date, studies have been focused mainly on the effect of adenosine on presynaptic P1 receptors controlling transmitter release. In this study, using two-microelectrode voltage-clamp and single-channel patch-clamp recording techniques, we have explored potential postsynaptic targets of adenosine and their modulatory effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated synaptic responses in adult mouse skeletal muscle fibers in vitro. In the whole-mount neuromuscular junction (NMJ) preparation, adenosine (100 μM) significantly reduced the frequency of the miniature endplate currents (MEPCs) and slowed their rising and decay time. Consistent with a postsynaptic site of action, adenosine and the potent P1 receptor agonist NECA significantly increased the open probability, the frequency and the open time of single nAChR channels, recorded at the endplate region. Using specific ligands for the P1 receptor subtypes, we found that the low-affinity P1 receptor subtype A2B was responsible for mediating the effects of adenosine on the nAChR channel openings. Our data suggest that at the adult mammalian NMJ, adenosine acts not only presynaptically to modulate acetylcholine transmitter release, but also at the postsynaptic level, to enhance the activity of nAChRs. Our findings open a new scenario in understanding of purinergic regulation of nAChR activity at the mammalian endplate region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bernareggi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Elisa Ren
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Luin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paola Lorenzon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
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Kim YB, Lee S, Choi HR, In J, Chang YJ, Kim HJ, Ro YJ, Yang HS. Effects of adenosine receptor agonist on the rocuroniuminduced neuromuscular block and sugammadex-induced recovery. Korean J Anesthesiol 2018; 71:476-482. [PMID: 29690754 PMCID: PMC6283708 DOI: 10.4097/kja.d.17.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several types of receptors are found at neuromuscular presynaptic membranes. Presynaptic inhibitory A1 and facilitatory A2A receptors mediate different modulatory functions on acetylcholine release. This study investigated whether adenosine A1 receptor agonist contributes to the first twitch tension (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) stimulation depression and TOF fade during rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, and sugammadex-induced recovery. Methods Phrenic nerve-diaphragm tissues were obtained from 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Each tissue specimen was randomly allocated to either control group or 2-chloroadenosine (CADO, 10 μM) group. One hour of reaction time was allowed before initiating main experimental data collection. Loading and boost doses of rocuronium were sequentially administered until > 95% depression of the T1 was achieved. After confirming that there was no T1 twitch tension response, 15 min of resting time was allowed, after which sugammadex was administered. Recovery profiles (T1, TOF ratio [TOFR], and recovery index) were collected for 1 h and compared between groups. Results There were statistically significant differences on amount of rocuronium (actually used during experiment), TOFR changes during concentration-response of rocuronium (P = 0.04), and recovery profiles (P < 0.01) of CADO group comparing with the control group. However, at the initial phase of this experiment, dose-response of rocuronium in each group demonstrated no statistically significant differences (P = 0.12). Conclusions The adenosine A1 receptor agonist (CADO) influenced the TOFR and the recovery profile. After activating adenosine receptor, sugammadex-induced recovery from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block was delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sangseok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hey Ran Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyong In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Jin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Ro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tomàs J, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Santafé MM, Tomàs M, Nadal L, Hurtado E, Simó-Ollé A, Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L. Adenosine Receptors in Developing and Adult Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions and Functional Links With Other Metabotropic Receptor Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:397. [PMID: 29740322 PMCID: PMC5928480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, we have studied the presence and involvement in synaptogenesis and mature transmitter release of the adenosine autoreceptors (AR) in the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Here, we review and bring together the previously published data to emphasize the relevance of these receptors for developmental axonal competition, synaptic loss and mature NMJ functional