1
|
Mlawer SJ, Frank EH, Connizzo BK. Aged tendons lack adaptive response to acute compressive injury. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:973-984. [PMID: 38041209 PMCID: PMC11009076 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tendinopathy has a multifactorial etiology, with both aging and external compression found to influence disease progression. However, tendon's response to these factors is still poorly understood and in vivo animal models make it difficult to decouple these effects. Therefore, we developed an explant culture model that allows us to directly apply compression to tendons and then observe their biological responses. Using this model, we applied a single acute compressive injury to C57BL/6J flexor digitorum longus tendon explants and observed changes in viability, metabolic activity, matrix composition, matrix biosynthesis, matrix structure, gene expression, and mechanical properties. We hypothesized that a single acute compressive load would result in an injury response in tendon and that this effect would be amplified in aged tendons. We found that young tendons had increased matrix turnover with a decrease in small leucine-rich proteoglycans, increase in compression-resistant proteoglycan aggrecan, increase in collagen synthesis, and an upregulation of collagen-degrading MMP-9. Aged tendons lacked any of these adaptive responses and instead had decreased metabolic activity and collagen synthesis. This implies that aged tendons lack the adaptation mechanisms required to return to homeostasis, and therefore are at greater risk for compression-induced injury. Overall, we present a novel compressive injury model that demonstrates lasting age-dependent changes and has the potential to examine the long-term response of tendon to a variety of compressive loading conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Mlawer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Eliot H. Frank
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Brianne K. Connizzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bleakley C, Netterström-Wedin F. Does mechanical loading restore ligament biomechanics after injury? A systematic review of studies using animal models. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:511. [PMID: 37349749 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical loading is purported to restore ligament biomechanics post-injury. But this is difficult to corroborate in clinical research when key ligament tissue properties (e.g. strength, stiffness), cannot be accurately measured. We reviewed experimental animal models, to evaluate if post-injury loading restores tissue biomechanics more favourably than immobilisation or unloading. Our second objective was to explore if outcomes are moderated by loading parameters (e.g. nature, magnitude, duration, frequency of loading). METHODS Electronic and supplemental searches were performed in April 2021 and updated in May 2023. We included controlled trials using injured animal ligament models, where at least one group was subjected to a mechanical loading intervention postinjury. There were no restrictions on the dose, time of initiation, intensity, or nature of the load. Animals with concomitant fractures or tendon injuries were excluded. Prespecified primary and secondary outcomes were force/stress at ligament failure, stiffness, laxity/deformation. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation tool was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS There were seven eligible studies; all had a high risk of bias. All studies used surgically induced injury to the medial collateral ligament of the rat or rabbit knee. Three studies recorded large effects in favour of ad libitum loading postinjury (vs. unloading), for force at failure and stiffness at 12-week follow up. However, loaded ligaments had greater laxity at initial recruitment (vs. unloaded) at 6 and 12 weeks postinjury. There were trends from two studies that adding structured exercise intervention (short bouts of daily swimming) to ad libitum activity further enhances ligament behaviour under high loads (force at failure, stiffness). Only one study compared different loading parameters (e.g. type, frequency); reporting that an increase in loading duration (from 5 to 15 min/day) had minimal effect on biomechanical outcomes. CONCLUSION There is preliminary evidence that post-injury loading results in stronger, stiffer ligament tissue, but has a negative effect on low load extensibility. Findings are preliminary due to high risk of bias in animal models, and the optimal loading dose for healing ligaments remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bleakley
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown campus, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Fredh Netterström-Wedin
- Division of Public Health Science, School of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maffulli N, Cuozzo F, Migliorini F, Oliva F. The tendon unit: biochemical, biomechanical, hormonal influences. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:311. [PMID: 37085854 PMCID: PMC10120196 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature has mainly focused on the biology of tendons and on the characterization of the biological properties of tenocytes and tenoblasts. It is still not understood how these cells can work together in homeostatic equilibrium. We put forward the concept of the "tendon unit" as a morpho-functional unit that can be influenced by a variety of external stimuli such as mechanical stimuli, hormonal influence, or pathological states. We describe how this unit can modify itself to respond to such stimuli. We evidence the capability of the tendon unit of healing itself through the production of collagen following different mechanical stimuli and hypothesize that restoration of the homeostatic balance of the tendon unit should be a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, England
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke On Trent, England
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Cuozzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Eifelklinik St. Brigida, 52152, Simmerath, Germany.
