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Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Savvidis M, Anastasilakis DA, Sarridimitriou A, Kumar A, Kalra B, Makras P, Mantzoros CS. Association of activins, follistatins and inhibins with incident hip fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a proof of concept, case-control study. Endocrine 2023; 81:573-578. [PMID: 37221430 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The activins-follistatins-inhibins (AFI) hormonal system is considered to regulate muscle and bone mass. We aimed to evaluate AFI in postmenopausal women with an incident hip fracture. METHODS In this post-hoc analysis of a hospital based case-control study, we evaluated circulating levels of the AFI system in postmenopausal women with a low-energy hip fracture admitted for fixation compared with postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis scheduled for arthroplasty. RESULTS Circulating levels of follistatin (p = 0.008), FSTL3 (p = 0.013), activin B and AB (both p < 0.001), as well as activin AB/follistatin and activin AB/FSTL3 ratios (p = 0.008 and p = 0.029, respectively) were higher in patients than controls in unadjusted models. Differences for activins B and AB remained after adjustment for age and BMI (p = 0.006 and p = 0.009, respectively) and for FRAX-based risk for hip fracture (p = 0.008 and p = 0.012, respectively) but were lost when 25OHD was added to the regression models. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate no major changes in the AFI system in postmenopausal women at the time of hip fracture compared to postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis except for higher activin B and AB levels, whose significance, however, was lost when 25OHD was added to the adjustment models. CLINICAL TRIALS Clinical Trials identifier: NCT04206618.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthaios Savvidis
- 2nd Orthopedic Department, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Anastasilakis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Medical Research, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston, VA, USA
- Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cui Y, Yi Q, Sun W, Huang D, Zhang H, Duan L, Shang H, Wang D, Xiong J. Molecular basis and therapeutic potential of myostatin on bone formation and metabolism in orthopedic disease. Biofactors 2023; 49:21-31. [PMID: 32997846 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, is a key autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth. Recently, researchers have postulated that myostatin is a negative regulator of bone formation and metabolism. Reportedly, myostatin is highly expressed in the fracture area, affecting the endochondral ossification process during the early stages of fracture healing. Furthermore, myostatin is highly expressed in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is an effective therapeutic target for interfering with osteoclast formation and joint destruction in RA. Thus, myostatin is a potent anti-osteogenic factor and a direct modulator of osteoclast differentiation. Evaluation of the molecular pathway revealed that myostatin can activate SMAD and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to synergistically regulate muscle and bone growth and metabolism. In summary, inhibition of myostatin or the myostatin signaling pathway has therapeutic potential in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. This review focused on the effects of myostatin on bone formation and metabolism and discussed the potential therapeutic effects of inhibiting myostatin and its pathways in related orthopedic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Cui
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weichao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dixi Huang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxi Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Pleiotropic actions of Vitamin D in composite musculoskeletal trauma. Injury 2020; 51:2099-2109. [PMID: 32624209 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Composite tissue injuries are the result of high energy impacts caused by motor vehicle accidents, gunshot wounds or blasts. These are highly traumatic injuries characterized by wide-spread, penetrating wounds affecting the entire musculoskeletal system, and are generally defined by frank volumetric muscle loss with concomitant segmental bone defects. At the tissue level, the breadth of damage to multiple tissue systems, and potential for infection from penetration, have been shown to lead to an exaggerated, often chronic inflammatory response with subsequent dysregulation of normal musculoskeletal healing mechanisms. Aside from the direct effects of inflammation on myogenesis and osteogenesis, frank muscle loss has been shown to directly impair fracture union and ultimately contribute to failed wound regeneration. Care for these injuries requires extensive surgical intervention and acute care strategies. However, often these interventions do not adequately mitigate inflammation or promote proper musculoskeletal injury repair and force amputation of the limb. Therefore, identification of factors that can promote tissue regeneration and mitigate inflammation could be key to restoring wound healing after composite tissue injury. One such factor that may directly affect both inflammation and tissue regeneration in response to these multi-tissue injuries may be Vitamin D. Beyond traditional roles, the pleiotropic and localized actions of Vitamin D are increasingly being recognized in most aspects of wound healing in complex tissue injuries - e.g., regulation of inflammation, myogenesis, fracture callus mineralization and remodeling. Conversely, pre-existing Vitamin D deficiency leads to musculoskeletal dysfunction, increased fracture risk or fracture non-unions, decreased strength/function and reduced capacity to heal wounds through increased inflammation. This Vitamin D deficient state requires acute supplementation in order to quickly restore circulating levels to an optimal level, thereby facilitating a robust wound healing response. Herein, the purpose of this review is to address the roles and critical functions of Vitamin D throughout the wound healing process. Findings from this review suggest that careful monitoring and/or supplementation of Vitamin D may be critical for wound regeneration in composite tissue injuries.