modulation. However, in addition to AR, activity-dependent mediators originating from any of the three cells that make the synapse (nerve, muscle, and glial cells) cross the extracellular cleft to generate signals in target metabotropic receptors. Thus, the integrated interpretation of the complementary function of all these receptors is needed. We previously studied, in the NMJ, the links of AR with mAChR and the neurotrophin receptor TrkB in the control of synapse elimination and transmitter release. We conclude that AR cooperate with these receptors through synergistic and antagonistic effects in the developmental synapse elimination process. In the adult NMJ, this cooperation is manifested so as that the functional integrity of a given receptor group depends on the other receptors operating normally (i.e., the functional integrity of mAChR depends on AR operating normally). These observations underlie the relevance of AR in the NMJ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Manel M Santafé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó-Ollé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Kim YB, Lee S, Lee KC, Kim HJ, Ro YJ, Yang HS. Effects of presynaptic muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockade on neuromuscular transmission as assessed by the train-of-four and the tetanic fade response to rocuronium. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:795-802. [PMID: 28394450 PMCID: PMC5519946 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor antagonists on the rocuronium‐induced train of four (TOF) fade and tetanic fade, respectively. Ex‐vivo phrenic nerves and diaphragms were obtained from adult Sprague‐Dawley rats and stabilized in Krebs buffer; the nerve‐stimulated muscle TOF fade was observed at 20 s intervals. For the TOF study, phrenic nerves and diaphragms were incubated with pirenzepine (an M1 blocker) at concentrations of 0 nmol L−1 (control), 10 nmol L−1 (PZP10), or 100 nmol L−1 (PZP100). Rocuronium was then administered incrementally until the first twitch tension had depressed by >95% during TOF stimulation. The mean TOF ratios were compared when the first twitch tensions were depressed by 40%‐50%. For the tetanic fade study, 50 Hz/5 s tetani was applied initially, 30 min after the administration of a loading dose of rocuronium and methoctramine (an M2 receptor blocker, loaded at 0 μmol L−1 [control], 1 μmol L−1 [MET1], or 10 μmol L−1 [MET10]). The EC95 of rocuronium was significantly lower in the PZP10 group than in the control group. In the PZP10 group, the TOF ratios at 50% and first twitch tension depression were significantly lower than those in the control group (P=.02). During tetanic stimulation, the tetanic fade was significantly enhanced in the MET10 group compared to the other groups. This study shows that antagonists of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors affect the rocuronium‐induced neuromuscular block as demonstrated by the reduced EC95 and TOF ratios (M1 antagonist, pirenzepine) or the enhanced 50‐Hz tetanic fade (M2 antagonist, methoctramine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sangseok Lee
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sangye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Chun Lee
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Ro
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Early changes in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) induced by sarin intoxication may be linked to long lasting neurological effects. Neurotoxicology 2017; 65:248-254. [PMID: 29128314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sarin on the binding parameters (KD & Bmax) of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) was studied 24h and 1 week post exposure. Male & female Sprague-Daweley rats were poisoned with 1XLD50 sarin (80μg/kg, im) followed by treatment of trimedoxime bromide and atropine (7.5:5mg/kg, im) 1min later. Brains were removed and analyzed for M2 mAChR binding, using [3H]AFDX384, an M2 selective antagonist. A significant increase in KD of M2 mAChR was found in the cortex 24h post poisoning, displaying elevation from 4.65±1.16 to 8.45±1.06nM and 5.24±0.93 to 9.29±1.56nM in male and female rats, respectively. A rise in KD was also noted 1 week following exposure from 5.04±1.20 to 11.75±2.78 and from 5.37±1.02 to 11.66±1.73nM, presenting an added increase of 51 and 40% (compared to 24h) in males and females, respectively. Analysis of M2 receptor density (Bmax) revealed a significant reduction of 68% in males and insignificant reduction of 22% in females, 24h after sarin exposure which was followed by 37% recovery in males and 100% recovery in females, 1 week later. These results indicate that sarin induces a long-term decreased affinity in M2 mAChR (elevated KDs) and a transient effect on the number of this receptor subtype (Bmax). We hypothesize that the reduced affinity of the M2 receptors (negative auto-regulatory receptors) may cause long-term brain deficits by impairing the normal regulation release of ACh into the synaptic cleft.