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Siadat SM, Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ruberti JW, Connizzo BK. Tendon Extracellular Matrix Assembly, Maintenance and Dysregulation Throughout Life. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:45-103. [PMID: 34807415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In his Lissner Award medal lecture in 2000, Stephen Cowin asked the question: "How is a tissue built?" It is not a new question, but it remains as relevant today as it did when it was asked 20 years ago. In fact, research on the organization and development of tissue structure has been a primary focus of tendon and ligament research for over two centuries. The tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to overall tissue function; it gives the tissue its unique mechanical properties, exhibiting complex non-linear responses, viscoelasticity and flow mechanisms, excellent energy storage and fatigue resistance. This matrix also creates a unique microenvironment for resident cells, allowing cells to maintain their phenotype and translate mechanical and chemical signals into biological responses. Importantly, this architecture is constantly remodeled by local cell populations in response to changing biochemical (systemic and local disease or injury) and mechanical (exercise, disuse, and overuse) stimuli. Here, we review the current understanding of matrix remodeling throughout life, focusing on formation and assembly during the postnatal period, maintenance and homeostasis during adulthood, and changes to homeostasis in natural aging. We also discuss advances in model systems and novel tools for studying collagen and non-collagenous matrix remodeling throughout life, and finally conclude by identifying key questions that have yet to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danae E Zamboulis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Ruberti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brianne K Connizzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hart DA, Zernicke RF. Optimal Human Functioning Requires Exercise Across the Lifespan: Mobility in a 1g Environment Is Intrinsic to the Integrity of Multiple Biological Systems. Front Physiol 2020; 11:156. [PMID: 32174843 PMCID: PMC7056746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that achieving and maintaining a healthier lifestyle can be enhanced through regular participation in sport and physical activity. Coevally, a growing number of health professionals regard exercise as a legitimate intervention strategy for those who have lost their health. Exercise has been shown to be effective for overweight or obese individuals, who are at risk to lose their health due to development of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, as well as, infiltration of muscles, bone and other organs with fat, so it can be considered medicine. However, exercise and associated mobility likely also have a strong prevention component that can effectively contribute to the maintenance of the integrity of multiple biological systems for those who do not have overt risk factors or ongoing disease. While prevention is preferred over intervention in the context of disease, it is clear that exercise and associated mobility, generally, can be an effective influence, although overtraining and excessive loading can be deleterious to health. The basis for the generally positive influence of exercise likely lies in the fact that many of our physiological systems are designed to function in the mechanically dynamic and active 1g environment of Earth (e.g., muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones, and cardiovascular system, and neuro-cognitive function), and nearly all these systems subscribe to the "use it or lose it" paradigm. This conclusion is supported by the changes observed over the more than 50 years of space flight and exposure to microgravity conditions. Therefore, the premise advanced is: "exercise is preventative for loss of health due to age-related decline in the integrity of several physiological systems via constant reinforcement of those systems, and thus, optimal levels of exercise and physical activity are endemic to, essential for, and intrinsic to optimal health and wellbeing."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hart
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is one of the most common afflictions in jumping sports. This case study outlines the rehabilitation of a professional basketball player diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a central core patellar tendinopathy within the proximal enthesis. The player undertook a nutrition and strength-based rehabilitation program combining gelatin ingestion and heavy isometric loading of the patellar tendon designed to produce significant stress relaxation as part of their competition schedule and a whole-body training plan. On follow-up one and a half years into the program an independent orthopedic surgeon declared the tendon normal on MRI. Importantly, the improved MRI results were associated with a decrease in pain and improved performance. This case study provides evidence that a nutritional intervention combined with a rehabilitation program that uses stress relaxation can improve clinical outcomes in elite athletes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kadhum M, Lee MH, Czernuszka J, Lavy C. An Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of the Ponseti Method in Clubfoot Treatment. Appl Bionics Biomech 2019; 2019:4308462. [PMID: 31019550 PMCID: PMC6452541 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4308462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital clubfoot is a complex pediatric foot deformity, occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and resulting in significant disability, deformity, and pain if left untreated. The Ponseti method of manipulation is widely recognized as the gold standard treatment for congenital clubfoot; however, its mechanical aspects have not yet been fully explored. During the multiple manipulation-casting cycles, the tendons and ligaments on the medial and posterior aspect of the foot and ankle, which are identified as the rate-limiting tissues, usually undergo weekly sequential stretches, with a plaster of Paris cast applied after the stretch to maintain the length gained. This triggers extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue growth, but due to the viscoelastic properties of tendons and ligaments, the initial strain size, rate, and loading history will affect the relaxation behavior and mechanical strength of the tissue. To increase the efficiency of the Ponseti treatment, we discuss the theoretical possibilities of decreasing the size of the strain step and interval of casting and/or increasing the overall number of casts. This modification may provide more tensile stimuli, allow more time for remodeling, and preserve the mechanical integrity of the soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Kadhum
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford University, UK
| | - Mu-Huan Lee
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, UK