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Kerschan-Schindl K, Tiefenböck TM, Föger-Samwald U, Payr S, Frenzel S, Marculescu R, Gleiss A, Sarahrudi K, Pietschmann P. Circulating Myostatin Levels Decrease Transiently after Implantation of a Hip Hemi-Arthroplasty. Gerontology 2020; 66:393-400. [PMID: 32454508 DOI: 10.1159/000507731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle and bone metabolism are both important for the healing of fractures and the regeneration of injured muscle tissue. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate myostatin and other regulating factors in patients with hip fractures who underwent hemi-arthroplasty. METHODS Serum levels of myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FSTN), dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), and periostin (PSTN) as well as markers of bone turnover were evaluated in patients with hip fractures before surgery and twice in the 2 weeks after surgery. These parameters were also evaluated in age- and gender-matched subjects without major musculoskeletal injury. RESULTS MSTN was transiently reduced; its opponent FSTN was transiently increased. Dkk1, the negative regulator of bone mass, and PSTN, a marker of subperiosteal bone formation, increased after surgery. With regard to markers of bone turnover, resorption was elevated during the entire period of observation whereas the early bone formation marker N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen was elevated 12 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, MSTN, a negative regulator of muscle growth, was reduced after surgery compared with before surgery. As musculoskeletal markers are altered during bone healing, they do not reflect general bone metabolism after fracture or joint arthroplasty. This is important because many elderly patients receive treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kerschan-Schindl
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Tiefenböck
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Föger-Samwald
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Payr
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Frenzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kambiz Sarahrudi
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, .,Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria,
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fahmy-Garcia S, Farrell E, Witte-Bouma J, Robbesom-van den Berge I, Suarez M, Mumcuoglu D, Walles H, Kluijtmans SGJM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Osch GJVM, van Leeuwen JPTM, van Driel M. Follistatin Effects in Migration, Vascularization, and Osteogenesis in vitro and Bone Repair in vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:38. [PMID: 30881954 PMCID: PMC6405513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials and signaling molecules to induce bone formation is a promising approach in the field of bone tissue engineering. Follistatin (FST) is a glycoprotein able to bind irreversibly to activin A, a protein that has been reported to inhibit bone formation. We investigated the effect of FST in critical processes for bone repair, such as cell recruitment, osteogenesis and vascularization, and ultimately its use for bone tissue engineering. In vitro, FST promoted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and endothelial cell (EC) migration as well as essential steps in the formation and expansion of the vasculature such as EC tube-formation and sprouting. FST did not enhance osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but increased committed osteoblast mineralization. In vivo, FST was loaded in an in situ gelling formulation made by alginate and recombinant collagen-based peptide microspheres and implanted in a rat calvarial defect model. Two FST variants (FST288 and FST315) with major differences in their affinity to cell-surface proteoglycans, which may influence their effect upon in vivo bone repair, were tested. In vitro, most of the loaded FST315 was released over 4 weeks, contrary to FST288, which was mostly retained in the biomaterial. However, none of the FST variants improved in vivo bone healing compared to control. These results demonstrate that FST enhances crucial processes needed for bone repair. Further studies need to investigate the optimal FST carrier for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk Fahmy-Garcia
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janneke Witte-Bouma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Melva Suarez
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Julius-Maximillians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Didem Mumcuoglu
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V., Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Heike Walles
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Julius-Maximillians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Bloise E, Ciarmela P, Dela Cruz C, Luisi S, Petraglia F, Reis FM. Activin A in Mammalian Physiology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:739-780. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activins are dimeric glycoproteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and resulting from the assembly of two beta subunits, which may also be combined with alpha subunits to form inhibins. Activins were discovered in 1986 following the isolation of inhibins from porcine follicular fluid, and were characterized as ovarian hormones that stimulate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release by the pituitary gland. In particular, activin A was shown to be the isoform of greater physiological importance in humans. The current understanding of activin A surpasses the reproductive system and allows its classification as a hormone, a growth factor, and a cytokine. In more than 30 yr of intense research, activin A was localized in female and male reproductive organs but also in other organs and systems as diverse as the brain, liver, lung, bone, and gut. Moreover, its roles include embryonic differentiation, trophoblast invasion of the uterine wall in early pregnancy, and fetal/neonate brain protection in hypoxic conditions. It is now recognized that activin A overexpression may be either cytostatic or mitogenic, depending on the cell type, with important implications for tumor biology. Activin A also regulates bone formation and regeneration, enhances joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, and triggers pathogenic mechanisms in the respiratory system. In this 30-yr review, we analyze the evidence for physiological roles of activin A and the potential use of activin agonists and antagonists as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
| | - Pasquapina Ciarmela
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
| | - Stefano Luisi
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
