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Shi Z, Fang T, Fan B, Ma J, Wang J, Feng S. Analysis and experimental validation of genes and their transcription factor prediction in contused rat spinal cord at the intermediate phase. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:9990-10003. [PMID: 38862258 PMCID: PMC11210225 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The intermediate phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) serves as an important target site for therapeutic mediation of SCI. However, there is a lack of insight into the mechanism of the intermediate phase of SCI. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism and the feasible treatment targets in the intermediate phase of SCI. We downloaded GSE2599 from GEO and identified 416 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 206 downregulated and 210 upregulated DEGs. Further enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that many important biological processes and signal pathways were triggered in the injured spinal cord. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and the top 10 high-degree hub nodes were identified. Furthermore, 27 predicted transcription factors (TFs) and 136 predicted motifs were identified. We then selected insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its predicted transcription factor, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM) for further investigation. We speculated and preliminarily confirmed that TFAM may regulate gene transcription of IGF1 and effected alterations in the function recovery of rats after SCI. These findings together provide novel information that may improve our understanding of the pathophysiological processes during the intermediate phase of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Baoyou Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Oriá RB, Freitas RS, Roque CR, Nascimento JCR, Silva AP, Malva JO, Guerrant RL, Vitek MP. ApoE Mimetic Peptides to Improve the Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections by Targeting the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041086. [PMID: 37111572 PMCID: PMC10141726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptides are engineered fragments of the native apoE protein’s LDL-receptor binding site that improve the outcomes following a brain injury and intestinal inflammation in a variety of models. The vicious cycle of enteric infections and malnutrition is closely related to environmental-driven enteric dysfunction early in life, and such chronic inflammatory conditions may blunt the developmental trajectories of children with worrisome and often irreversible physical and cognitive faltering. This window of time for microbiota maturation and brain plasticity is key to protecting cognitive domains, brain health, and achieving optimal/full developmental potential. This review summarizes the potential role of promising apoE mimetic peptides to improve the function of the gut-brain axis, including targeting the blood-brain barrier in children afflicted with malnutrition and enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-8239
| | - Raul S. Freitas
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cássia R. Roque
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - José Carlos R. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medicine, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Miao G, Zhuo D, Han X, Yao W, Liu C, Liu H, Cao H, Sun Y, Chen Z, Feng T. From degenerative disease to malignant tumors: Insight to the function of ApoE. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114127. [PMID: 36516696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein involved in lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism, mediating lipid distribution/redistribution in tissues and cells. It can also regulate inflammation and immune function, maintain cytoskeleton stability, and improve neural tissue Function. Due to genetic polymorphisms of ApoE (ε2, ε3, and ε4), its three common structural isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4) are also associated with the risk of many diseases, especially degenerative diseases, such as vascular degenerative diseases including atherosclerosis (AS), coronary heart disease (CHD), and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of the ε4 allele and APOE variants were significantly higher than that of the ε2 and ε3 alleles in the patients with CHD or AD. In recent years, ApoE has frequently appeared in tumor research and become a tumor biomarker gradually. It has been found that ApoE is highly expressed in most solid tumor tissues, such as glioblastoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma, etc. Studies illustrated that ApoE could regulate the polarization changes of macrophages, participate in the construction of tumor immune microenvironment, regulate tumor inflammation and immune response and play a role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Of course, many functions of ApoE and its relationship with diseases are still under research. By reviewing the structure and function of ApoE from degeneration diseases to tumor neoplasms, we hope to better understand such a biomarker and further explore the value of ApoE in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, Jiangsu, China; Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danping Zhuo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Van Wyck D, Kolls BJ, Wang H, Cantillana V, Maughan M, Laskowitz DT. Prophylactic treatment with CN-105 improves functional outcomes in a murine model of closed head injury. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2413-2423. [PMID: 35841411 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military populations is hindered by underreporting and underdiagnosis. Clinical symptoms and outcomes may be mitigated with an effective pre-injury prophylaxis. This study evaluates whether CN-105, a 5-amino acid apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mimetic peptide previously shown to modify the post-traumatic neuroinflammatory response, would maintain its neuroprotective effects if administered prior to closed-head injury in a clinically relevant murine model. CN-105 was synthesized by Polypeptide Inc. (San Diego, CA) and administered to C57-BL/6 mice intravenously (IV) and/or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection at various time points prior to injury while vehicle treated animals received IV and/or IP normal saline. Animals were randomized following injury and behavioral observations were conducted by investigators blinded to treatment. Vestibulomotor function was assessed using an automated Rotarod (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy), and hippocampal microglial activation was assessed using F4/80 immunohistochemical staining in treated and untreated mice 7 days post-TBI. Separate, in vivo assessments of the pharmacokinetics was performed in healthy CD-1. IV CN-105 administered prior to head injury improved vestibulomotor function compared to vehicle control-treated animals. CN-105 co-administered by IP and IV dosing 6 h prior to injury also improved vestibulomotor function up to 28 days following injury. Microglia counted in CN-105 treated specimens were significantly fewer (P = 0.03) than in vehicle specimens. CN-105 improves functional outcomes and reduces hippocampal microglial activation when administered prior to injury and could be adapted as a pre-injury prophylaxis for soldiers at high risk for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Wyck
- 3Rd Special Forces Group (A), U.S. Army Special Operations Command, 111 Enduring Freedom Drive (Stop A), Fort Bragg, NC, 28310, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Bradley J Kolls
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Aegis-CN LLC., 701 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
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5
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Ahmed S, Pande AH, Sharma SS. Therapeutic potential of ApoE-mimetic peptides in CNS disorders: Current perspective. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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dos Santos e Santos C, Welch BA, Edwards SR, Harris KK, Duncan BC, Himel AR, Grayson BE. Immune and Metabolic Biomarkers in a Rodent Model of Spinal Cord Contusion. Global Spine J 2022; 12:110-120. [PMID: 32964731 PMCID: PMC8965303 DOI: 10.1177/2192568220950337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic science animal research study. OBJECTIVES Using T10 spinal contused rats, we sought to identify molecular and circulating, metabolic and immune biomarkers during the subchronic and chronic recovery periods that may inform us concerning neurorehabilitation. METHODS Gene expression of the cord and ELISA were performed in 28 and 100 days in T10 injured rats and compared to sham-injured rats. Hundred-day injured rats were placed on either a low-fat or high-fat diet following the recovery phase. Linear regression analysis was performed between markers and locomotor score, body weight, body composition, and blood cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS Gene expression in the thoracic cord for complement marker, C1QC, dendritic cell marker, ITGAX, and cholesterol biosynthesis genes, FDFT1, HMCGR, LDLR, and SREBP1, were significantly associated with BBB score, body weight, composition, and other metabolic parameters. Circulating levels of these proteins, however, did not vary by injury or predict the level of locomotor recovery. CONCLUSIONS Identification of reliable circulating biomarkers that are durable and based on level of spinal injury are complicated by immune and metabolic comorbidities. Continued work is necessary to identify stable markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernadette E. Grayson
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA,Bernadette E. Grayson, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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7
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Dai N, Tang C, Liu H, Huang S. Effect of electroacupuncture on inhibition of inflammatory response and oxidative stress through activating ApoE and Nrf2 in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2328. [PMID: 34423582 PMCID: PMC8442587 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons after spinal cord injury by mitigating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, but how it exerts these effects is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Spinal cord injury was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice, followed by electroacupuncture or ApoE mimetic peptide COG112 treatment. Mice with spinal cord injury suffered loss of myelinated axons and hindlimb motor function through the detections of Basso mouse scale, histology, and transmission electron microscopy; electroacupuncture partially reversed these effects in wild-type mice but not in ApoE-/- mice. Combining exogenous ApoE administration with electroacupuncture significantly mitigated the effects of spinal cord injury in both mouse strains, and these effects were associated with up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Combination treatment also reduced oxidative stress by up-regulating ApoE and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through the detections of immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons following spinal cord injury through an ApoE-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Dai