| | | | - Chris Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsui S, Majima T, Mominoki K, Hirayama H, Oshima Y, Takahashi K, Takai S. Effects of Endoprosthesis Head Material on Acetabular Cartilage Metabolism: An Animal Study Using Crossbred Pigs. J NIPPON MED SCH 2018; 85:309-314. [PMID: 30568056 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2018_85-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip endoprosthesis is one option for the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures and avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Few reports are available describing acetabular cartilage metabolism after endoprosthesis surgery of the hip. The purpose of this study was to compare the biological effects on cartilage between cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) and alumina ceramic heads wherein the cartilage articulates directly. METHODS We used the acetabular cartilage from six hips of three immature crossbred pigs to examine the effects on cytokines, the amount of hyaluronic acid (HA), and cartilage mRNA expression of ceramic head and Co-Cr head endoprosthesis. Mechanical loading of materials of Co-Cr and ceramic heads was performed on the acetabular cartilage in culture media as an organ culture model. Thereafter, protein levels of cytokines (MMP-1, 3, TNF-alpha (α), Interleukin (IL)-1 alpha (α), and IL-1 beta (β)) and the amount of HA were measured from the culture media. Cartilage RNA extraction was performed, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed with primer sets for type I, II, and III collagens; aggrecan; MMP-1, 3, 13; TNF-α; and IL-1 α, IL-1 β. RESULTS Protein level of IL-1 β and amount of HA in the Co-Cr group were significantly higher than those of the Ceramic group. Type II collagen mRNA expression in the Ceramic group was significantly higher than in the Co-Cr group. IL-1 β mRNA expression was significantly higher in the Co-Cr group than in the Ceramic group. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that ceramic bipolar produces smaller adverse effects on cartilage cells compared to Co-Cr bipolar. These results could have significant implications for implant usage not only in hip joints, but also in other joints, including the shoulder, talus and radial head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Matsui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shinro Takai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Study of differential properties of fibrochondrocytes and hyaline chondrocytes in growing rabbits. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
10
|
Abstract
Tendon–bone junctions (TBJs) are frequently injured, especially in athletic settings. Healing of TBJ injuries is slow and is often repaired with scar tissue formation that compromises normal function. This study explored the feasibility of using kartogenin (KGN), a biocompound, to enhance the healing of injured TBJs. We first determined the effects of KGN on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and patellar tendon stem/progenitor cells (PTSCs) in vitro. KGN enhanced cell proliferation in both cell types in a concentration-dependent manner and induced chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, as demonstrated by high expression levels of chondrogenic markers aggrecan, collagen II and Sox-9. Besides, KGN induced the formation of cartilage-like tissues in cell cultures, as observed through the staining of abundant proteoglycans, collagen II and osteocalcin. When injected into intact rat patellar tendons in vivo, KGN induced cartilage-like tissue formation in the injected area. Similarly, when KGN was injected into experimentally injured rat Achilles TBJs, wound healing in the TBJs was enhanced, as evidenced by the formation of extensive cartilage-like tissues. These results suggest that KGN may be used as an effective cell-free clinical therapy to enhance the healing of injured TBJs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Docking S, Samiric T, Scase E, Purdam C, Cook J. Relationship between compressive loading and ECM changes in tendons. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013; 3:7-11. [PMID: 23885340 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2013.3.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are designed to absorb and transfer large amounts of tensile load. The well organised, strong yet flexible, extracellular matrix allows for this function. Many tendons are also subject to compressive loads, such as at the entheses, as the tendon wraps around bony protuberances or from internal compression during tensile loading or twisting. Tendinopathy, the clinical syndrome of pain and dysfunction in a tendon is usually the result of overload. However, it is not only the tensile overload that should be considered, as it has been shown that compressive loads change tendon structure and that combination loads can induce tendon pathology. This review summarises how load is detected by the tenocytes, how they respond to compressive load and the resulting extracellular matrix changes that occur. Understanding the effect of compression on tendon structure and function may provide directions for future matrix based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Docking
- School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li P, Ma YC, Sheng XY, Dong HT, Han H, Wang J, Xia YY. Cyclic fluid shear stress promotes osteoblastic cells proliferation through ERK5 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:321-7. [PMID: 22286747 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress plays an important role in bone remodeling, however, the mechanism of mechanotransduction in bone tissue remains unclear. Recently, ERK5 has been found to be involved in multiple cellular processes. This study was designed to investigate the potential involvement of ERK5 in the proliferative response of osteoblastic cells to cyclic fluid shear stress. We reported here that cyclic fluid shear stress promoted ERK5 phosphorylation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Inhibition of ERK5 phosphorylation attenuated the increased expression of AP-1 and cyclin D1 and cell proliferation induced by cyclic fluid flow, but promoted p-16 expression. Further more, we found that cyclic fluid shear stress was a better stimuli for ERK5 activation and cyclin D1 expression compared with continuous fluid shear stress. Moreover, the pharmacological ERK5 inhibitor, BIX02189, which inhibited ERK5 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner and the suppression lasted for at least 4 h. Taken together, we demonstrate that ERK5/AP-1/cyclin D1 pathway is involved in the mechanism of osteoblasts proliferation induced by cyclic fluid shear stress, which is superior in promoting cellular proliferation compared with continuous fluid shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Orthopaedics, The Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030 Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sato K, Moy OJ, Peimer CA, Nakamura T, Howard C, Ko SH, Lee TC, Nishiwaki Y. An experimental study on costal osteochondral graft. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:172-83. [PMID: 22179032 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate usefulness of osteochondral grafting from the costo-osteochondral junction as a repair technique for articular cartilage defects histologic and biochemical analysis of grafted cartilage in rabbit knees was evaluated up to 48 weeks after transplantation. METHODS Twenty New Zealand White rabbits were used. A costal osteochondral plug was harvested from a middle rib. After trimming, it was transplanted into a cylindrical osteochondral 2.5 mm diameter and 5 mm deep defect created in the knee. The animals were sacrificed at 6, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after transplantation. Defect sites were inspected macroscopically, and then by light microscopy. Samples were evaluated for cell viability using a fluorescent in situ double-staining protocol with confocal laser microscopic analysis. Samples were also processed to assess type I & II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Histologically, bone union was achieved in all plugs. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed chondrocyte viability in the 48-week grafts; the distribution of chondrocytes was similar to surrounding articular cartilage. The expression of type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA in the grafted cartilage was consistent with normal articular cartilage and normal costal cartilage. These results were observed over 6-48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that chondrocytes in the grafted cartilage were viable at least up to 48 weeks and that mRNA expression of type II collagen and aggrecan was also similar to that of normal articular cartilage. These results suggest that costal osteochondral grafting can be a useful alternative in the treatment of osteochondral defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Hand and Shoulder Center of Western New York, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Irie T, Majima T, Sawaguchi N, Funakoshi T, Nishimura SI, Minami A. Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of tissue engineered ligaments using chitosan and hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers: A rabbit medial collateral ligament reconstruction model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:111-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