| | - Fernando M. Reis
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and
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Activin-A causes Hepatic stellate cell activation via the induction of TNFα and TGFβ in Kupffer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:891-899. [PMID: 29287776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TGFβ superfamily member Activin-A is a multifunctional hormone/cytokine expressed in multiple tissues and cells, where it regulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, inflammation and tissue architecture. High activin-A levels have been reported in alcoholic cirrhosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our aim was to identify the cell types involved in the fibrotic processes induced by activin-A in liver and verify the liver diseases that this molecule can be found increased. METHODS We studied the effect of activin-A on mouse primary Kupffer cells (KCs) and Hepatic Stellate cells (HSCs) and the levels of activin-A and its inhibitor follistatin in the serum of patients from a large panel of liver diseases. RESULTS Activin-A is expressed by mouse hepatocytes, HSCs and Liver Sinusoid Endothelial cells but not KCs. Each cell type expresses different activin receptor combinations. HSCs are unresponsive to activin-A due to downregulation/desensitization of type-II activin receptors, while KCs respond by increasing the expression/production of TNFα και TGFβ1. In the presence of KCs or conditioned medium from activin-A treated KCs, HSCs switch to a profibrogenic phenotype, including increased collagen and αSMA expression and migratory capacity. Incubation of activin-A treated KC conditioned medium with antibodies against TNFα and TGFβ1 partially blocks its capacity to activate HSCs. Only patients with alcoholic liver diseases and NASH cirrhosis have significantly higher activin-A levels and activin-A/follistatin ratio. CONCLUSIONS Activin-A may induce fibrosis in NASH and alcoholic cirrhosis via activation of KCs to express pro-inflammatory molecules that promote HSC-dependent fibrogenesis and could be a target for future anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Puolakkainen T, Rummukainen P, Lehto J, Ritvos O, Hiltunen A, Säämänen AM, Kiviranta R. Soluble activin type IIB receptor improves fracture healing in a closed tibial fracture mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180593. [PMID: 28704409 PMCID: PMC5509431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractures still present a significant burden to patients due to pain and periods of unproductivity. Numerous growth factors have been identified to regulate bone remodeling. However, to date, only the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used to enhance fracture healing in clinical settings. Activins are pleiotropic growth factors belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. We and others have recently shown that treatment with recombinant fusion proteins of activin receptors greatly increases bone mass in different animal models by trapping activins and other ligands thus inhibiting their signaling pathways. However, their effects on fracture healing are less known. Twelve-week old male C57Bl mice were subjected to a standardized, closed tibial fracture model. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups and were administered either PBS control or a soluble activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB-Fc) intraperitoneally once a week for a duration of two or four weeks. There were no significant differences between the groups at two weeks but we observed a significant increase in callus mineralization in ActRIIB-Fc-treated animals by microcomputed tomography imaging at four weeks. Bone volume per tissue volume was 60%, trabecular number 55% and bone mineral density 60% higher in the 4-week calluses of the ActRIIB-Fc-treated mice (p<0.05 in all). Biomechanical strength of 4-week calluses was also significantly improved by ActRIIB-Fc treatment as stiffness increased by 64% and maximum force by 45% (p<0.05) compared to the PBS-injected controls. These results demonstrate that ActRIIB-Fc treatment significantly improves healing of closed long bone fractures. Our findings support the previous reports of activin receptors increasing bone mass but also demonstrate a novel approach for using ActRIIB-Fc to enhance fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jemina Lehto
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Division of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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9
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Tankó LB, Goldhahn J, Varela A, Lesage E, Smith SY, Pilling A, Chivers S. Does Activin Receptor Blockade by Bimagrumab (BYM338) Pose Detrimental Effects on Bone Healing in a Rat Fibula Osteotomy Model? Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:310-21. [PMID: 27167138 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bimagrumab (BYM338) is a novel fully human monoclonal antibody that exerts strong promyogenic effects on skeletal muscle by blocking activin type II receptors (ActRII). We investigated whether such blockade of ActRII by bimagrumab manifests any detrimental effect on outcomes of bone healing in a rat fibula osteotomy model. Animals (n = 150) were divided into 11 groups and received weekly treatment with either bimagrumab (10 or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle. Progression and outcomes of bone healing were assessed by lateral radiographs in vivo as well as by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), 4-point bending test, and microscopic examination of the excised fibula at Day 29 or later. The radiographic progression of bone healing showed no significant differences between treatment groups in any comparative setting. In 3-month-old animals, pQCT revealed slightly reduced immature callus size and bone mineral content in bimagrumab-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated animals at Day 29 (p < 0.05). There were, however, no differences in mature callus size, bone mineral density, or biomechanical competency. The aforementioned effects on immature callus size were not present when the treatment was initiated 4 weeks post osteotomy or when treating 6-month-old animals. In summary, these findings suggest that there is no major impact of ActRII blockade on overall fracture healing, and delayed treatment initiation can bypass the small and transient effect of the therapy on immature callus formation observed in younger animals. Verification of these findings in humans is the subject of an ongoing clinical trial on elderly hip fracture patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- László B Tankó
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 12-3.03.23, Postfach, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Goldhahn
