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Vandelook S, Bassleer B, Elsacker E, Peeters E. Effects of Orange Peel Extract on Laccase Activity and Gene Expression in Trametes versicolor. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:370. [PMID: 38921357 PMCID: PMC11205045 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome of Trametes versicolor encodes multiple laccase isozymes, the expression of which is responsive to various conditions. Here, we set out to investigate the potential of orange peel extract as an inducer of laccase production in this white-rot fungus, in comparison to the previously identified inducing chemical compound, veratryl alcohol. For four geographically distinct T. versicolor strains, a positive correlation has been observed between their oxidative activity and incubation time in liquid cultures. The addition of 20% orange peel extract or 5 mM veratryl alcohol caused a rapid increase in the oxidative potential of T. versicolor M99 after 24 h, with a more pronounced effect observed for the orange peel extract. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the induced laccase activity, a transcriptional gene expression analysis was performed for the seven individual laccase genes in T. versicolor, revealing the upregulation of several laccase genes in response to the addition of each inducer. Notably, the gene encoding TvLac5 demonstrated a substantial upregulation in response to the addition of 20% orange peel extract, likely contributing to the observed increase in its oxidative potential. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that orange peels are a promising agro-industrial side stream for implementation as inducing agents in large-scale laccase production with T. versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eveline Peeters
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.V.); (E.E.)
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Aza P, Camarero S. Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1716. [PMID: 38136587 PMCID: PMC10741624 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Camarero
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Moiseenko KV, Glazunova OA, Savinova OS, Fedorova TV. Exoproteomic Study and Transcriptional Responses of Laccase and Ligninolytic Peroxidase Genes of White-Rot Fungus Trametes hirsuta LE-BIN 072 Grown in the Presence of Monolignol-Related Phenolic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13115. [PMID: 37685920 PMCID: PMC10487439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Being an abundant renewable source of aromatic compounds, lignin is an important component of future bio-based economy. Currently, biotechnological processing of lignin through low molecular weight compounds is one of the conceptually promising ways for its valorization. To obtain lignin fragments suitable for further inclusion into microbial metabolism, it is proposed to use a ligninolytic system of white-rot fungi, which mainly comprises laccases and peroxidases. However, laccase and peroxidase genes are almost always represented by many non-allelic copies that form multigene families within the genome of white-rot fungi, and the contributions of exact family members to the overall process of lignin degradation has not yet been determined. In this article, the response of the Trametes hirsuta LE-BIN 072 ligninolytic system to the presence of various monolignol-related phenolic compounds (veratryl alcohol, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid) in culture media was monitored at the level of gene transcription and protein secretion. By showing which isozymes contribute to the overall functioning of the ligninolytic system of the T. hirsuta LE-BIN 072, the data obtained in this study will greatly contribute to the possible application of this fungus and its ligninolytic enzymes in lignin depolymerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga A. Glazunova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russia; (K.V.M.); (O.S.S.); (T.V.F.)
