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Jin T, Zhan X, Pang L, Peng B, Zhang X, Zhu W, Yang B, Xia X. CpxAR two-component system contributes to virulence properties of Cronobacter sakazakii. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104393. [PMID: 37919015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a foodborne pathogen which threaten susceptible hosts including infants. CpxA/CpxR, a regulatory two-component system (TSC), contributes to stress response and virulence in various Gram-negative pathogens, but its role in C. sakazakii has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we constructed CpxA, CpxR, CpxAR deletion and complementation strains. The mutants showed weakened bacterial adhesion to and invasion of HBMEC and Caco-2, reduced intracellular survival and replication of C. sakazakii within RAW264.7 macrophages, and decreased translocation of HBMEC and Caco-2 monolayers. Mutants demonstrated lower levels of tight junction proteins disruption and reduced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 monolayer compared to wild type strain. CpxAR TCS deletion mutants demonstrate attenuated virulence in newborn mice, which was evidenced by fewer bacterial cells loads in tissues and organs, lower levels of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfuction and milder damages in intestinal tissues. All these phenotypes were recovered in complemented strains. In addition, qRT-PCR results showed that CpxAR TCS of C. sakazakii played roles in regulating the expression of several genes associated with bacterial virulence and cellular invasion. These findings indicate that CpxAR TCS is an important regulatory mechanism for virulence of C. sakazakii, which enrich our understanding of genetic determinants of pathogenicity of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liuxin Pang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Wenxiu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.
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Tong C, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Zheng X, Liu Q, Song B. Review of knockout technology approaches in bacterial drug resistance research. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15790. [PMID: 37605748 PMCID: PMC10440060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout is a widely used method in biology for investigating gene function. Several technologies are available for gene knockout, including zinc-finger nuclease technology (ZFN), suicide plasmid vector systems, transcription activator-like effector protein nuclease technology (TALEN), Red homologous recombination technology, CRISPR/Cas, and others. Of these, Red homologous recombination technology, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and suicide plasmid vector systems have been the most extensively used for knocking out bacterial drug resistance genes. These three technologies have been shown to yield significant results in researching bacterial gene functions in numerous studies. This study provides an overview of current gene knockout methods that are effective for genetic drug resistance testing in bacteria. The study aims to serve as a reference for selecting appropriate techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhelin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bocui Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Abstract
The technology of recombineering, in vivo genetic engineering, was initially developed in Escherichia coli and uses bacteriophage-encoded homologous recombination proteins to efficiently recombine DNA at short homologies (35 to 50 nt). Because the technology is homology driven, genomic DNA can be modified precisely and independently of restriction site location. Recombineering uses linear DNA substrates that are introduced into the cell by electroporation; these can be PCR products, synthetic double-strand DNA (dsDNA), or single-strand DNA (ssDNA). Here we describe the applications, challenges, and factors affecting ssDNA and dsDNA recombineering in a variety of non-model bacteria, both Gram-negative and -positive, and recent breakthroughs in the field. We list different microbes in which the widely used phage λ Red and Rac RecET recombination systems have been used for in vivo genetic engineering. New homologous ssDNA and dsDNA recombineering systems isolated from non-model bacteria are also described. The Basic Protocol outlines a method for ssDNA recombineering in the non-model species of Shewanella. The Alternate Protocol describes the use of CRISPR/Cas as a counter-selection system in conjunction with recombineering to enhance recovery of recombinants. We provide additional background information, pertinent considerations for experimental design, and parameters critical for success. The design of ssDNA oligonucleotides (oligos) and various internet-based tools for oligo selection from genome sequences are also described, as is the use of oligo-mediated recombination. This simple form of genome editing uses only ssDNA oligo(s) and does not require an exogenous recombination system. The information presented here should help researchers identify a recombineering system suitable for their microbe(s) of interest. If no system has been characterized for a specific microbe, researchers can find guidance in developing a recombineering system from scratch. We provide a flowchart of decision-making paths for strategically applying annealase-dependent or oligo-mediated recombination in non-model and undomesticated bacteria. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol: ssDNA recombineering in Shewanella species Alternate Protocol: ssDNA recombineering coupled to CRISPR/Cas9 in Shewanella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Corts
- Cultivarium, 490 Arsenal Way, Ste 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
| | - Lynn C. Thomason
- Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Nina Costantino
- Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Donald L. Court
- Emeritus, Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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Wei D, Gu J, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang D, Kim CH, Jiang B, Shi J, Hao J. Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28715380 DOI: 10.3791/55828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo is an important biomass, and bamboo hydrolysate is used by Klebsiella pneumoniae as a feedstock for chemical production. Here, bamboo powder was pretreated with NaOH and washed to a neutral pH. Cellulase was added to the pretreated bamboo powder to generate the hydrolysate, which contained 30 g/L glucose and 15 g/L xylose and was used as the carbon source to prepare a medium for chemical production. When cultured in microaerobic conditions, 12.7 g/L 2,3-butanediol was produced by wildtype K. pneumoniae. In aerobic conditions, 13.0 g/L R-acetoin was produced by the budC mutant of K. pneumoniae. A mixture of 25.5 g/L 2-ketogluconic acid and 13.6 g/L xylonic acid was produced by the budA mutant of K. pneumoniae in a two-stage, pH-controlled fermentation with high air supplementation. In the first stage of fermentation, the culture was maintained at a neutral pH; after cell growth, the fermentation proceeded to the second stage, during which the culture was allowed to become acidic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jinjie Gu
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhongxi Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chenhong Wang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Dexin Wang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chul Ho Kim
- Biorefinery Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)
| | - Biao Jiang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University;
| | - Jian Hao
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences;
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