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Varela
- Musculoskeletal Research, Charles River, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Susan Y Smith
- Musculoskeletal Research, Charles River, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew Pilling
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Chivers
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- ADC Therapeutics, London, UK
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10
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Morse A, Cheng TL, Peacock L, Mikulec K, Little DG, Schindeler A. RAP-011 augments callus formation in closed fractures in rats. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:320-30. [PMID: 26185108 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ACE-011 is a bone anabolic agent generated by fusing the extracellular domain of the Activin Type 2A receptor (ActRIIA) to an IgG-Fc. The orthopedic utility of ACE-011 was investigated using a murine analogue, RAP-011. Initially, a rat closed fracture model was tested using bi-weekly (biw) 10 mg/kg RAP-011. RAP-011 significantly increased callus length and callus bone volume (BV, +43% at 6w, p < 0.01). The polar moment of inertia was calculated to be substantively increased (+80%, p < 0.01), however mechanical bending tests showed a more modest increase in maximum load to failure (+24%, p < 0.05). Histology indicated enhanced appositional bone growth, but it was hypothesized that reduced remodeling, evidenced by decreased serum CTX (-16% at 6w, p < 0.01), could be compromising bone quality in the callus. A second closed fracture study was performed to examine lower "pulse" [RAP-011(p)] and "sustained" [RAP-011(s)] regimens of biw 0.6mg/kg × 2, 0.35mg/kg × 3 and 0.18mg/kg × 2, 0.1mg/kg × 7 respectively, compared with PTH(1-34) (25 μg/kg/d) and vehicle controls. RAP-011 treatments gave modest increases in callus length and callus BV at 6w (p < 0.01), but did not achieve an increase in maximum load over vehicle. In summary, RAP-011 is effective in promoting bone formation during repair, but optimizing callus bone quality will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Morse
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tegan L Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Peacock
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathy Mikulec
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Sugii H, Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Yamamoto N, Wada N, Koori K, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Yuda A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Effects of Activin A on the phenotypic properties of human periodontal ligament cells. Bone 2014; 66:62-71. [PMID: 24928494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue plays an important role in tooth preservation by structurally maintaining the connection between the tooth root and the bone. The mechanisms involved in the healing and regeneration of damaged PDL tissue, caused by bacterial infection, caries and trauma, have been explored. Accumulating evidence suggests that Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and a dimer of inhibinβa, contributes to tissue healing through cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation of various target cells. In bone, Activin A has been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on osteoblast maturation and mineralization. However, there have been no reports examining the expression and function of Activin A in human PDL cells (HPDLCs). Thus, we aimed to investigate the biological effects of Activin A on HPDLCs. Activin A was observed to be localized in HPDLCs and rat PDL tissue. When PDL tissue was surgically damaged, Activin A and IL-1β expression increased and the two proteins were shown to be co-localized around the lesion. HPDLCs treated with IL-1β or TNF-α also up-regulated the expression of the gene encoding inhibinβa. Activin A promoted chemotaxis, migration and proliferation of HPDLCs, and caused an increase in fibroblastic differentiation of these cells while down-regulating their osteoblastic differentiation. These osteoblastic inhibitory effects of Activin A, however, were only noted during the early phase of HPDLC osteoblastic differentiation, with later exposures having no effect on differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that Activin A could be used as a therapeutic agent for healing and regenerating PDL tissue in response to disease, trauma or surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Naohide Yamamoto
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Koori
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Asuka Yuda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Monnouchi
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akifumi Akamine
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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12
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Geurtzen K, Knopf F, Wehner D, Huitema LFA, Schulte-Merker S, Weidinger G. Mature osteoblasts dedifferentiate in response to traumatic bone injury in the zebrafish fin and skull. Development 2014; 141:2225-34. [PMID: 24821985 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish have an unlimited capacity to regenerate bone after fin amputation. In this process, mature osteoblasts dedifferentiate to osteogenic precursor cells and thus represent an important source of newly forming bone. By contrast, differentiated osteoblasts do not appear to contribute to repair of bone injuries in mammals; rather, osteoblasts form anew from mesenchymal stem cells. This raises the question whether osteoblast dedifferentiation is specific to appendage regeneration, a special feature of the lepidotrichia bone of the fish fin, or a process found more generally in fish bone. Here, we show that dedifferentiation of mature osteoblasts is not restricted to fin regeneration after amputation, but also occurs during repair of zebrafish fin fractures and skull injuries. In both models, mature osteoblasts surrounding the injury downregulate the expression of differentiation markers, upregulate markers of the pre-osteoblast state and become proliferative. Making use of photoconvertible Kaede protein as well as Cre-driven genetic fate mapping, we show that osteoblasts migrate to the site of injury to replace damaged tissue. Our findings suggest a fundamental role for osteoblast dedifferentiation in reparative bone formation in fish and indicate that adult fish osteoblasts display elevated cellular plasticity compared with mammalian bone-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Geurtzen
- Biotechnology Center and CRTD, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Biotechnology Center and CRTD, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institut-KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands EZO, WUR, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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13