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Li P, Wang H, Liu P, Li Y, Liu K, An X, Zhang Z, Zhao S. The role of JrLACs in the lignification of walnut endocarp. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:511. [PMID: 34732134 PMCID: PMC8565057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The walnut shell, which is composed of a large number of sclereids originating from the lignified parenchyma of the endocarp, plays an important role in fruit development and during harvesting and storage. The physical and chemical properties of walnut shells are closely related to the lignin content. Laccase is the key enzyme responsible for lignin biosynthesis by the polymerization of monolignols and plays crucial roles in secondary cell wall formation in plants. In this study, we screened and identified laccase family genes from the walnut genome and investigated the expression of laccase during endocarp lignification in walnut. RESULTS A total of 37 laccase genes were screened from the walnut genome and distributed on nine chromosomes and classified into 6 subfamilies, among which subfamily IV showed distinct expansion. We observed that endocarp lignification started 44 days after flowering (DAF), and at later periods, the lignin content increased rapidly, with growth peaks at 44-50 DAF and 100-115 DAF. The lignification of the endocarp proceeded from the outside to the inside, as demonstrated by section staining in combination with endocarp staining. Furthermore, the changes in the expression of laccase family genes in the endocarp at different developmental stages were studied, and JrLACs showed different expression trends. The expression of nine genes showed significant increase after 44 DAF, and among these, JrLAC12-1, JrLAC12-2 and JrLAC16 showed a significant change in expression at the lignification stage. A study of the expression of JrLACs in different tissues and at various endocarp developmental stages revealed, that most JrLACs were expressed at low levels in mature tissues and at high levels in young tissues, in particular, JrLAC12-1 showed high expression in the young stems. A significant positive correlation was found between the expression of JrLAC12-1 and the variation in the lignin content in the endocarp. CONCLUSION Laccase genes play an important role in the lignification of the walnut endocarp, and JrLACs play different roles during fruit development. This study shows that JrLAC12-1 may play a key role in the lignification of endocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Mountainous Areas Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Pan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yaoling Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiuhong An
- Research Center for Agricultural Engineering Technology of Mountain District of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Mountainous Areas Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shugang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Purification and Characterization of Two Novel Laccases from Peniophora lycii. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040340. [PMID: 33291231 PMCID: PMC7762197 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, currently, more than 100 laccases have been purified from basidiomycete fungi, the majority of these laccases were obtained from fungi of the Polyporales order, and only scarce data are available about the laccases from other fungi. In this article, laccase production by the white-rot basidiomycete fungus Peniophora lycii, belonging to the Russulales order, was investigated. It was shown that, under copper induction, this fungus secreted three different laccase isozymes. Two laccase isozymes—Lac5 and LacA—were purified and their corresponding nucleotide sequences were determined. Both purified laccases were relatively thermostable with periods of half-life at 70 °C of 10 and 8 min for Lac5 and LacA, respectively. The laccases demonstrated the highest activity toward ABTS (97 U·mg−1 for Lac5 and 121 U·mg−1 for LacA at pH 4.5); Lac5 demonstrated the lowest activity toward 2,6-DMP (2.5 U·mg−1 at pH 4.5), while LacA demonstrated this towards gallic acid (1.4 U·mg−1 at pH 4.5). Both Lac5 and LacA were able to efficiently decolorize such dyes as RBBR and Bromcresol Green. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships among laccases of Peniophora spp. were reconstructed, and groups of orthologous genes were determined. Based on these groups, all currently available data about laccases of Peniophora spp. were systematized.
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Zaccaria M, Dawson W, Cristiglio V, Reverberi M, Ratcliff LE, Nakajima T, Genovese L, Momeni B. Designing a bioremediator: mechanistic models guide cellular and molecular specialization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 62:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Janusz G, Pawlik A, Świderska-Burek U, Polak J, Sulej J, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A, Paszczyński A. Laccase Properties, Physiological Functions, and Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030966. [PMID: 32024019 PMCID: PMC7036934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered in 1883, laccase is one of the first enzymes ever described. Now, after almost 140 years of research, it seems that this copper-containing protein with a number of unique catalytic properties is widely distributed across all kingdoms of life. Laccase belongs to the superfamily of multicopper oxidases (MCOs)—a group of enzymes comprising many proteins with different substrate specificities and diverse biological functions. The presence of cupredoxin-like domains allows all MCOs to reduce oxygen to water without producing harmful byproducts. This review describes structural characteristics and plausible evolution of laccase in different taxonomic groups. The remarkable catalytic abilities and broad substrate specificity of laccases are described in relation to other copper-containing MCOs. Through an exhaustive analysis of laccase roles in different taxa, we find that this enzyme evolved to serve an important, common, and protective function in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.J.-W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-537-5521
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.J.-W.)
| | - Urszula Świderska-Burek
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Polak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.J.-W.)
| | - Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.J.-W.)