15
|
Wright V, Attia E, Bohnert K, Brown H, Bhargava M, Hannafin JA. Activation of MKK3/6, SAPK, and ATF-2/c-jun in ACL fibroblasts grown in 3 dimension collagen gels in response to application of cyclic strain. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:397-402. [PMID: 20886655 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways involved in response to cyclic tensile strain and strain deprivation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts grown in 3D collagen gels were investigated. Application of cyclic tensile strain resulted in significant activation (phosphorylation) of MKK3/6, SAPK and their downstream target transcription factors, ATF-2 and c-jun, while strain deprivation resulted in a decrease in these kinases and transcription factors. These data suggest that ACL fibroblasts cultured in 3D collagen gels respond to the mechanical environment and provide a useful system for determination of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of proliferation and matrix turnover by mechanical load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vonda Wright
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535, E 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hess R, Douglas T, Myers KA, Rentsch B, Rentsch C, Worch H, Shrive NG, Hart DA, Scharnweber D. Hydrostatic pressure stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on collagen-based artificial extracellular matrices. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:021001. [PMID: 20370238 DOI: 10.1115/1.4000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from bone marrow are considered a promising cell source for bone tissue engineering applications because of their ability to differentiate into cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Mechanical stimulation is able to promote osteogenic differentiation of hMSC; however, the use of hydrostatic pressure (HP) has not been well studied. Artificial extracellular matrices containing collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS) have promoted the expression of an osteoblastic phenotype by hMSCs. However, there has been little research into the combined effects of biochemical stimulation by matrices and simultaneous mechanical stimulation. In this study, artificial extracellular matrices generated from collagen and/or CS were coated onto polycaprolactone-co-lactide substrates, seeded with hMSCs and subjected to cyclic HP at various time points during 21 days after cell seeding to investigate the effects of biochemical, mechanical, and combined biochemical and mechanical stimulations. Cell differentiation was assessed by analyzing the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at the protein- and mRNA levels, as well as for calcium accumulation. The timing of HP stimulation affected hMSC proliferation and expression of ALP activity. HP stimulation after 6 days was most effective at promoting ALP activity. CS-containing matrices promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. A combination of both CS-containing matrices and cyclic HP yields optimal effects on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs on scaffolds compared with individual responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Hess
- Institute of Material Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Irie T, Takahata M, Majima T, Abe Y, Komatsu M, Iwasaki N, Minami A. Effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator/raloxifene analogue on proliferation and collagen metabolism of tendon fibroblast. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 51:179-87. [PMID: 20073985 DOI: 10.3109/03008200903204669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene is therapeutically beneficial for postmenopausal connective tissue degradation, such as osteoporosis, vascular sclerosis, and dermal degradation; however, the effects of raloxifene on postmenopausal tendon metabolism have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of raloxifene analogue (LY117018) on cell proliferation and collagen metabolism using cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts. 17beta-Estradiol (E(2); 10(-11)-10(-9) M) and LY117018 (10(-9)-10(-7) M) had no significant effects on tendon fibroblast proliferation, based on a BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation assay (24 hr) and a WST-8 colorimetric assay (2 or 6 days). Neither E(2) nor LY117018 significantly altered the expression of type I collagen, which is a main component of the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), whereas both E(2) and LY117018 significantly increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, which is responsible for tendon collagen degradation in rat. Also, both E(2) and LY117018 increased the expression of type III collagen and elastin, which are minor components of tendon ECM, but are considered to govern the elastic properties of tendons. These changes in collagen and MMP induced by either E(2) or LY117018 were attenuated by the estrogen receptor alpha blocker ICI 182,780. The results of this study suggest that postmenopausal estrogen deficiency might downregulate tendon collagen turnover and decrease tendon elasticity. Further, raloxifene treatment might restore these changes to premenopausal levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Irie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bhole AP, Flynn BP, Liles M, Saeidi N, Dimarzio CA, Ruberti JW. Mechanical strain enhances survivability of collagen micronetworks in the presence of collagenase: implications for load-bearing matrix growth and stability. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:3339-62. [PMID: 19657003 PMCID: PMC2865878 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been great interest in understanding the methods by which collagen-based load-bearing tissue is constructed, grown and maintained in vertebrate animals. To date, the responsibility for this process has largely been placed with mesenchymal fibroblastic cells that are thought to fully control the morphology of load-bearing extracellular matrix (ECM). However, given clear limitations in the ability of fibroblastic cells to precisely place or remove single collagen molecules to sculpt tissue, we have hypothesized that the material itself must play a critical role in the determination of the form of structural ECM. We here demonstrate directly, using live, dynamic, differential interference contrast imaging, that mechanically strained networks of collagen fibrils, exposed to collagenase (Clostridium histolyticum), degrade preferentially. Specifically, unstrained fibrils are removed 'quickly', while strained fibrils persist significantly longer. The demonstration supports the idea that collagen networks are mechanosensitive in that they are stabilized by mechanical strain. Thus, collagen molecules (together with their complement enzymes) may comprise the basis of a smart, load-adaptive, structural material system. This concept has the potential to drastically simplify the assumed role of the fibroblast, which would need only to provide ECM molecules and mechanical force to sculpt collagenous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit P. Bhole
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brendan P. Flynn
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melody Liles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charles A. Dimarzio