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Kim YB, Sung TY, Yang HS. Factors that affect the onset of action of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. Korean J Anesthesiol 2017; 70:500-510. [PMID: 29046769 PMCID: PMC5645582 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.5.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular blockade plays an important role in the safe management of patient airways, surgical field improvement, and respiratory care. Rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia is indispensable to emergency surgery and obstetric anesthesia, and its purpose is to obtain a stable airway, adequate depth of anesthesia, and appropriate respiration within a short period of time without causing irritation or damage to the patient. There has been a continued search for new neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs) with a rapid onset of action. Factors that affect the onset time include the potency of the NMBDs, the rate of NMBDs reaching the effect site, the onset time by dose control, metabolism and elimination of NMBDs, buffered diffusion to the effect site, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit affinity, drugs that affect acetylcholine (ACh) production and release at the neuromuscular junction, drugs that inhibit plasma cholinesterase, presynaptic receptors responsible for ACh release at the neuromuscular junction, anesthetics or drugs that affect muscle contractility, site and methods for monitoring neuromuscular function, individual variability, and coexisting disease. NMBDs with rapid onset without major adverse events are expected in the next few years, and the development of lower potency NMBDs will continue. Anesthesiologists should be aware of the use of NMBDs in the management of anesthesia. The choice of NMBD and determination of the appropriate dosage to modulate neuromuscular blockade characteristics such as onset time and duration of neuromuscular blockade should be considered along with factors that affect the effects of the NMBDs. In this review, we discuss the factors that affect the onset time of NMBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Yun Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hong Seuk Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tomàs JM, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Hurtado E, Simó A, Cilleros V. Membrane Receptor-Induced Changes of the Protein Kinases A and C Activity May Play a Leading Role in Promoting Developmental Synapse Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:255. [PMID: 28848391 PMCID: PMC5552667 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses that are overproduced during histogenesis in the nervous system are eventually lost and connectivity is refined. Membrane receptor signaling leads to activity-dependent mutual influence and competition between axons directly or with the involvement of the postsynaptic cell and the associated glial cell/s. Presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (subtypes mAChR; M1, M2 and M4), adenosine receptors (AR; A1 and A2A) and the tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB), among others, all cooperate in synapse elimination. Between these receptors there are several synergistic, antagonic and modulatory relations that clearly affect synapse elimination. Metabotropic receptors converge in a limited repertoire of intracellular effector kinases, particularly serine protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC), to phosphorylate protein targets and bring about structural and functional changes leading to axon loss. In most cells A1, M1 and TrkB operate mainly by stimulating PKC whereas A2A, M2 and M4 inhibit PKA. We hypothesize that a membrane receptor-induced shifting in the protein kinases A and C activity (inhibition of PKA and/or stimulation of PKC) in some nerve endings may play an important role in promoting developmental synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This hypothesis is supported by: (i) the tonic effect (shown by using selective inhibitors) of several membrane receptors that accelerates axon loss between postnatal days P5-P9; (ii) the synergistic, antagonic and modulatory effects (shown by paired inhibition) of the receptors on axonal loss; (iii) the fact that the coupling of these receptors activates/inhibits the intracellular serine kinases; and (iv) the increase of the PKA activity, the reduction of the PKC activity or, in most cases, both situations simultaneously that presumably occurs in all the situations of singly and paired inhibition of the mAChR, AR and TrkB receptors. The use of transgenic animals and various combinations of selective and specific PKA and PKC inhibitors could help to elucidate the role of these kinases in synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