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Elkasrawy M, Immel D, Wen X, Liu X, Liang LF, Hamrick MW. Immunolocalization of myostatin (GDF-8) following musculoskeletal injury and the effects of exogenous myostatin on muscle and bone healing. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:22-30. [PMID: 22205678 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411425389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course and cellular localization of myostatin expression following musculoskeletal injury are not well understood; therefore, the authors evaluated the temporal and spatial localization of myostatin during muscle and bone repair following deep penetrant injury in a mouse model. They then used hydrogel delivery of exogenous myostatin in the same injury model to determine the effects of myostatin exposure on muscle and bone healing. Results showed that a "pool" of intense myostatin staining was observed among injured skeletal muscle fibers 12-24 hr postsurgery and that myostatin was also expressed in the soft callus chondrocytes 4 days following osteotomy. Hydrogel delivery of 10 or 100 µg/ml recombinant myostatin decreased fracture callus cartilage area relative to total callus area in a dose-dependent manner by 41% and 80% (p<0.05), respectively, compared to vehicle treatment. Myostatin treatment also decreased fracture callus total bone volume by 30.6% and 38.8% (p<0.05), with the higher dose of recombinant myostatin yielding the greatest decrease in callus bone volume. Finally, exogenous myostatin treatment caused a significant dose-dependent increase in fibrous tissue formation in skeletal muscle. Together, these findings suggest that early pharmacological inhibition of myostatin is likely to improve the regenerative potential of both muscle and bone following deep penetrant musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Elkasrawy
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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14
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Elkasrawy M, Fulzele S, Bowser M, Wenger K, Hamrick M. Myostatin (GDF-8) inhibits chondrogenesis and chondrocyte proliferation in vitro by suppressing Sox-9 expression. Growth Factors 2011; 29:253-62. [PMID: 21756198 PMCID: PMC3738019 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.599324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate a possible direct role for myostatin in chondrogenesis. First, we examined the effects of myostatin on the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and epiphyseal growth plate (EGP) chondrocytes (EGPCs) isolated from myostatin-deficient mice. Results show that myostatin deficiency is associated with a significant (P < 0.001) increase in proliferation of both BMSCs (+25%) and EGPCs (+35%) compared with wild-type cells. Next, we examined the effects of myostatin treatment on chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. These experiments show that myostatin treatment starting at either 0 or 48 h induces a significant decrease in collagen type II protein synthesis by 31% (P < 0.001) and 25% (P < 0.05), respectively. Real-time PCR reveals significant (P < 0.01) down regulation of Sox9 mRNA expression with 10 and 100 ng/ml treatments. Together, these findings suggest that myostatin has direct effects on chondrogenesis, and may, therefore, represent a potential therapeutic target for improving bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Elkasrawy
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Matthew Bowser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Karl Wenger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Address all correspondence to: Mark W. Hamrick, Ph.D. Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy Georgia Health Sciences University Medical College of Georgia Cb1116 Laney Walker Blvd. Augusta, GA 30912 USA PH: 706-721-1958 FAX: 706-721-6120
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15
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Recombinant myostatin (GDF-8) propeptide enhances the repair and regeneration of both muscle and bone in a model of deep penetrant musculoskeletal injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 69:579-83. [PMID: 20173658 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181c451f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin (GDF-8) is known as a potent inhibitor of muscle growth and development, and myostatin is also expressed early in the fracture healing process. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a new myostatin inhibitor, a recombinant myostatin propeptide, can enhance the repair and regeneration of both muscle and bone in cases of deep penetrant injury. METHODS We used a fibula osteotomy model with associated damage to lateral compartment muscles (fibularis longus and brevis) in mice to test the hypothesis that blocking active myostatin with systemic injections of a recombinant myostatin propeptide would improve muscle and bone repair. Mice were assigned to two treatment groups after undergoing a fibula osteotomy: those receiving either vehicle (saline) or recombinant myostatin propeptide (20 mg/kg). Mice received one injection on the day of surgery, another injection 5 days after surgery, and a third injection 10 days after surgery. Mice were killed 15 days after the osteotomy procedure. Bone repair was assessed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histologic evaluation of the fracture callus. Muscle healing was assessed using Masson trichrome staining of the injury site, and image analysis was used to quantify the degree of fibrosis and muscle regeneration. RESULTS Three propeptide injections over a period of 15 days increased body mass by 7% and increased muscle mass by almost 20% (p < 0.001). Micro-CT analysis of the osteotomy site shows that by 15 days postosteotomy, bony callus tissue was observed bridging the osteotomy gap in 80% of the propeptide-treated mice but only 40% of the control (vehicle)-treated mice (p < 0.01). Micro-CT quantification shows that bone volume of the fracture callus was increased by ∼ 30% (p < 0.05) with propeptide treatment, and the increase in bone volume was accompanied by a significant increase in cartilage area (p = 0.01). Propeptide treatment significantly decreased the fraction of fibrous tissue in the wound site and increased the fraction of muscle relative to fibrous tissue by 20% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Blocking myostatin signaling in the injured limb improves fracture healing and enhances muscle regeneration. These data suggest that myostatin inhibitors may be effective for improving wound repair in cases of orthopaedic trauma and extremity injury.