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Ruberti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern, University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Myers KA, Rattner JB, Shrive NG, Hart DA. Osteoblast-like cells and fluid flow: Cytoskeleton-dependent shear sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Majima T, Irie T, Sawaguchi N, Funakoshi T, Iwasaki N, Harada K, Minami A, Nishimura SI. Chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibre scaffold for ligament and tendon tissue engineering. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2007; 221:537-46. [PMID: 17822155 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To establish medical use of tissue engineering technology for ligament and tendon injuries, a scaffold was developed which has sufficient ability for cell growth, cell differentiation, and mechanical properties. The scaffold made from chitosan and 0.1 per cent hyaluronic acid has adequate biodegradability and biocompatibility. An animal experiment showed that the scaffold has less toxicity and less inflammation induction. Furthermore, in-vivo animal experiments showed that the mechanical properties of the engineered ligament or tendon had the possibility to stabilize the joint. It was shown that newly developed hybrid-polymer fibre scaffold has feasibility for joint tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Majima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Myers KA, Shrive NG, Hart DA. A novel apparatus applying long term intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure to in vitro cell cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:578-81. [PMID: 17630133 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel apparatus has been designed that allows for application of long term intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure to in vitro cell cultures, while maintaining cell viability on par with a standard incubator. The system has been tested with monolayer cultures, but could also accommodate three dimensional constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Myers
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tasevski V, Sorbetti JM, Chiu SS, Shrive NG, Hart DA. Influence of mechanical and biological signals on gene expression in human MG-63 cells: evidence for a complex interplay between hydrostatic compression and vitamin D3 or TGF-beta1 on MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA levels. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 83:96-107. [PMID: 15746971 DOI: 10.1139/o04-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological mediators can influence the activity and differentiation of bone cells. 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) is known to induce differentiation of precursors into mature osteoblasts, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) can modulate the activity of bone cells leading to alterations in proliferation and gene expression patterns. Bone-derived cells were loaded via intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure (icHP) on cells under basal conditions and in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 or TGF-beta1. Evaluating the effects of loading on the cells allowed for a comparison to be made between responsiveness to biomechanical and biochemical stimuli and their potential interplay. The effects of icHP on mRNA levels for the specific genes involved in bone remodelling and differentiation were measured in MG-63 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA levels for matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 (MMP-1 and MMP-3) were significantly, and uniquely, increased (p < 0.001) in cells exposed to icHP under serum-free conditions for 4-12 h. However, mRNA levels for MMP-3, but not MMP-1, were significantly enhanced in cells subjected to static hydrostatic pressure (HP). Treatment of cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in increased (p < 0.001) mRNA levels for osteocalcin and decreased (p < 0.001) mRNA levels for both MMP-1 and MMP-3. In cells exposed to icHP and 1,25-(OH)2D3, the mRNA levels for both MMP-1 and MMP-3 were elevated (p < 0.001) compared with hormone alone, but not to the same degree (p < 0.01) as cells subjected to icHP alone. Addition of TGF-beta1 to cells led to increases in cell proliferation and expression of collagen I, as well as decreases in expression of osteocalcin and MMP-1 and MMP-3. Exposure of cells to icHP and TGF-beta1 again led to unique and significant increases in expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3. No changes in mRNA levels for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or any of the other 9 genes assessed, including those for MMP-2 and MMP-13, were detected under any of the conditions described. Therefore, icHP can induce alterations in mRNA levels for a specific subset of genes in both premature and mature osteoblasts. Such stimuli can modulate the impact of potent biological mediators in defining patterns of gene expression by bone cells and potentially modify function in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Tasevski
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Judex S, Zhong N, Squire ME, Ye K, Donahue LR, Hadjiargyrou M, Rubin CT. Mechanical modulation of molecular signals which regulate anabolic and catabolic activity in bone tissue. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:982-94. [PMID: 15597385 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the molecular mechanisms that regulate bone's adaptive response to alterations in load bearing may potentiate the discovery of interventions to curb osteoporosis. Adult female mice (BALB/cByJ) were subjected to catabolic (disuse) and anabolic (45 Hz, 0.3g vibration for 10 min/day) signals, and changes in the mRNA levels of thirteen genes were compared to altered indices of bone formation. Age-matched mice served as controls. Following 4 days of disuse, significant (P = 0.05) decreases in mRNA levels were measured for several genes, including collagen type I (-55%), osteonectin (-44%), osterix (-36%), and MMP-2 (-36%) all of which, after 21 days, had normalized to control levels. In contrast, expression of several genes in the vibrated group, which failed to show significant changes at 4 days, demonstrated significant increases after 21 days, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (39%, P = 0.07), MMP-2 (54%), and receptor activator of the nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) (32%). Correlations of gene expression patterns across experimental conditions and time points allowed the functional clustering of responsive genes into two distinct groups. Each cluster's specific regulatory role (formation vs. resorption) was reinforced by the 60% suppression of formation rates caused by disuse, and the 55% increase in formation rates stimulated by mechanical signals (P < 0.05). These data confirm the complexity of the bone remodeling process, both in terms of the number of genes involved, their interaction and coordination of resorptive and formative activity, and the temporal sensitivity of the processes. More detailed spatial and temporal correlations between altered mRNA levels and tissue plasticity may further delineate the molecules responsible for the control of bone mass and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2580, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Natsu-Ume T, Majima T, Reno C, Shrive NG, Frank CB, Hart DA. Menisci of the rabbit knee require mechanical loading to maintain homeostasis: cyclic hydrostatic compression in vitro prevents derepression of catabolic genes. J Orthop Sci 2005; 10:396-405. [PMID: 16075173 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-005-0912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of removing menisci from their in vivo loading environment on gene expression patterns and to determine whether in vitro loading can maintain the tissues in their in vivo phenotype. METHODS Lateral and medial rabbit meniscal explants from one leg were cultured in vitro and subjected to intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure (CHP) of 1 MPa at 0.5 Hz for 1 min and a rest period of 14 min (4 h of culture). The contralateral menisci were incubated at atmospheric pressure for 4 h. Menisci from both legs of another set of rabbits were frozen immediately to yield time zero values reflective of in vivo mRNA levels. Total RNA was isolated from all groups and processed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for a subset of relevant genes (matrix molecules, cytokines, proteinases and inhibitors, enzymes). RESULTS It was found that mRNA levels for MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMPs, iNOS, COX-2, interleukin-1beta in both menisci, and interleukin-6 in medial menisci were significantly elevated in tissues cultured under nonloading conditions compared to the time zero controls. Subjecting menisci to CHP significantly prevented these increases in mRNA levels for nearly all of the indicated molecules. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mRNA levels for collagens, biglycan, MMP-13, or TIMP-4 between the time zero values and those cultured under either nonloading or loading conditions. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that removing rabbit menisci from their normal in vivo mechanical environment leads to an apparent up-regulation of a subset of potent effector molecules that could mediate catabolic activities, and that in vitro CHP can largely prevent this apparent up-regulation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lo IKY, Boorman R, Marchuk L, Hollinshead R, Hart DA, Frank CB. Matrix molecule mRNA levels in the bursa and rotator cuff of patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopy 2005; 21:645-51. [PMID: 15944617 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate at the mRNA level a subset of extracellular matrix molecules relevant during healing and remodeling of rotator cuff tears. TYPE OF STUDY Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Bursal and rotator cuff tissue from the margin of the rotator cuff tear were harvested from 10 patients (mean age, 57.5 +/- 7.3 years) undergoing surgical repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. There were six male and four female patients with a mean duration of symptoms of 14.6 months (range, 2 to 60 months). The mean tear size was 4.4 cm. In addition, tissue was obtained from 6 cadaveric specimens with no gross evidence of rotator cuff tearing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for type I, II, and III collagen, biglycan, decorin, and aggrecan, and normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. RESULTS RT-PCR showed that both the bursa and rotator cuff margin had increased mRNA levels for type I and type III collagen in patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears when compared with normal cadaveric controls. In addition, there was a significant decrease in decorin mRNA levels and an increase in aggrecan mRNA levels in the rotator cuff margin of torn rotator cuff tendons when compared with normal cadaveric controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that both the bursa and rotator cuff margin of patients with rotator cuff tears are actively remodeling after injury and that both tissues may potentially contribute to the healing process following repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings may help clinicians determine what aspects of the repair process can be manipulated to affect optimal ruptured tendon repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Y Lo
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamane S, Iwasaki N, Majima T, Funakoshi T, Masuko T, Harada K, Minami A, Monde K, Nishimura SI. Feasibility of chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid biomaterial for a novel scaffold in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005; 26:611-9. [PMID: 15282139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that hyaluronic acid could provide superior biological effects on the chondrocytes in a three-dimensional culture system. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the in vitro behavior of rabbit chondrocytes on a novel chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid polymer fiber. The goal of the current study was to show the superiority of this novel fiber as a scaffold biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering. Chitosan polymer fibers (chitosan group) and chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid polymer fibers (HA 0.04% and HA 0.07% groups, chitosan coated with hyaluronic acid 0.04% and 0.07%, respectively) were originally developed by the wetspinning method. Articular chondrocytes were isolated from Japanese white rabbits and cultured in the sheets consisting of each polymer fiber. The effects of each polymer fiber on cell adhesivity, proliferation, morphological changes, and synthesis of the extracellular matrix were analyzed by quantitative a cell attachment test, DNA quantification, light and scanning electron microscopy, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical analysis. Cell adhesivity, proliferation and the synthesis of aggrecan were significantly higher in the hybrid fiber (HA 0.04% and 0.07%) groups than in the chitosan group. On the cultured hybrid polymer materials, scanning electron microscopic observation showed that chondrocytes proliferated while maintaining their morphological phenotype and with a rich extracellular matrix synthesis around the cells. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti-type II collagen antibody demonstrated rich production of the type II collagen in the pericellular matrix from the chondrocytes. The chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid polymer fibers show great potential as a desirable biomaterial for cartilaginous tissue scaffolds.
Collapse
|
27
|
Funakoshi T, Majima T, Iwasaki N, Yamane S, Masuko T, Minami A, Harada K, Tamura H, Tokura S, Nishimura SI. Novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:338-46. [PMID: 16013058 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the feasibility of using novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering, their mechanical properties and ability to promote cellular adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production were studied in vitro. Chitosan fibers and chitosan-based 0.05% and 0.1% hyaluronan hybrid fibers were developed by the wet spinning method. Hyaluronan coating significantly increased mechanical properties, compared to the chitosan fibers. Rabbit fibroblasts adhesion onto hybrid fibers was significantly greater than for the control and chitosan fibers. For analysis of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production, a three-dimensional scaffold was created by simply piling up each fiber. At 1 day after cultivation, the DNA content in the hybrid scaffolds was higher than that in the chitosan scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibroblasts had produced collagen fibers after 14 days of culture. Immunostaining for type I collagen was clearly predominant in the hybrid scaffolds, and the mRNA level of type I collagen in the hybrid scaffolds were significantly greater than that in the chitosan scaffold. The present study revealed that hyaluronan hybridization with chitosan fibers enhanced fiber mechanical properties and in vitro biological effects on the cultured fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadanao Funakoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Klett MV, Boneberg EM, Trenz K, Knippers R, Illges H. Hydrostatic Pressure Induces Apoptosis in the Human Leukaemic T-Cell Line Jurkat Via the Mitochondrial Pathway. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:403-11. [PMID: 15379865 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of pressure levels ranging from 80 to 500 bar on the proliferative capacity and viability of Jurkat leukaemic T cells. Pressurization at 360 bar induced apoptotic cell death as shown by apoptotic morphology after Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation in the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling-assay and cleavage of several caspase substrates. Cell death could be prevented by the general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c provided strong evidence for an involvement of the mitochondrial pathway, whereas a central role of the death receptor pathway was excluded because caspase-8 was not significantly activated. Pressure incubation led to calcium influx after 5 min, and we hypothesize that calcium influx could be the primary trigger for pressure-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Klett
