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Ferreira JM, Fernandes ÉKK, Kim JS, Soares FEF. The Combination of Enzymes and Conidia of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Aphis gossypii Nymphs and Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:292. [PMID: 38667963 PMCID: PMC11051478 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The slow action of fungi is one of the biggest challenges in using entomopathogenic fungi. A promising alternative to reduce the time of action is to combine conidia with extracellular enzymes. This study aimed to characterize the production of Pr1 subtilisin protease and lipases by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in different culture media and to evaluate the efficiency of the enzymatic treatment against Aphis gossypii and Spodoptera frugiperda. The isolates were cultivated in five different liquid cultures, and, after 7 days, the culture was filtered and centrifuged, and the activity of the Pr1 and lipases was measured. The fungi cultured in a Luria-Bertani broth medium had the highest activity of proteases and lipases. The mortality of A. gossypii nymphs treated with conidia 7 days after the treatment was 39% (JEF-410), 76.5% (JEF-492), 74.8% (ERL-836), and 70.9% (JEF-214). The B. bassiana JEF-410 supernatant combined with conidia increased the fungal virulence at day 5 and day 6 after treatment. When S. frugiperda larvae were treated with B. bassiana JEF-492 conidia combined with its supernatant, the time of infection was shorter compared to the larvae treated with conidia only. Once the supernatant was incubated at 37 °C, the relative activity decreased from 100% to 80% after 2 h and to 45% after 24 h. The results suggest that the supernatant of entomopathogenic fungi may be formulated and used as a biopesticide in an efficient strategy for the biological control of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Ferreira
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Brazil; (J.M.F.); (É.K.K.F.)
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Brazil; (J.M.F.); (É.K.K.F.)
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju City 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Filippe Elias F. Soares
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Brazil; (J.M.F.); (É.K.K.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
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Ordaz-Hernández A, Montesinos-Matías R, Mellín-Rosas MA, Pérez-Aguirre T, Loera O, Angel-Cuapio A. Improvement of the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia for the control of Diaphorina citri adults. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:115. [PMID: 38418714 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of palm kernel meal (PKM) in the traditional solid-state fermentation system to improve the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia. The impact of PKM was determined by measuring conidia yield, viability, hydrophobicity, shelf life, and conidia pathogenicity against Diaphorina citri adults. By supplementing rice grains with 5% palm kernel meal increased the conidial yield by up to 40%, without compromising conidia viability and hydrophobicity. In addition, conidia caused higher levels of mortality by mycosis against D. citri adults (90%), relative to conidia harvested from rice (52%). The conidia recovered from rice/palm kernel meal mixtures also retained viability greater than 90% after storage for 10 months at 4 °C, while the conidia produced on rice reached 80%. Thus, conidia produced in the presence of palm kernel meal can be consumed immediately or in the medium term. Some process advantages of the palm kernel meal as co-substrate in the traditional production system of C. javanica are also mentioned. These results are attractive for improving the mycoinsecticide production process, with excellent cost-benefit and minimal changes in infrastructure and process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ordaz-Hernández
- Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán - San Antonio Nanahuatipán Km 1.7 s/n., Paraje Tiltlacuatitla, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, C.P. 68540, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA), Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Marco A Mellín-Rosas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA), Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Teresa Pérez-Aguirre
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/TES de Tehuacán, Libramiento Tecnológico S/N, A.P. 247, Santa María Coapan, C.P. 75770, Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Angel-Cuapio
- División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/TES de Ecatepec, Av. Tecnológico s/n, Valle de Anáhuac, sección Fuentes, C.P. 55210, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Castrejón-Antonio JE, Tamez-Guerra P, García-Ortiz N, Muñiz-Paredes F, Sánchez-Rangel JC, Montesinos-Matías R. Biocontrol of Xyleborus affinis (Curculionidae: Scolitinae) Females and Progeny by Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) in a Sawdust Artificial Diet Model. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050477. [PMID: 37233105 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis, recently reported affecting avocado trees in Mexico, represents one of the most widespread insects worldwide. Previous reports have shown that Xyleborus genera members are susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and other entomopathogenic fungus strains. However, their effect on borer beetles' progeny has not been fully investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the insecticidal activity of B. bassiana on X. affinis adult females and their progeny in an artificial sawdust diet bioassay model. The B. bassiana strains CHE-CNRCB 44, 171, 431, and 485 were individually tested on females at concentrations ranging from 2 × 106 to 1 × 109 conidia mL-1. After 10 d of incubation, diet was evaluated to count laid eggs, larvae, and adults. Insect conidia loss after exposure was determined by attached conidia to each insect after 12 h of exposure. The results showed that females' mortality ranged between 3.4% and 50.3% in a concentration-response manner. Furthermore, we did not observe statistical differences among strains at the highest concentration. CHE-CNRCB 44 showed the highest mortality at the lowest concentration and reduced larvae and laid eggs at the highest concentration (p < 0.01). Strains CHE-CNRCB 44, 431, and 485 significantly decreased larvae, as compared with the untreated control. After 12 h, up to 70% of conidia was removed by the effect of the artificial diet. In conclusion, B. bassiana has the potential to control X. affinis adult females and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E Castrejón-Antonio
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Autopista Colima-Manzanillo km 40, La Estación, Tecomán C.P. 28930, Colima, Mexico
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Nohemi García-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, km 1.5, Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán C.P. 28110, Colima, Mexico
| | - Facundo Muñiz-Paredes
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, km 1.5, Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán C.P. 28110, Colima, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Sánchez-Rangel
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Autopista Colima-Manzanillo km 40, La Estación, Tecomán C.P. 28930, Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, km 1.5, Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán C.P. 28110, Colima, Mexico
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Li J, He K, Zhang Q, Wu X, Li Z, Pan X, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang M. Draft Genome and Biological Characteristics of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum Causing Black Rot in Gastrodia elata. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054545. [PMID: 36901977 PMCID: PMC10003674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal plant. However, G. elata crops are affected by major diseases, such as brown rot. Previous studies have shown that brown rot is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. To further understand the disease, we studied the biological and genome characteristics of these pathogenic fungi. Here, we found that the optimum growth temperature and pH of F. oxysporum (strain QK8) and F. solani (strain SX13) were 28 °C and pH 7, and 30 °C and pH 9, respectively. An indoor virulence test showed that oxime tebuconazole, tebuconazole, and tetramycin had significant bacteriostatic effects on the two Fusarium species. The genomes of QK8 and SX13 were assembled, and it was found that there was a certain gap in the size of the two fungi. The size of strain QK8 was 51,204,719 bp and that of strain SX13 was 55,171,989 bp. Afterwards, through phylogenetic analysis, it was found that strain QK8 was closely related to F. oxysporum, while strain SX13 was closely related to F. solani. Compared with the published whole-genome data for these two Fusarium strains, the genome information obtained here is more complete; the assembly and splicing reach the chromosome level. The biological characteristics and genomic information we provide here lay the foundation for further research on G. elata brown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshao Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Manman Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.Z.)
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Kontogiannatos D, Koutrotsios G, Xekalaki S, Zervakis GI. Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris-A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110986. [PMID: 34829273 PMCID: PMC8621325 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration-usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation-results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.
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