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Hurtado E, Cilleros V, Just L, Simó A, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. Synaptic Activity and Muscle Contraction Increases PDK1 and PKCβI Phosphorylation in the Presynaptic Membrane of the Neuromuscular Junction. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:270. [PMID: 28890686 PMCID: PMC5574929 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional protein kinase C βI (cPKCβI) is a conventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoform directly involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). It is located exclusively at the nerve terminal and both synaptic activity and muscle contraction modulate its protein levels and phosphorylation. cPKCβI molecular maturation includes a series of phosphorylation steps, the first of which is mediated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). Here, we sought to localize PDK1 in the NMJ and investigate the hypothesis that synaptic activity and muscle contraction regulate in parallel PDK1 and cPKCβI phosphorylation in the membrane fraction. To differentiate the presynaptic and postsynaptic activities, we abolished muscle contraction with μ-conotoxin GIIIB (μ-CgTx-GIIIB) in some experiments before stimulation of the phrenic nerve (1 Hz, 30 min). Then, we analyzed total and membrane/cytosol fractions of skeletal muscle by Western blotting. Results showed that PDK1 is located exclusively in the nerve terminal of the NMJ. After nerve stimulation with and without coincident muscle contraction, total PDK1 and phosphorylated PDK1 (pPDK1) protein levels remained unaltered. However, synaptic activity specifically enhanced phosphorylation of PDK1 in the membrane, an important subcellular location for PDK1 function. This increase in pPDK1 coincides with a significant increase in the phosphorylation of its substrate cPKCβI also in the membrane fraction. Moreover, muscle contraction maintains PDK1 and pPDK1 but increases cPKCβI protein levels and its phosphorylation. Thus, even though PDK1 activity is maintained, pcPKCβI levels increase in concordance with total cPKCβI. Together, these results indicate that neuromuscular activity could induce the membrane targeting of pPDK1 in the nerve terminal of the NMJ to promote the phosphorylation of the cPKCβI, which is involved in ACh release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Laia Just
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
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Tomàs J, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Santafé MM, Tomàs M, Nadal L, Hurtado E, Simó A, Cilleros V. Presynaptic Membrane Receptors Modulate ACh Release, Axonal Competition and Synapse Elimination during Neuromuscular Junction Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:132. [PMID: 28559796 PMCID: PMC5432534 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the histogenesis of the nervous system a lush production of neurons, which establish an excessive number of synapses, is followed by a drop in both neurons and synaptic contacts as maturation proceeds. Hebbian competition between axons with different activities leads to the loss of roughly half of the neurons initially produced so connectivity is refined and specificity gained. The skeletal muscle fibers in the newborn neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are polyinnervated but by the end of the competition, 2 weeks later, the NMJ are innervated by only one axon. This peripheral synapse has long been used as a convenient model for synapse development. In the last few years, we have studied transmitter release and the local involvement of the presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (mAChR), adenosine autoreceptors (AR) and trophic factor receptors (TFR, for neurotrophins and trophic cytokines) during the development of NMJ and in the adult. This review article brings together previously published data and proposes a molecular background for developmental axonal competition and loss. At the end of the first week postnatal, these receptors modulate transmitter release in the various nerve terminals on polyinnervated NMJ and contribute to axonal competition and synapse elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Manel M Santafé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
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Tsentsevitsky AN, Kovyazina IV, Nurullin LF, Nikolsky EE. Muscarinic cholinoreceptors (M1-, M2-, M3- and M4-type) modulate the acetylcholine secretion in the frog neuromuscular junction. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:62-69. [PMID: 28408330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic cholinoreceptors regulate the neurosecretion process in vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. The diversity of muscarinic effects on acetylcholine (ACh) secretion may be attributed to the different muscarinic subtypes involved in this process. In the present study, the location of five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) on the motor nerve terminals of frog cutaneous pectoris muscle was shown using specific polyclonal antibodies. The modulatory roles of these receptors were investigated via assessment of the effects of muscarine and specific muscarinic antagonists on the quantal content of endplate currents (EPCs) and the time course of secretion, which was estimated from the distribution of "real" synaptic delays of EPCs recorded in a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ solution. The agonist muscarine decreased the EPC quantal content and synchronized the release process. The depressing action of muscarine on the EPC quantal content was abolished only by pretreatment of the preparation with the M3 blockers 4-DAMP (1,1-Dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide) and J 104129 fumarate ((αR)-α-Cyclopentyl-α-hydroxy-N-[1-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzeneacetamide fumarate). Moreover, antagonists of the M1, M2, M3 and M4 receptors per se diminished the intensity of secretion, which suggests a putative up-regulation of the release by endogenous ACh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia
| | - Irina V Kovyazina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia.
