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Cruz MA, Gonzalez Y, Vélez Toro JA, Karimzadeh M, Rubbo A, Morris L, Medam R, Splawn T, Archer M, Fernandes RJ, Dennis JE, Kean TJ. Micronutrient optimization for tissue engineered articular cartilage production of type II collagen. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1179332. [PMID: 37346792 PMCID: PMC10280293 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1179332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue Engineering of cartilage has been hampered by the inability of engineered tissue to express native levels of type II collagen in vitro. Inadequate levels of type II collagen are, in part, due to a failure to recapitulate the physiological environment in culture. In this study, we engineered primary rabbit chondrocytes to express a secreted reporter, Gaussia Luciferase, driven by the type II collagen promoter, and applied a Design of Experiments approach to assess chondrogenic differentiation in micronutrient-supplemented medium. Using a Response Surface Model, 240 combinations of micronutrients absent in standard chondrogenic differentiation medium, were screened and assessed for type II collagen promoter-driven Gaussia luciferase expression. While the target of this study was to establish a combination of all micronutrients, alpha-linolenic acid, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, vitamins A, E, D and B7 were all found to have a significant effect on type II collagen promoter activity. Five conditions containing all micronutrients predicted to produce the greatest luciferase expression were selected for further study. Validation of these conditions in 3D aggregates identified an optimal condition for type II collagen promoter activity. Engineered cartilage grown in this condition, showed a 170% increase in type II collagen expression (Day 22 Luminescence) and in Young's tensile modulus compared to engineered cartilage in basal media alone.Collagen cross-linking analysis confirmed formation of type II-type II collagen and type II-type IX collagen cross-linked heteropolymeric fibrils, characteristic of mature native cartilage. Combining a Design of Experiments approach and secreted reporter cells in 3D aggregate culture enabled a high-throughput platform that can be used to identify more optimal physiological culture parameters for chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Cruz
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yamilet Gonzalez
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Javier A. Vélez Toro
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Makan Karimzadeh
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Anthony Rubbo
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Lauren Morris
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Ramapaada Medam
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Taylor Splawn
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marilyn Archer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Thomas J. Kean
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Fuiten AM, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Stadler HS. Digits in a dish: An in vitro system to assess the molecular genetics of hand/foot development at single-cell resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1135025. [PMID: 36994104 PMCID: PMC10040768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models allow for the study of developmental processes outside of the embryo. To gain access to the cells mediating digit and joint development, we identified a unique property of undifferentiated mesenchyme isolated from the distal early autopod to autonomously re-assemble forming multiple autopod structures including: digits, interdigital tissues, joints, muscles and tendons. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of these developing structures revealed distinct cell clusters that express canonical markers of distal limb development including: Col2a1, Col10a1, and Sp7 (phalanx formation), Thbs2 and Col1a1 (perichondrium), Gdf5, Wnt5a, and Jun (joint interzone), Aldh1a2 and Msx1 (interdigital tissues), Myod1 (muscle progenitors), Prg4 (articular perichondrium/articular cartilage), and Scx and Tnmd (tenocytes/tendons). Analysis of the gene expression patterns for these signature genes indicates that developmental timing and tissue-specific localization were also recapitulated in a manner similar to the initiation and maturation of the developing murine autopod. Finally, the in vitro digit system also recapitulates congenital malformations associated with genetic mutations as in vitro cultures of Hoxa13 mutant mesenchyme produced defects present in Hoxa13 mutant autopods including digit fusions, reduced phalangeal segment numbers, and poor mesenchymal condensation. These findings demonstrate the robustness of the in vitro digit system to recapitulate digit and joint development. As an in vitro model of murine digit and joint development, this innovative system will provide access to the developing limb tissues facilitating studies to discern how digit and articular joint formation is initiated and how undifferentiated mesenchyme is patterned to establish individual digit morphologies. The in vitro digit system also provides a platform to rapidly evaluate treatments aimed at stimulating the repair or regeneration of mammalian digits impacted by congenital malformation, injury, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Fuiten
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Scott Stadler
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: H. Scott Stadler,
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Gao C, Fu L, Yu Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Cai Q. Strategy of a cell-derived extracellular matrix for the construction of an osteochondral interlayer. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6472-6485. [PMID: 36173310 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01230h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral defects pose an enormous challenge due to the lack of an effective repair strategy. To tackle this issue, the importance of a calcified cartilage interlayer (CCL) in modulating osteochondral regeneration should be valued. Herein, we proposed that an extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from a suitable cell source might efficiently promote the formation of calcified cartilage. To the end, cell sheets from four kinds of cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3), chondrocytes (Cho), and artificially induced hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCho), were obtained by seeding the cells on electrospun fibrous meshes, followed by decellularization to prepare decellularized ECMs (D-ECMs) for BMSC re-seeding and differentiation studies. For cell proliferation, the BMSC-derived D-ECM exhibited the strongest promotion effect. For inducing the hypertrophic phenotype of re-seeded BMSCs, both the BMSC-derived and HCho-derived