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16
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Kellum E, Starr H, Arounleut P, Immel D, Fulzele S, Wenger K, Hamrick MW. Myostatin (GDF-8) deficiency increases fracture callus size, Sox-5 expression, and callus bone volume. Bone 2009; 44:17-23. [PMID: 18852073 PMCID: PMC2648293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (GDF-8) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and mice lacking myostatin show increased muscle mass. We have previously shown that myostatin deficiency increases bone strength and biomineralization throughout the skeleton, and others have demonstrated that myostatin is expressed during the earliest phase of fracture repair. In order to determine the role of myostatin in fracture callus morphogenesis, we studied fracture healing in mice lacking myostatin. Adult wild-type mice (+/+), mice heterozygous for the myostatin mutation (+/-), and mice homozygous for the disrupted myostatin sequence (-/-) were included for study at two and four weeks following osteotomy of the fibula. Expression of Sox-5 and BMP-2 were significantly upregulated in the fracture callus of myostatin-deficient (-/-) mice compared to wild-type (+/+) mice at two weeks following osteotomy. Fracture callus size was significantly increased in mice lacking myostatin at both two and four weeks following osteotomy, and total osseous tissue area and callus strength in three-point bending were significantly greater in myostatin -/- mice compared to myostatin +/+ mice at four weeks post-osteotomy. Our data suggest that myostatin functions to regulate fracture callus size by inhibiting the recruitment and proliferation of progenitor cells in the fracture blastema. Myostatin deficiency increases blastema size during the early inflammatory phase of fracture repair, ultimately producing an ossified callus having greater bone volume and greater callus strength. While myostatin is most well known for its effects on muscle development, it is also clear that myostatin plays a significant, direct role in bone formation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kellum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Harlan Starr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Phonepasong Arounleut
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - David Immel
- Savannah River National Laboratory Aiken, SC USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Karl Wenger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA
- Corresponding Author: Mark W. Hamrick, PhD, Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Laney Walker Blvd. Augusta, GA 30912 USA, , ph: 706-721-1958, fax: 706-721-6120
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17
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He W, Li AG, Wang D, Han S, Zheng B, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P, Wang XJ. Overexpression of Smad7 results in severe pathological alterations in multiple epithelial tissues. EMBO J 2002; 21:2580-90. [PMID: 12032071 PMCID: PMC126032 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical studies have shown that Smad7 blocks signal transduction of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta); however, its in vivo functions are largely unknown. To determine the functions of Smad7, we have expressed Smad7 in transgenic mice, utilizing a keratin K5 promoter (K5.Smad7). K5.Smad7 mice exhibited pathological changes in multiple tissues and died within 10 days after birth. These mice were born with open eyelids and corneal defects, significantly delayed and aberrant hair follicle morphogenesis, and hyperproliferation in the epidermis and other stratified epithelia. Furthermore, K5.Smad7 mice developed severe thymic atrophy and massive thymocyte death, suggesting that Smad signaling in thymic epithelia is essential for thymocyte survival. Interestingly, in addition to a reduction in Smad phosphorylation, the protein levels of the receptors for TGFbeta, activin and bone morphogenetic protein were significantly decreased in the affected tissues of K5.Smad7 mice. Our study provides evidence that Smad7 is a potent in vivo inhibitor for signal transduction of the TGFbeta superfamily during development and maintenance of homeostasis of multiple epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Allen G. Li
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Dongyan Wang
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Shuhua Han
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Biao Zheng
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Departments of
Dermatology, Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
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18
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Bouxsein ML, Turek TJ, Blake CA, D'Augusta D, Li X, Stevens M, Seeherman HJ, Wozney JM. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 accelerates healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83:1219-30. [PMID: 11507131 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200108000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5% to 20% of fractures have delayed or impaired healing. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new therapies to enhance fracture-healing that can be used in conjunction with traditional treatment methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a single application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to accelerate fracture-healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy that heals spontaneously. METHODS Bilateral mid-ulnar osteotomies (approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mm wide) were created in seventy-two skeletally mature male rabbits. The limbs were assigned to one of three groups: those treated with an absorbable collagen sponge containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, those treated with an absorbable collagen sponge containing buffer, and those left untreated. In the first two groups, an 8 20-mm strip of absorbable collagen sponge containing either 40 g of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 or buffer only was wrapped around the osteotomy site. The rabbits were