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Milich LM, Choi JS, Ryan C, Cerqueira SR, Benavides S, Yahn SL, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. Single-cell analysis of the cellular heterogeneity and interactions in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210040. [PMID: 34132743 PMCID: PMC8212781 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound healing process that occurs after spinal cord injury is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and limiting tissue damage, but eventually results in a scar-like environment that is not conducive to regeneration and repair. A better understanding of this dichotomy is critical to developing effective therapeutics that target the appropriate pathobiology, but a major challenge has been the large cellular heterogeneity that results in immensely complex cellular interactions. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to assess virtually all cell types that comprise the mouse spinal cord injury site. In addition to discovering novel subpopulations, we used expression values of receptor-ligand pairs to identify signaling pathways that are predicted to regulate specific cellular interactions during angiogenesis, gliosis, and fibrosis. Our dataset is a valuable resource that provides novel mechanistic insight into the pathobiology of not only spinal cord injury but also other traumatic disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Milich
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - James S. Choi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Christine Ryan
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - Susana R. Cerqueira
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sofia Benavides
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Stephanie L. Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jae K. Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW. Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): A Novel Class of Neuroprotective Agents With a Multimodal Mechanism of Action. Front Neurol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32158425 PMCID: PMC7052017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are virtually no clinically available neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders, hence there is an urgent need for the development of new neuroprotective molecules. Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are an expanding and relatively novel class of compounds, which possess intrinsic neuroprotective properties. Intriguingly, CARPs possess a combination of biological properties unprecedented for a neuroprotective agent including the ability to traverse cell membranes and enter the CNS, antagonize calcium influx, target mitochondria, stabilize proteins, inhibit proteolytic enzymes, induce pro-survival signaling, scavenge toxic molecules, and reduce oxidative stress as well as, having a range of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer actions. CARPs have also been used as carrier molecules for the delivery of other putative neuroprotective agents across the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier. However, there is increasing evidence that the neuroprotective efficacy of many, if not all these other agents delivered using a cationic arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (CCPPs) carrier (e.g., TAT) may actually be mediated largely by the properties of the carrier molecule, with overall efficacy further enhanced according to the amino acid composition of the cargo peptide, in particular its arginine content. Therefore, in reviewing the neuroprotective mechanisms of action of CARPs we also consider studies using CCPPs fused to a putative neuroprotective peptide. We review the history of CARPs in neuroprotection and discuss in detail the intrinsic biological properties that may contribute to their cytoprotective effects and their usefulness as a broad-acting class of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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10
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Yang X, Chen S, Shao Z, Li Y, Wu H, Li X, Mao L, Zhou Z, Bai L, Mei X, Liu C. Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Exacerbates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice: Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Mediated by NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 29875635 PMCID: PMC5974465 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological trauma that involves complex pathological processes. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress are prevalent during the second injury and can influence the functional recovery of SCI. Specially, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) induces neuronal repair and nerve regeneration, and the deficiency of Apoe impairs spinal cord-blood-barrier and reduces functional recovery after SCI. However, the mechanism by which Apoe mediates signaling pathways of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in SCI remains largely elusive. This study was designed to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate Apoe deficiency-dependent inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the acute stage of SCI. In the present study, Apoe−/− mice retarded functional recovery and had a larger lesion size when compared to wild-type mice after SCI. Moreover, deficiency of Apoe induced an exaggerated inflammatory response by increasing expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and increased oxidative stress by reducing expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Furthermore, lack of Apoe promoted neuronal apoptosis and decreased neuronal numbers in the anterior horn of the spinal cord after SCI. Mechanistically, we found that the absence of Apoe increased inflammation and oxidative stress through activation of NF-κB after SCI. In contrast, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) alleviates these changes. Collectively, these results indicate that a critical role for activation of NF-κB in regulating Apoe-deficiency dependent inflammation and oxidative stress is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhenya Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liangjie Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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11