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, Taegerwilen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ludwig MS, Ftouhi-Paquin N, Huang W, Pagé N, Chakir J, Hamid Q. Mechanical strain enhances proteoglycan message in fibroblasts from asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:926-30. [PMID: 15196281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodelling of the asthmatic airway includes increased deposition of proteoglycan (PG) molecules. One of the stimuli driving airway remodelling may be excessive mechanical stimulation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that fibroblasts from asthmatic patients would respond to excessive mechanical strain with up-regulation of message for PGs. METHODS We obtained fibroblasts from asthmatic patients (AF) and normal volunteers (NF) using endobronchial biopsy. Cells were maintained in culture until the fifth passage and then grown on a flexible collagen-coated membrane. Using the Flexercell device, cells were then subjected to cyclic stretch at 30% amplitude at 1 Hz for 24 h. Control cells were unstrained. Total RNA was extracted from the cell layer and quantitative RT-PCR performed for decorin, lumican and versican mRNA. RESULTS In unstrained cells, the expression of decorin mRNA was greater in AF than NF. With strain, NF showed increased expression of versican mRNA and AF showed increased expression of versican and decorin mRNA. The relative increase in versican mRNA expression with strain was greater in AF than NF. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that proteoglycan message is increased in asthmatic fibroblasts subject to mechanical strain. This finding has implications for the mechanisms governing airway wall remodelling in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Ludwig
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang JB, Xu Y, Wang XT. Tendon healing in vitro: activation of NIK, IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and NF- kappaB genes in signal pathway and proliferation of tenocytes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113:1703-11. [PMID: 15114132 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000117365.48381.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of DNA transcription and proliferation of tendon cells are critical to tendon healing and require pivotal signals to the nucleus. Exploring intracellular signaling pathways pertinent to the healing process may reveal new approaches to accelerating the healing rate of the tendon. The authors investigated expression of NIK, IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and NF- kappaB genes in the signal pathway and tenocyte proliferation in an in vitro model in which cultured tenocytes were exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Tenocytes were obtained from explant culture of rabbit intrasynovial tendons and were treated with bFGF at concentrations of 0, 2, or 10 ng/ml. Levels of expression of a series of genes for key factors along the signaling route--nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-inducing kinase, inhibitor of kappa B kinase alpha and beta, and the NF-kappaB--were examined by quantitative analysis of products of reverse transcription and multiplex polymerase chain reactions. Proliferation of the cells was assessed with evaluation of growth curves and immunochemical labeling of the DNA of the cells. Expression levels of NIK, IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and NF-kappaB genes were significantly increased by bFGF at concentrations of 2 and 10 ng/ml. Western blot confirmed the increase of NF-kappaB in the tenocytes. The proliferation rate of the cells was significantly promoted by bFGF. Expression of these genes increased proportionately to the amounts of bFGF stimulating the cells and was correlated with increases in the proliferation rate. This study showed that expression of a series of genes along the NF-kappaB pathway was remarkably promoted by bFGF. The effects were proportionate to in vitro cell proliferation rate. Results of the study suggest that activation of a series of genes along the NF-kappaB pathway may play a pivotal role in initiating cell proliferation during the healing process of intrasynovial tendons. As activation of genes in signal transduction pathways is a new field in the biology of growth factor action with tremendous potential in promoting tissue repairs, manipulation of expression of a series of genes along the NF-kappaB pathway can be a new target of enhancing tendon healing through molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bo Tang
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hildebrand KA, Frank CB, Hart DA. Gene intervention in ligament and tendon: current status, challenges, future directions. Gene Ther 2004; 11:368-78. [PMID: 14724683 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ligament and tendon injuries are common clinical problems. Healing of these tissues occurs, but their properties do not return to normal. This predisposes to recurrent injuries, instability and arthritis, loss of motion and weakness. Gene therapy offers a novel approach to the repair of ligaments and tendons. Introduction of genes into ligaments and tendons using vectors has been successful. Marker genes and therapeutic genes have been introduced into both tissues with evidence of corresponding functional alterations. In addition, gene transfer has been used to manipulate the healing environment, opening the possibility of gene transfer to investigate ligament and tendon development and homeostasis, in addition to using this technology therapeutically. Several factors modulate the 'success' of gene transfer in these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Hildebrand
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Majima T, Yasuda K, Tsuchida T, Tanaka K, Miyakawa K, Minami A, Hayashi K. Stress shielding of patellar tendon: effect on small-diameter collagen fibrils in a rabbit model. J Orthop Sci 2004; 8:836-41. [PMID: 14648274 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-003-0707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of stress shielding on the microstructure and ultrastructure of the patellar tendon using 40 mature female Japanese white rabbits. The patellar tendon was completely released from stress by drawing the patella toward the tibial tubercle with a stainless steel wire installed between them. Microstructurally, stress shielding for 3 and 6 weeks increased the number of cells approximately fivefold, to that of the control tendon. Collagen bundles were less well oriented in the stress-shielded tendon than in the control. Ultrastructurally, small collagen fibrils with a diameter of less than 90 nm increased in the stress-shielded tendon. The median collagen fibril diameter in 6-week stress-shielded tendon was significantly smaller ( P << 0.05) than in the control tendon (58.8% of control). The ratio of the total area of collagen fibrils to the whole visualized area in the stress-shielded patellar tendon was significantly smaller at 3 and 6 weeks than that in the control. This study demonstrated that complete stress shielding significantly affects the microstructure and ultrastructure of the patellar tendon