killed at two, three, four, or six weeks after surgery. In addition, twenty-four age-matched rabbits were used to provide data on the properties of intact limbs. The retention of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at the osteotomy site was determined with scintigraphic imaging of (125)I-labeled recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. After the rabbits were killed, the limbs were scanned with peripheral quantitative computed tomography to assess the area and mineral content of the mineralized callus. The limbs were then tested to failure in torsion, and undecalcified specimens were evaluated histologically. RESULTS Gamma scintigraphy of (125)I-recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 showed that 73% +/- 6% (mean and standard deviation) of the administered dose was initially retained at the fracture site. Approximately 37% +/- 10% of the initial dose remained at the site one week after surgery, and 8% +/- 7% remained after two weeks. The mineralized callus area was similar in all groups at two weeks, but it was 20% to 60% greater in the ulnae treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 than in either the ulnae treated with buffer or the untreated ulnae at three, four, and six weeks (p < 0.05). Biomechanical properties were similar in all groups at two weeks, but they were at least 80% greater in the ulnae treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at three and four weeks than in either the ulnae treated with buffer (p < 0.005) or the untreated ulnae (p < 0.01). By four weeks, the biomechanical properties of the ulnae treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 were equivalent to those of the intact ulnae, whereas the biomechanical properties of both the ulnae treated with buffer and the untreated ulnae had reached only approximately 45% of those of the intact ulnae. At six weeks, the biomechanical properties were similar in all groups and were equivalent to those of the intact ulnae. The callus geometry and biomechanical properties of the ulnae treated with buffer were equivalent to those of the untreated ulnae at all time-points. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings indicate that treatment with an absorbable collagen sponge containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances healing of a long-bone osteotomy that heals spontaneously. Specifically, osteotomies treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 healed 33% faster than osteotomies left untreated. The results of this study provide a rationale for testing the ability of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to accelerate healing in patients with fractures requiring open surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bouxsein
- Musculoskeletal Sciences, Genetics Institute/Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Osteogenic activities of activin, a member of TGF-beta superfamily, have been shown in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Local injection of activin promoted fracture healing in rat fibula fracture models. Since both activin and its receptor are expressed during fracture healing, activin would be involved in the healing process via autocrine and/or paracrine mode of action. Activin was abundantly stored also in normal bone matrix, presumably produced by osteoblasts in the process of normal bone formation. It was observed that activin was released in the culture of neonatal mouse calvaria, and the release was strongly coupled with bone resorption. Thus, activin could be involved in the regulation of bone remodeling as one of coupling factors, as was suggested for TGF-ss. Systemic administration of activin in aged ovariectomized rats, in which bone mass decreases due to uncoupling between bone resorption and formation, increased both bone mass and mechanical strength of vertebral bodies. These findings suggest physiological roles of activin in the regulation of bone formation, and further, its possible usefulness for the therapy of fracture and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, 210-8681, Kawasaki, Japan
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20
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Sakai R, Fujita S, Horie T, Ohyama T, Miwa K, Maki T, Okimoto N, Nakamura T, Eto Y. Activin increases bone mass and mechanical strength of lumbar vertebrae in aged ovariectomized rats. Bone 2000; 27:91-6. [PMID: 10865214 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activin is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and is thought to be involved in the regulation of bone formation due to its presence in bone tissue and its osteogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. We recently found that systemic administration of activin increased both tibial bone mass and mechanical strength in young growing rats. The present study investigated the effects of activin in aged ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Twelve-month-old Fischer rats were ovariectomized and maintained for 10 months. Recombinant human activin A (activin) or human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) was administered intramuscularly three times a week for 12 weeks. Activin (1 and 5 microg/kg) markedly increased lumbar vertebral bone mineral content and bone mineral density. Activin also increased the mechanical strength of the vertebral body, which was highly correlated to the bone mineral density of the vertebral body. The maximal response in bone mass and strength was observed at 1 microg/kg of activin, which was approximately equal to that induced by PTH at 40 microg/kg. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography revealed that activin enlarged the cross-sectional size of the vertebrae without changing the foramen area, indicating its effects on cortical shells. Histomorphometric analysis of cancellous bone of vertebral body in similar experiment showed that activin (3 microg/kg) increased bone volume and the mineralizing surface, although its effects were less than PTH. The present results indicate that low doses of activin are effective against vertebral bone loss in aged ovx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.