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Apolipoprotein E as a novel therapeutic neuroprotection target after traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:97-108. [PMID: 29056364 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a plasma lipoprotein well known for its important role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, has also been implicated in many neurological diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of apoE on the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). ApoE-deficient mutant (apoE-/-) and wild-type mice received a T9 moderate contusion SCI and were evaluated using histological and behavioral analyses after injury. At 3days after injury, the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier, measured by extravasation of Evans blue dye, was significantly increased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type. The inflammation and spared white matter was also significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in apoE-/- mice compared to the wild type ones. The apoptosis of both neurons and oligodendrocytes was also significantly increased in apoE-/- mice. At 42days after injury, the inflammation was still robust in the injured spinal cord in apoE-/- but not wild type mice. CD45+ leukocytes from peripheral blood persisted in the injured spinal cord of apoE-/- mice. The spared white matter was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones. Locomotor function was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones from week 1 to week 8 after contusion. Treatment of exogenous apoE mimetic peptides partially restored the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Importantly, the exogenous apoE peptides decreased inflammation, increased spared white matter and promoted locomotor recovery in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Our results indicate that endogenous apoE plays important roles in maintaining the spinal cord-blood-barrier and decreasing inflammation and spinal cord tissue loss after SCI, suggesting its important neuroprotective function after SCI. Our results further suggest that exogenous apoE mimetic peptides could be a novel and promising neuroprotective reagent for SCI.
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12
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Tu TM, Kolls BJ, Soderblom EJ, Cantillana V, Ferrell PD, Moseley MA, Wang H, Dawson HN, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide, CN-105, improves outcomes in ischemic stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:246-265. [PMID: 28382306 PMCID: PMC5376751 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective At present, the absence of a pharmacological neuroprotectant represents an important unmet clinical need in the treatment of ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Recent evidence suggests that administration of apolipoprotein E mimetic therapies represent a viable therapeutic strategy in this setting. We investigate the neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties of the apolipoprotein E mimetic pentapeptide, CN‐105, in a microglial cell line and murine model of ischemic stroke. Methods Ten to 13‐week‐old male C57/BL6 mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and were randomly selected to receive CN‐105 (0.1 mg/kg) in 100 μL volume or vehicle via tail vein injection at various time points. Survival, motor‐sensory functional outcomes using rotarod test and 4‐limb wire hanging test, infarct volume assessment using 2,3,5‐Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method, and microglial activation in the contralateral hippocampus using F4/80 immunostaining were assessed at various time points. In vitro assessment of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha secretion in a microglial cell line was performed, and phosphoproteomic analysis conducted to explore early mechanistic pathways of CN‐105 in ischemic stroke. Results Mice receiving CN‐105 demonstrated improved survival, improved functional outcomes, reduced infarct volume, and reduced microglial activation. CN‐105 also suppressed inflammatory cytokines secretion in microglial cells in vitro. Phosphoproteomic signals suggest that CN‐105 reduces proinflammatory pathways and lower oxidative stress. Interpretation CN‐105 improves functional and histological outcomes in a murine model of ischemic stroke via modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Recent clinical trial of this compound has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, suggesting that CN‐105 represents an attractive candidate for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming Tu
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina; Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute Tan Tock Seng Campus Singapore
| | - Brad J Kolls
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Duke Proteomics Core Facility Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Paul Durham Ferrell
- Department of Pathology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics Core Facility Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Hana N Dawson
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
