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The Chemotherapeutic Potentials of Compounds Isolated from the Plant, Marine, Fungus, and Microorganism: Their Mechanism of Action and Prospects. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5919453. [PMID: 36263439 PMCID: PMC9576449 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5919453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on natural products mainly focuses on developing a suitable drug to treat human disease. There has been a sharp increase in the development of drugs from natural products. Most of the drugs that are available are from the terrestrial origin. Marine natural products are less explored. Oceans are considered as a vast ecosystem with a wide variety of living organisms and natural products that are unexplored. Large numbers of antitumor drugs are from natural sources such as plants, marine, and microorganisms. 80% new chemical entities that were launched over the past 60 decades were from a natural source. In this article, the anticancer potential from the natural source such as plants, fungi, microorganisms, marine, and endophytes has been reviewed. Emphasis is given on the compound from the marine, plant, and of bacterial origin. Finally, we consider the future and how we might achieve better sustainability to alleviate human cancer suffering while having fewer side effects, more efficacies, and causing less harm than the present treatments.
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Lother J, Breitschopf T, Krappmann S, Morton CO, Bouzani M, Kurzai O, Gunzer M, Hasenberg M, Einsele H, Loeffler J. Human dendritic cell subsets display distinct interactions with the pathogenic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1160-8. [PMID: 25200858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mould Aspergillus fumigatus is primarily an opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised patients. Once fungal spores have been inhaled they encounter cells of the innate immune system, which include dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are the key antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and distinct subtypes, which differ in terms of origin, morphology and function. This study has systematically compared the interactions between A. fumigatus and myeloid DCs (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Analyses were performed by time-lapse video microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, plating assays, flow cytometry, 25-plex ELISA and transwell assays. The three subsets of DCs displayed distinct responses to the fungus with mDCs and moDCs showing the greatest similarities. mDCs and moDCs both produced rough convolutions and occasionally phagocytic cups upon exposure to A. fumigatus whereas pDCs maintained a smooth appearance. Both mDCs and moDCs phagocytosed conidia and germ tubes, while pDCs did not phagocytose any fungi. Analysis of cytokine release and maturation markers revealed specific differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory patterns between the different DC subsets. These distinct characteristics between the DC subsets highlight their differences and suggest specific roles of moDCs, mDCs and pDCs during their interaction with A. fumigatus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Lother
- Laboratory WÜ4i, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Breitschopf
- Laboratory WÜ4i, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Microbiology Institute - Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Oliver Morton
- University of Western Sydney, School of Science and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Bouzani
- Laboratory WÜ4i, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich-Schiller-University and Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Laboratory WÜ4i, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Laboratory WÜ4i, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Camargo JF, Husain S. Immune Correlates of Protection in Human Invasive Aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:569-77. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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