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21
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Uchida S, Doi Y, Kudo H, Furukawa H, Nakamura T, Fujimoto S. Transient expression of activin betaA mRNA on osteoprogenitor cells in rat bone regeneration after drill-hole injury. Bone 2000; 27:81-90. [PMID: 10865213 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of activin betaA on osteoprogenitor cells in the regenerating bone and bone marrow of the rat femur after drill-hole injury, by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. The periosteum and endosteum adjacent to the wound region showed marked thickening at day 3 and abundant osteoprogenitor cells, which were immunoreactive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and showed positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase activity, and existed in the inner layer of the periosteum as well as in the endosteum. During the same period, these osteoprogenitor cells began to exhibit activin betaA immunoreactivity and mRNA expression. However, the latter expression gradually reduced the intensity as the cells started to express osteocalcin mRNA during their differentiation to osteoblasts participating in the periosteal and medullary bone formation from day 5. Immunoreactivity for activin type IB and II receptors was also found on activin betaA-immunoreactive cells between days 3 and 7. The above findings suggest that proliferating osteoprogenitor cells, before their transformation to osteoblasts, transiently produce and release activin A, which may play crucial roles in bone and bone marrow regeneration in a receptor-mediated, autocrine and paracrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchida
- Department of 1Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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22
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Sakai R, Eto Y, Hirafuji M, Shinoda H. Activin release from bone coupled to bone resorption in organ culture of neonatal mouse calvaria. Bone 2000; 26:235-40. [PMID: 10709995 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, is present in the bone matrix and assumed to be involved in the regulation of bone formation. In the present study, we investigated whether the release of activin from bone is coupled with bone resorption. Neonatal mouse calvaria were cultured in the presence of various stimulators of bone resorption (parathyroid hormone [PTH], interleukin-1beta, prostaglandin E2) for up to 72 h, and the activin activity in the medium was measured using a specific bioassay for activin. Activin activity was accumulated in proportion to the time- and dose-dependent increase in calcium release from bone into the medium (bone resorption). An inhibition of PTH-dependent bone resorption by a bisphosphonate, disodium dichlormethane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (Cl2MBP), completely blocked release of activin activity from bone into the medium. In primary culture of calvarial cells, however, neither PTH nor Cl2MBP affected activin production. These findings indicate that release of activin activity from bone tissue is strongly coupled to bone resorption. Because activin possesses osteogenic activities, activin released locally from bone might be involved in the regulation of bone formation in the physiological process of bone remodeling, as has been suggested for TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.
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23
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Fuller K, Bayley KE, Chambers TJ. Activin A is an essential cofactor for osteoclast induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:2-7. [PMID: 10652202 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) was shown to be necessary for osteoclast formation. We now report that activin A, a cytokine enriched in bone matrix and secreted by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, powerfully synergized with RANKL for induction of osteoclast-like cells (OCL) from bone marrow precursors depleted of stromal cells. Moreover, OCL formation in RANKL was virtually abolished by soluble type II A activin receptors (ActR-II(A)), suggesting that activin A is essential for OCL formation. Activin A was most effective when precursors were exposed to RANKL and activin A simultaneously: resistance to OCL-induction that occurs when precursors are pre-incubated in M-CSF was reduced. Incubation on bone matrix also enhanced the sensitivity of precursors to OCL-induction by RANKL; and this was prevented by soluble ActR-II(A). Thus, activin A in bone matrix, or released from osteoblastic or other cells, enhances the osteoclast-forming potential of precursors and synergizes with RANKL in inducing osteoclastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fuller
- Department of Histopathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, SW17 ORE, United Kingdom.
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25
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Blokhuis TJ, Termaat MF, den Boer FC, Patka P, Bakker FC, Haarman HJ. Properties of calcium phosphate ceramics in relation to their in vivo behavior. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 48:179-86. [PMID: 10647592 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200001000-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Blokhuis
- Department of Surgery/Traumatology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Franzén A, Piek E, Westermark B, ten Dijke P, Heldin NE. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, activin A, and their receptors in thyroid follicle cells: negative regulation of thyrocyte growth and function. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4300-10. [PMID: 10465304 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.9.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid growth and function are intricately regulated by both positive and negative factors. In the present study, we have investigated the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) super-family members and their receptors in normal porcine thyroid follicle cells. In tissue sections of porcine thyroids, we observed an expression of TGF-beta1, activin A, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 proteins. The staining was localized to the follicular epithelium. In affinity cross-linking experiments, TGF-beta1 was found to bind to heteromeric complexes of TGF-beta type I and type II receptors, and activin A bound most efficiently to heteromeric complexes of activin type IB and type II receptors. We were unable to detect any BMP receptors (BMPRs) in attempts to perform affinity cross-linking with BMP-7. However, expression of BMPR-IA and BMPR-II messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected by Northern blot analysis. Both TGF-beta1 and activin A, but not BMP-7, increased the phosphorylation of Smad2, induced nuclear translocation of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4, and inhibited thyrocyte cell growth as well as TSH-stimulated cAMP response. TGF-beta1 was more potent, compared with activin A, to induce these cellular responses. Taken together, our findings indicate a role for several members of the TGF-beta family in regulation of thyroid growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franzén
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Abstract
Osteogenic activities of activin, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The present study investigates the effects of topical application of activin on fracture healing using rat fibula fracture models. Activin (0.4-10 microg/day) was injected locally to the fracture once a day for 2 weeks. Activin promoted callus formation in a dose-dependent manner and both callus volume and callus weight were significantly increased with doses of 2-10 microg/day activin. Also, 3 weeks of activin treatment increased the mechanical strength of the healing bone in addition to the callus mass. Histological study 2 weeks after the fracture revealed that activin promoted endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemical examination of the fractured tibia revealed that activin was localized to osteoblasts and chondrocytes in the region ossified both endochondrally and intramembranously. These findings suggest that activin expressed during fracture healing promotes the healing process through an autocrine/paracrine mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.
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