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Guptill JT, Raja SM, Boakye-Agyeman F, Noveck R, Ramey S, Tu TM, Laskowitz DT. Phase 1 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of a Single Escalating Dose and Repeated Doses of CN-105 in Healthy Adult Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:770-776. [PMID: 27990643 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) remains a devastating stroke subtype, affecting as many as 80,000 people annually in the United States and associated with extremely high mortality. In the absence of any pharmacological interventions demonstrated to improve outcome, care for patients with ICH remains largely supportive. Thus, despite advances in the understanding of ICH and brain injury, there remains an unmet need for interventions that improve neurologic recovery and outcomes. Recent research suggesting inflammation and APOE genotype play a role in modifying neurologic outcome after brain injury has led to the development of an APOE-derived peptide agent (CN-105). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that CN-105 effectively downregulates the inflammatory response in acute brain injury, including ICH. Following Investigational New Drug (IND) enabling studies in murine models, this first-in-human single escalating dose and multiple dose placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed to define the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of CN-105. A total of 48 subjects (12 control, 36 active) were randomized in this study; all subjects completed the study. No significant safety issues were identified with both dosing regimens, and PK analysis revealed linearity without significant drug accumulation. The median half-life in the terminal elimination phase of CN-105 following a single or repeated dosing regimen did not change (approximately 3.6 hours). With the PK and preliminary safety of CN-105 established, the drug is now poised to begin first-in-disease phase 2 clinical trials in patients with ICH who urgently need new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Guptill
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shruti M Raja
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Ramey
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Ming Tu
- SingHealth, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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Abnormal feeding behaviour in spinalised rats is mediated by hypothalamus: Restorative effect of exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:1076-1087. [PMID: 27163452 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of hypothalamus in abnormal feeding behaviour after spinal cord injury (SCI) and the effect of exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on it. SETTING India. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n=44) were divided into Sham (laminectomy), SCI (complete transection of T13 spinal cord), SCI+MF (ELF-MF exposure to SCI rats), VMHL (lesion of ventromedial hypothalamus; VMH), SCI+VMHL (VMHL after SCI) and SCI+VMHL+MF (ELF-MF exposure to SCI+VMHL rats) groups. Food intake (FI), water intake (WI), calorie intake (CI), body weight (BWT), taste preference and sucrose-induced biphasic (SIB) response to noxious stimulus were studied pre and post surgery. Neuronal activity at VMH was assessed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The extent of neuronal degeneration and regeneration in spinal cord was assessed microscopically. RESULTS Data revealed post-SCI decrease in FI, WI, CI and BWT, preference for sodium chloride and citric acid, prolonged analgesic phase of SIB and increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in VMH of SCI rats vs Sham rats. VMH lesion increased FI, WI, CI, BW, preference for sweet tastants and abolished SIB, whereas in SCI+VMHL rats it abolished the effects of SCI on these parameters indicating probable involvement of VMH in SCI-induced alteration in feeding behaviour. Exposure to MF improved the study parameters in SCI rats and reduced the c-Fos immunoreactivity in VMH besides reduction in lesion volume, greater myelination and neuronal regeneration at SCI site. CONCLUSION SCI influences VMH, leading to alteration in feeding behaviour, which is improved by exposure to ELF-MF.
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Priest CA, Manley NC, Denham J, Wirth ED, Lebkowski JS. Preclinical safety of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors supporting clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Regen Med 2015; 10:939-58. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize the preclinical safety profile of a human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell therapy product (AST-OPC1) in support of its use as a treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). Materials & methods: The phenotype and functional capacity of AST-OPC1 was characterized in vitro and in vivo. Safety and toxicology of AST-OPC1 administration was assessed in rodent models of thoracic SCI. Results: These results identify AST-OPC1 as an early-stage oligodendrocyte progenitor population capable of promoting neurite outgrowth in vitro and myelination in vivo. AST-OPC1 administration did not cause any adverse clinical observations, toxicities, allodynia or tumors. Conclusion: These results supported initiation of a Phase I clinical trial in patients with sensorimotor complete thoracic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Priest
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, 210 King St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Nathan C Manley
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jerrod Denham
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Dark Horse Consulting, 1999 South Bascom Ave Suite 700, Campbell, CA 95008, USA
| | - Edward D Wirth
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jane S Lebkowski
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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