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.J.-W.)
| | - Andrzej Paszczyński
- Professor Emeritus, School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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Savinova OS, Moiseenko KV, Vavilova EA, Chulkin AM, Fedorova TV, Tyazhelova TV, Vasina DV. Evolutionary Relationships Between the Laccase Genes of Polyporales: Orthology-Based Classification of Laccase Isozymes and Functional Insight From Trametes hirsuta. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:152. [PMID: 30792703 PMCID: PMC6374638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase is one of the oldest known and intensively studied fungal enzymes capable of oxidizing recalcitrant lignin-resembling phenolic compounds. It is currently well established that fungal genomes almost always contain several non-allelic copies of laccase genes (laccase multigene families); nevertheless, many aspects of laccase multigenicity, for example, their precise biological functions or evolutionary relationships, are mostly unknown. Here, we present a detailed evolutionary analysis of the sensu stricto laccase genes (CAZy - AA1_1) from fungi of the Polyporales order. The conducted analysis provides a better understanding of the Polyporales laccase multigenicity and allows for the systemization of the individual features of different laccase isozymes. In addition, we provide a comparison of the biochemical and catalytic properties of the four laccase isozymes from Trametes hirsuta and suggest their functional diversification within the multigene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Savinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Biotransformations, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Moiseenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Biotransformations, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Vavilova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Optimization, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey M Chulkin
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Optimization, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Biotransformations, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Tyazhelova
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Biotransformations, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Vasina
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Biotransformations, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Enzymatic gene expression by Pleurotus tuoliensis (Bailinggu): differential regulation under low temperature induction conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:160. [PMID: 30341455 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus tuoliensis is a valuable, rare and edible mushroom that is been commercially cultivated and is rapidly developing in China markets. Low temperatures are required to induces primordia initiation for the successful production of fruiting bodies (basidiomes) during commercial cultivation. In this work, we investigated the enzymatic activities and performed transcription profiling analysis of enzymatic genes under different low temperature conditions. The results suggest that the enzymatic activities and transcription levels decrease or increase significantly at 4 and 13 °C. Lacc10 and mnp6 seems to play a dominant role during nutrition growth. Furthermore, the expression of laccase and peroxidase genes was highly correlated to the detected extracellular enzymatic activity. Cold stress genes expression profiles were upregulated under 4 °C/13 °C (3 days), while only the Hsp70 gene was downregulated (at the stage of fruiting bodies production) at 13 °C (12 days). Our results showed that the transcriptional regulation of laccase and ligninolytic peroxidase genes plays an important role in the fruiting bodies of Bailinggu under low temperature induction (4 °C). Induction at low temperatures was a highly important cultivation condition in Bailinggu.
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Moiseenko KV, Vasina DV, Farukshina KT, Savinova OS, Glazunova OA, Fedorova TV, Tyazhelova TV. Orchestration of the expression of the laccase multigene family in white-rot basidiomycete Trametes hirsuta 072: Evidences of transcription level subfunctionalization. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:353-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ma S, Liu N, Jia H, Dai D, Zang J, Cao Z, Dong J. Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:68-75. [PMID: 29112275 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper oxidases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) that catalyze the oxidation of many phenolic compounds. In this study, a novel laccase, Stlac4, from Setosphaeria turcica was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by insertion into the pET-30a expression plasmid. The recombinant laccase was purified and visualized on SDS-PAGE as a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 71.5 KDa, and confirmed by Western blot. The maximum activity of the purified laccase was 127.78 U · mg-1 , the optimum temperature and pH value were 60 °C and 4.0 respectively, measured by oxidation of 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS). Purified laccase activity under different metal ions and an inhibitor were tested, revealing that laccase activity increased by approximately 434.8% with Fe3+ , and 217.4% with Cu2+ at 10 mmol · L-1 concentrations, Mn2+ increased the laccase activity only at 5 mmol · L-1 , while Na+ increased activity at 1 mmol · L-1 but inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 . SDS increased laccase activity at 1 mmol · L-1 , and inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongqing Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M. Purification and characterization of extracellular laccase produced byCeriporiopsis subvermisporaand decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1173-1182. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chmelová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biotechnologies; University of SS. Cyril and Methodius; Trnava Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biotechnologies; University of SS. Cyril and Methodius; Trnava Slovak Republic
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