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Cao N, Xia G, Sun H, Zhao L, Cao R, Jiang H, Mao X, Liu Q. Characterization of a Galactose Oxidase from Fusarium odoratissimum and Its Application in the Modification of Agarose. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030603. [PMID: 36766130 PMCID: PMC9914589 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A galactose oxidase gene, gao-5f, was cloned from Fusarium odoratissimum and successfully expressed in E. coli. The galactose oxidase GAO-5F belongs to the AA5 family and consists of 681 amino acids, with an estimated molecular weight of 72 kDa. GAO-5F exhibited maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 7.0 and showed no change in activity after 24 h incubation at 30 °C. Moreover, GAO-5F exhibited 40% of its maximum activity after 24 h incubation at 50 °C and 60% after 40 h incubation at pH 7.0. The measured thermostability of GAO-5F is superior to galactose oxidase's reported thermostability. The enzyme exhibited strict substrate specificity toward D-galactose and oligosaccharides/polysaccharides containing D-galactose. Further analysis demonstrated that GAO-5F specifically oxidized agarose to a polyaldehyde-based polymer, which could be used as a polyaldehyde to crosslink with gelatin to form edible packaging films. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the modification of agarose by galactose oxidase, and this result has laid a foundation for the further development of edible membranes using agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guangli Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Faria CB, de Castro FF, Martim DB, Abe CAL, Prates KV, de Oliveira MAS, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Production of Galactose Oxidase Inside the Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex and Recombinant Expression and Characterization of the Galactose Oxidase GaoA Protein from Fusarium subglutinans. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 61:633-649. [PMID: 31177409 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase catalyzes a two-electron oxidation, mainly from the C6 hydroxyl group of D-galactose, with the concomitant reduction of water to hydrogen peroxide. This enzyme is secreted by Fusarium species and has several biotechnological applications. In this study, a screening of galactose oxidase production among species of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex demonstrated Fusarium subglutinans to be the main producer. The truncated F. subglutinans gaoA gene coding for the mature galactose oxidase was expressed from the prokaryotic vector pTrcHis2B in the E. coli Rosetta™ (DE3) strain. The purified recombinant enzyme presented temperature and pH optima of 30 °C and 7.0, respectively, KM of 132.6 ± 18.18 mM, Vmax of 3.2 ± 0.18 µmol of H2O2/min, kcat of 12,243 s-1, and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 9.2 × 104 M-1 s-1. In the presence of 50% glycerol, the enzyme showed a T50 of 59.77 °C and was stable for several hours at pH 8.0 and 4 °C. Besides D-(+)-galactose, the purified enzyme also acted against D-(+)-raffinose, α-D-(+)-melibiose, and methyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, and was strongly inhibited by SDS. Although the F. subglutinans gaoA gene was successfully expressed in E. coli, its endogenous transcription was not confirmed by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertechini Faria
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Fausto Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Damaris Batistão Martim
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Agnes Lumi Abe
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Valério Prates
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
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Parikka K, Master E, Tenkanen M. Oxidation with galactose oxidase: Multifunctional enzymatic catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Expression, purification, and characterization of galactose oxidase of Fusarium sambucinum in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 108:73-79. [PMID: 25543085 PMCID: PMC4370742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a galactose oxidase (GalOx) was isolated from Fusarium sambucinum cultures and overexpressed in Escherichia coli yielding 4.4mg enzyme per L of growth culture with a specific activity of 159Umg(-1). By adding a C-terminal His-tag the enzyme could be easily purified with a single affinity chromatography step with high recovery rate (90%). The enzyme showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 68.5kDa. The pH optimum for the oxidation of galactose was in the range of pH 6-7.5. Optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was 35°C, with a half-life of 11.2min, 5.3min, and 2.7min for incubation at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, respectively. From all tested substrates, the highest relative activity was found for 1-methyl-β-galactopyranoside (226Umg(-1)) and the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for melibiose (2700mM(-1)s(-1)). The enzyme was highly specific for molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, and showed no appreciable activity with a range of alternative acceptors investigated. Different chemicals were tested for their effect on GalOx activity. The activity was significantly reduced by EDTA, NaN3, and KCN.