| | - Leniz F Nurullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia; Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov Str., 49, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eugeny E Nikolsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420000, Russia; Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerov Str., 49, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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Nadal L, Garcia N, Hurtado E, Simó A, Tomàs M, Lanuza MA, Cilleros V, Tomàs J. Presynaptic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and TrkB Receptor Cooperate in the Elimination of Redundant Motor Nerve Terminals during Development. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:24. [PMID: 28228723 PMCID: PMC5296322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system involves the overproduction of synapses but connectivity is refined by Hebbian activity-dependent axonal competition. The newborn skeletal muscle fibers are polyinnervated but, at the end of the competition process, some days later, become innervated by a single axon. We used quantitative confocal imaging of the autofluorescent axons from transgenic B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-YFP)16 Jrs/J mice to investigate the possible cooperation of the muscarinic autoreceptors (mAChR, M1-, M2- and M4-subtypes) and the tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor in the control of axonal elimination after the mice Levator auris longus (LAL) muscle had been exposed to several selective antagonist of the corresponding receptor pathways in vivo. Our previous results show that M1, M2 and TrkB signaling individually increase axonal loss rate around P9. Here we show that although the M1 and TrkB receptors cooperate and add their respective individual effects to increase axonal elimination rate even more, the effect of the M2 receptor is largely independent of both M1 and TrkB receptors. Thus both, cooperative and non-cooperative signaling mechanisms contribute to developmental synapse elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Victor Cilleros
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
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Khaziev E, Samigullin D, Zhilyakov N, Fatikhov N, Bukharaeva E, Verkhratsky A, Nikolsky E. Acetylcholine-Induced Inhibition of Presynaptic Calcium Signals and Transmitter Release in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction. Front Physiol 2016; 7:621. [PMID: 28018246 PMCID: PMC5149534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), released from axonal terminals of motor neurons in neuromuscular junctions regulates the efficacy of neurotransmission through activation of presynaptic nicotinic and muscarinic autoreceptors. Receptor-mediated presynaptic regulation could reflect either direct action on exocytotic machinery or modulation of Ca2+ entry and resulting intra-terminal Ca2+ dynamics. We have measured free intra-terminal cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) using Oregon-Green 488 microfluorimetry, in parallel with voltage-clamp recordings of spontaneous (mEPC) and evoked (EPC) postsynaptic currents in post-junctional skeletal muscle fiber. Activation of presynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors with exogenous acetylcholine and its non-hydrolized analog carbachol reduced amplitude of the intra-terminal [Ca2+]i transients and decreased quantal content (calculated by dividing the area under EPC curve by the area under mEPC curve). Pharmacological analysis revealed the role of muscarinic receptors of M2 subtype as well as d-tubocurarine-sensitive nicotinic receptor in presynaptic modulation of [Ca2+]i transients. Modulation of synaptic transmission efficacy by ACh receptors was completely eliminated by pharmacological inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels. We conclude that ACh receptor-mediated reduction of Ca2+ entry into the nerve terminal through N-type Ca2+ channels represents one of possible mechanism of presynaptic modulation in frog neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Khaziev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityKazan, Russia; Institute of Applied Electrodynamics, Photonics and Living Systems, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Samigullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityKazan, Russia; Institute of Applied Electrodynamics, Photonics and Living Systems, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Nikita Zhilyakov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Nijaz Fatikhov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan, Russia
| | - Ellya Bukharaeva
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny Nikolsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityKazan, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Kazan State Medical UniversityKazan, Russia
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Sugimachi S, Matsumoto Y, Mizunami M, Okada J. Effects of Caffeine on Olfactory Learning in Crickets. Zoolog Sci 2016; 33:513-519. [DOI: 10.2108/zs150209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Ziganshin AU, Khairullin AE, Zobov VV, Ziganshina LE, Gabdrakhmanov AI, Ziganshin BA, Grishin SN. Effects of ATP and adenosine on contraction amplitude of rat soleus muscle at different temperatures. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:417-423. [PMID: 27448234 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine on the contractility of mammalian skeletal muscle under hypothermic conditions. METHODS Contractions of isolated rat soleus muscle were induced by either electrical stimulation (ES) or carbachol at physiological temperatures (37°C) and hypothermic conditions (30-14°C) and recorded in the presence of ATP, adenosine, suramin, and 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline (8-SPT). RESULTS At 37°C, incubation of the muscles with ATP inhibited ES-induced contractions; the inhibitory effect of ATP disappeared at 14°C. Adenosine inhibited ES-induced contractions at all temperature levels; 8-SPT fully prevented the action of adenosine. ATP and adenosine did not significantly affect carbachol-induced contractions at 37°C, while at lower temperatures ATP potentiated them. Suramin fully prevented effects of ATP. CONCLUSIONS ATP is involved in both pre- and postsynaptic regulation of rat soleus muscle contractility, and these processes are significantly more pronounced at low temperatures. Muscle Nerve 55: 417-423, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrat U Ziganshin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, and Botany, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Adel E Khairullin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, and Botany, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Zobov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Applied Ecology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liliya E Ziganshina
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Azat I Gabdrakhmanov
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Bulat A Ziganshin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, and Botany, Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia.,Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sergey N Grishin
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Television and Multimedia Systems, Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
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Neuroimmunomodulation in the Gut: Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1363818. [PMID: 27471349 PMCID: PMC4947661 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1363818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is finely regulated by several concomitant and overlapping mechanisms, in order to efficiently sense external stimuli and mount an adequate response of either tolerance or defense. In this context, a complex interplay between immune and nonimmune cells is responsible for the maintenance of normal homeostasis. However, in certain conditions, the disruption of such an intricate network may result in intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors acting in concert with an inappropriate immune response, which in turn interacts with nonimmune cells, including nervous system components. Currently, evidence shows that the interaction between the immune and the nervous system is bidirectional and plays a critical role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. Recently, the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis has been shown to be under the reciprocal control of the microbiota by immune mechanisms, whereas intestinal microorganisms can modulate mucosal immunity. Therefore, in addition to presenting the mechanisms underlying the interaction between immune and nervous systems in the gut, here we discuss the role of the microbiota also in the regulation of neuroimmune crosstalk involved in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, with potential implications to IBD pathogenesis.
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Nadal L, Garcia N, Hurtado E, Simó A, Tomàs M, Lanuza MA, Santafé M, Tomàs J. Presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (M1, M2 and M4 subtypes), adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A) and tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) modulate the developmental synapse elimination process at the neuromuscular junction. Mol Brain 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 27339059 PMCID: PMC4917939 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of the nervous system involves an initially exuberant production of neurons that make an excessive number of synaptic contacts. The initial overproduction of synapses promotes connectivity. Hebbian competition between axons with different activities (the least active are punished) leads to the loss of roughly half of the overproduced elements and this refines connectivity and increases specificity. The neuromuscular junction is innervated by a single axon at the end of the synapse elimination process and, because of its relative simplicity, has long been used as a model for studying the general principles of synapse development. The involvement of the presynaptic muscarinic ACh autoreceptors may allow for the direct competitive interaction between nerve endings through differential activity-dependent acetylcholine release in the synaptic cleft. Then, the most active ending may directly punish the less active ones. Our previous results indicate the existence in the weakest axons on the polyinnervated neonatal NMJ of an ACh release inhibition mechanism based on mAChR coupled to protein kinase C and voltage-dependent calcium channels. We suggest that this mechanism plays a role in the elimination of redundant neonatal synapses. Results Here we used confocal microscopy and quantitative morphological analysis to count the number of brightly fluorescent axons per endplate in P7, P9 and P15 transgenic B6.Cg-Tg (Thy1-YFP)16 Jrs/J mice. We investigate the involvement of individual mAChR M1-, M2- and M4-subtypes in the control of axonal elimination after the Levator auris longus muscle had been exposed to agonist and antagonist in vivo. We also analysed the role of adenosine receptor subtypes (A1 and A2A) and the tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor. The data show that postnatal axonal elimination is a regulated multireceptor mechanism that guaranteed the monoinnervation of the neuromuscular synapses. Conclusion The three receptor sets considered (mAChR, AR and TrkB receptors) intervene in modulating the conditions of the competition between nerve endings, possibly helping to determine the winner or the lossers but, thereafter, the final elimination would occur with some autonomy and independently of postsynaptic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Manel Santafé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN): Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer St Llorenç num 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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Tarasova EO, Miteva AS, Gaidukov AE, Balezina OP. The role of adenosine receptors and L-type calcium channels in the regulation of the mediator secretion in mouse motor synapses. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Obis T, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Priego M, Simon A, Garcia N, Santafe MM, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. The novel protein kinase C epsilon isoform modulates acetylcholine release in the rat neuromuscular junction. Mol Brain 2015; 8:80. [PMID: 26625935 PMCID: PMC4665914 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms contribute to the phosphorylating activity that modulates neurotransmitter release. In previous studies we showed that nPKCε is confined in the presynaptic site of the neuromuscular junction and its presynaptic function is activity-dependent. Furthermore, nPKCε regulates phorbol ester-induced acetylcholine release potentiation, which further indicates that nPKCε is involved in neurotransmission. The present study is designed to examine the nPKCε involvement in transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Results We use the specific nPKCε translocation inhibitor peptide εV1-2 and electrophysiological experiments to investigate the involvement of this isoform in acetylcholine release. We observed that nPKCε membrane translocation is key to the synaptic potentiation of NMJ, being involved in several conditions that upregulate PKC isoforms coupling to acetylcholine (ACh) release (incubation with high Ca2+, stimulation with phorbol esters and protein kinase A, stimulation with adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, 8-Bromo-, Rp-isomer, sodium salt -Sp-8-BrcAMP-). In all these conditions, preincubation with the nPKCε translocation inhibitor peptide (εV1-2) impairs PKC coupling to acetylcholine release potentiation. In addition, the inhibition of nPKCε translocation and therefore its activity impedes that presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptors and adenosine autoreceptors modulate transmitter secretion. Conclusions Together, these results point to the importance of nPKCε isoform in the control of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Obis
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Mercedes Priego
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Simon
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Manel M Santafe
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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Santafe MM, Priego M, Obis T, Garcia N, Tomàs M, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. Adenosine receptors and muscarinic receptors cooperate in acetylcholine release modulation in the neuromuscular synapse. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1775-87. [PMID: 25892551 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are present in the motor terminals at the mouse neuromuscular junction. ARs and the presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) share the functional control of the neuromuscular junction. We analysed their mutual interaction in transmitter release modulation. In electrophysiological experiments with unaltered synaptic transmission (muscles paralysed by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium channel of the muscle cells with μ-conotoxin GIIIB), we found that: (i) a collaborative action between different AR subtypes reduced synaptic depression at a moderate activity level (40 Hz); (ii) at high activity levels (100 Hz), endogenous adenosine production in the synaptic cleft was sufficient to reduce depression through A1 -type receptors (A1 Rs) and A2 A-type receptors (A2 A Rs); (iii) when the non-metabolizable 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) agonist was used, both the quantal content and depression were reduced; (iv) the protective effect of CADO on depression was mediated by A1 Rs, whereas A2 A Rs seemed to modulate A1 Rs; (v) ARs and mAChRs absolutely depended upon each other for the modulation of evoked and spontaneous acetylcholine release in basal conditions and in experimental conditions with CADO stimulation; (vi) the purinergic and muscarinic mechanisms cooperated in the control of depression by sharing a common pathway although the purinergic control was more powerful than the muscarinic control; and (vii) the imbalance of the ARs created by using subtype-selective and non-selective inhibitory and stimulatory agents uncoupled protein kinase C from evoked transmitter release. In summary, ARs (A1 Rs, A2 A Rs) and mAChRs (M1 , M2 ) cooperated in the control of activity-dependent synaptic depression and may share a common protein kinase C pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Santafe
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - M Priego
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - T Obis
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - N Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - M A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - J Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç num 21, Reus, 43201, Spain
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