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokifumi Majima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8631, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lo IKY, Marchuk L, Hart DA, Frank CB. Messenger ribonucleic acid levels in disrupted human anterior cruciate ligaments. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003:249-58. [PMID: 12567153 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200302000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty patients had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for ongoing instability. Two groups were defined according to gross morphologic features identified during reconstruction: anterior cruciate ligament disruptions with scars attached to a structure in the joint and disruptions without reattachments. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for a subset of extracellular matrix molecules, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors was done on samples of scarred anterior cruciate ligament tissue removed during reconstructive surgery. Results of the nonattached scar group showed significantly increased mRNA levels for Type I collagen, and an increased Type I to Type III collagen ratio compared with that for the attached scar group. In the first year after injury, decorin mRNA levels in the nonattached scar group also were significantly higher than in the attached scar group. Biglycan mRNA levels in the nonattached scar group correlated closely with Type I collagen mRNA levels. These results suggest differences in cellular expression in torn anterior cruciate ligaments that attach to structures in the joint versus those which do not. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for these differences have not been delineated, different molecular signals may influence the gross morphologic features of anterior cruciate ligament disruptions or alternatively, differing gross morphologic features may be subject to different mechanical loads leading to altered molecular expression. However, the finding of endogenous cellular activity in injured anterior cruciate ligaments raises the possibility that this activity may be enhanced to improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Y Lo
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of innervation to ligament healing after traumatic disruption, although there is good evidence of an important role for the peripheral nervous system in the healing of fractures and skin injuries. Tissues such as ligament, with a low resting blood supply, are dependent on substantial increases in blood flow and vascular volume during the initial stages of repair. We hypothesized that this initial healing response would be strongly promoted by neurogenic inflammation. Since the saphenous nerve (a major sensory branch of the femoral nerve) supplies the medial half of the knee joint, we elected to use femoral nerve transection as a model to determine the role of sensory and autonomic innervation in the initial outcome of repair of the injured medial collateral ligament. Twelve adult, female NZW rabbits underwent right medial collateral ligament transection. Of these, six rabbits underwent right femoral nerve transection to disrupt the somatic sensory and autonomic nerve supply to the knee joint and six were kept neurologically intact (controls). At six weeks post-injury, the animals were assessed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDI) to determine the local blood flow, at both the injury site and at the uninjured contralateral ligament. The animals were then killed, the knee joints were removed and the biomechanical characteristics of the healing bone-median collateral ligament (MCL)-bone complexes assessed. In a separate cohort of 16 rabbits, vascular volumes of the injured ligaments were measured by infusion of a carmine red/gelatin solution. At six weeks post-injury, in vivo measurement of perfusion with LDI revealed that normally innervated ligaments had an almost three-fold higher average blood flow. Carmine red/gelatin infusion revealed a 50% higher density of blood vessels as compared to denervated ligaments. The force required for ultimate failure was found to be 50% higher in normally innnervated MCL's as compared to denervated MCL's: 153.14 +/- 20.71 N versus 101.29 +/- 17.88 N (p < 0.05). Static creep was increased by 66% in denervated MCL's: 2.83 +/- 0.45% versus 1.70 +/- 0.12% (p < 0.05). Total creep was increased by 45% in denervated MCL's: 5.29 +/- 0.62% compared to 3.64 +/- 0.31% in innervated MCL's (p < 0.05). We conclude that intact innervation makes a critical contribution to the early healing responses of the MCL of adult rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Ivie
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Silver FH, Bradica G, Tria A. Elastic energy storage in human articular cartilage: estimation of the elastic modulus for type II collagen and changes associated with osteoarthritis. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:129-37. [PMID: 11852229 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mechanical properties of normal and osteoarthritic articular were analyzed based on data reported by Kempson [in: Adult Articular Cartilage (1973)] and Silver et al. (Connect. Tissue Res., 2001b). Results of the analysis of tensile elastic stress-strain curves suggest that the elastic modulus of cartilage from the superficial zone is approximately 7.0 GPa parallel and 2.21 GPa perpendicular to the cleavage line pattern. Collagen fibril lengths in the superficial zone were found to be approximately 1265 microm parallel and 668 microm perpendicular to the cleavage line direction. The values for the elastic modulus and fibril lengths decreased with increased extent of osteoarthritis. The elastic modulus of type II collagen parallel to the cleavage line pattern in the superficial zone approaches that of type I collagen in tendon, suggesting that elastic energy storage occurs in the superficial zone due to the tensile pre-tension that exists in this region. Decreases in the elastic modulus associated with osteoarthritis reflect decreased ability of cartilage to store elastic energy, which leads to cartilage fibrillation and fissure formation. We hypothesize that under normal physiological conditions, collagen fibrils in cartilage function to store elastic energy associated with weight bearing and locomotion. Enzymatic cleavage of cartilage proteoglycans and collagen observed in osteoarthritis may lead to fibrillation and fissure formation as a result of impaired energy storage capability of cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick H Silver
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Increased participation by the general population in athletic activities leads to increased trauma to bones, joint surfaces, and soft tissues. Management and treatment of these injuries has significantly improved over the past few decades. The application of knowledge gained from basic science research in biology and biomechanics has continuously contributed to that. Biological advances have been made in the field of gene therapy, cell therapy, and tissue engineering. Certainly, the greatest focus is bone and cartilage research that will lead to improved fracture repair in the traumatic injured population, as well as prevention of early osteoarthritic changes in the injured athletic population. In biomechanical research, contributions have been made to further understand kinematic behavior of joints that will lead to improved ligament reconstruction techniques and rehabilitation regimens. Various fixation techniques and several different ligament reconstruction techniques have been studied and validated. In the future, improved understanding of ligament healing, graft incorporation, and revascularization will lead to improved outcome of surgical reconstruction techniques in orthopaedic sports medicine. Exciting research has been performed over the past years and will be reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Musahl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|