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Paukner R, Staudigl P, Choosri W, Sygmund C, Halada P, Haltrich D, Leitner C. Galactose oxidase from Fusarium oxysporum--expression in E. coli and P. pastoris and biochemical characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100116. [PMID: 24967652 PMCID: PMC4072685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene coding for galactose 6-oxidase from Fusarium oxysporum G12 was cloned together with its native preprosequence and a C-terminal His-tag, and successfully expressed both in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. The enzyme was subsequently purified and characterized. Among all tested substrates, the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was found with 1-methyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (2.2 mM−1 s−1). The Michaelis constant (Km) for D-galactose was determined to be 47 mM. Optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were 7.0 and 40°C, respectively, and the enzyme was thermoinactivated at temperatures above 50°C. GalOx contains a unique metalloradical complex consisting of a copper atom and a tyrosine residue covalently attached to the sulphur of a cysteine. The correct formation of this thioether bond during the heterologous expression in E. coli and P. pastoris could be unequivocally confirmed by MALDI mass spectrometry, which offers a convenient alternative to prove this Tyr-Cys crosslink, which is essential for the catalytic activity of GalOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Paukner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Staudigl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Withu Choosri
- Department of Food Technology, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Leitner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Gasser CA, Hommes G, Schäffer A, Corvini PFX. Multi-catalysis reactions: new prospects and challenges of biotechnology to valorize lignin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1115-34. [PMID: 22782247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been dedicated to the chemical depolymerization of lignin, a biopolymer constituting a possible renewable source for aromatic value-added chemicals. However, these efforts yielded limited success up until now. Efficient lignin conversion might necessitate novel catalysts enabling new types of reactions. The use of multiple catalysts, including a combination of biocatalysts, might be necessary. New perspectives for the combination of bio- and inorganic catalysts in one-pot reactions are emerging, thanks to green chemistry-driven advances in enzyme engineering and immobilization and new chemical catalyst design. Such combinations could offer several advantages, especially by reducing time and yield losses associated with the isolation and purification of the reaction products, but also represent a big challenge since the optimal reaction conditions of bio- and chemical catalysis reactions are often different. This mini-review gives an overview of bio- and inorganic catalysts having the potential to be used in combination for lignin depolymerization. We also discuss key aspects to consider when combining these catalysts in one-pot reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland
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Enhanced production of recombinant galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum in E. coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 27:1349-53. [PMID: 25187134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene gaoA encoding the copper-dependent enzyme galactose oxidase (GAO) from Fusarium graminearum PH-1 was cloned and successfully overexpressed in E. coli. Culture conditions for cultivations in shaken flasks were optimized, and optimal conditions were found to be double-strength LB medium, 0.5% lactose as inducer, and induction at the reduced temperature of 25°C. When using these cultivation conditions ~24 mg of active GAO could be produced in shaken flasks per litre medium. Addition of copper to the fermentation medium decreased the enzyme production significantly. The His-tagged recombinant enzyme could be purified conveniently with a single affinity chromatography step. The purified enzyme showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 66 kDa and had kinetic properties similar to those of the fungal wild-type enzyme.
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Aparecido Cordeiro F, Bertechini Faria C, Parra Barbosa-Tessmann I. Identification of new galactose oxidase genes in Fusarium spp. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 50:527-37. [PMID: 21077113 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase (GO) converts galactose to an aldehyde and has several biotechnological applications, including cancer diagnosis. It is mainly produced by Fusarium austroamericanum but is also produced by Fusarium acuminatum and by isolates of the Fusarium graminearum and Gibberella fujikuroi complexes. The F. austroamericanum GO gaoA gene has been cloned, but the GO genes from other secreting species have not been characterized. Problems associated with the F. austroamericanum GO such as high pI and low catalytic efficiency and thermostability, and the difficult purification process makes the search for homologous genes attractive. In this work, the GO genes from Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans, two species of the G. fujikuroi complex, were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. New GO genes were found in databases and were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which revealed the existence of three orthologous lineages of GO genes in Fusarium spp. In addition, RT-PCR analyses revealed that the new GO cloned gene may be endogenously expressed in F. subglutinans but not in F. verticillioides, in the used culture conditions.
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