D-ECMs demonstrated stronger capacity in up-regulating the depositions of related proteins and the expressions of marker genes, as compared to the MC3T3-derived and Cho-derived D-ECMs. Accordingly, from the histological results of their subcutaneous implantation in rats, both the BMSC-derived and HCho-derived D-ECMs displayed obvious Masson's trichrome and Safranin-O/Fast-Green staining colors simultaneously, representing the characteristics related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Differently, MC3T3-derived and Cho-derived D-ECMs were mainly detected during the osteogenic or chondrogenic expression, respectively. These findings confirmed that the BMSC-derived D-ECM could induce hypertrophic chondrocytes, though being a little inferior to the HCho-derived D-ECM. Overall, the BMSC-derived D-ECM could be a potential material in constructing the interlayer for osteochondral tissue engineering scaffolds to improve the regeneration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China. .,Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zlotnick HM, Locke R, Hemdev S, Stoeckl BD, Gupta S, Peredo AP, Steinberg DR, Carey JL, Lee D, Dodge GR, Mauck RL. Gravity-based patterning of osteogenic factors to preserve bone structure after osteochondral injury in a large animal model. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35714576 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac79cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondral and osteochondral repair strategies are limited by adverse bony changes that occur after injury. Bone resorption can cause entire scaffolds, engineered tissues, or even endogenous repair tissues to subside below the cartilage surface. To address this translational issue, we fabricated thick-shelled poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microcapsules containing the pro-osteogenic agents triiodothyronine and ß-glycerophosphate, and delivered these microcapsules in a large animal model of osteochondral injury to preserve bone structure. We demonstrate that the developed microcapsules ruptured in vitro under increasing mechanical loads, and readily sink within a liquid solution, enabling gravity-based patterning along the osteochondral surface. In a large animal, these mechanically-actived microcapsules (MAMCs) were assessed through two different delivery strategies. Intra-articular injection of control MAMCs enabled fluorescent quantification of MAMC rupture and cargo release in a synovial joint setting over time in vivo. This joint-wide injection also confirmed that the MAMCs do not elicit an inflammatory response. In the contralateral hindlimbs, chondral defects were created, MAMCs were patterned in situ, and nanofracture (Nfx), a clinically utilized method to promote cartilage repair, was performed. The NFx holes enabled marrow-derived stromal cells to enter the defect area and served as repeatable bone injury sites to monitor over time. Animals were evaluated 1 and 2 weeks after injection and surgery. Analysis of injected MAMCs showed that bioactive cargo was released in a controlled fashion over 2 weeks. A bone fluorochrome label injected at the time of surgery displayed maintenance of mineral labeling in the therapeutic group, but resorption in both control groups. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining at the osteochondral interface revealed higher AP activity in defects treated with therapeutic MAMCs. Overall, this study develops a gravity-based approach to pattern bioactive factors along the osteochondral interface, and applies this novel biofabrication strategy to preserve bone structure after osteochondral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Zlotnick
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan Locke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Sanjana Hemdev
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Brendan D Stoeckl
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Ana P Peredo
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - David R Steinberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - James L Carey
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - George R Dodge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
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5
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Rolfe RA, Shea CA, Murphy P. Geometric analysis of chondrogenic self-organisation of embryonic limb bud cells in micromass culture. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:49-62. [PMID: 34988666 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control of chondrogenesis generates precise, species-specific patterns of skeletal structures in the developing vertebrate limb. The pattern-template is laid down when mesenchymal cells at the core of the early limb bud condense and undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Although the mechanisms involved in organising such complex patterns are not fully understood, the interplay between BMP and Wnt signalling pathways is fundamental. Primary embryonic limb bud cells grown under high-density micromass culture conditions spontaneously create a simple cartilage nodule pattern, presenting a model to investigate pattern generation. We describe a novel analytical approach to quantify geometric properties and spatial relationships between chondrogenic condensations, utilizing the micromass model. We follow the emergence of pattern in live cultures with nodules forming at regular distances, growing and changing shape over time. Gene expression profiling supports rapid chondrogenesis and transition to hypertrophy, mimicking the process of endochondral ossification within the limb bud. Manipulating the signalling environment through addition of BMP or Wnt ligands, as well as the BMP pathway antagonist Noggin, altered the differentiation profile and nodule pattern. BMP2 addition increased chondrogenesis while WNT3A or Noggin had the opposite effect, but with distinct pattern outcomes. Titrating these pro- and anti-chondrogenic factors and examining the resulting patterns support the hypothesis that regularly spaced cartilage nodules formed by primary limb bud cells in micromass culture are influenced by the balance of Wnt and BMP signalling under a Turing-like mechanism. This study demonstrates an approach for investigating the mechanisms governing chondrogenic spatial organization using simple micromass culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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6
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Zhou L, Zhang W, Lee J, Kuhn L, Chen Y. Controlled Self-Assembly of DNA-Mimicking Nanotubes to Form a Layer-by-Layer Scaffold for Homeostatic Tissue Constructs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51321-51332. [PMID: 34663065 PMCID: PMC8982526 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various biomaterial scaffolds have been developed for improving stem cell anchorage and function in tissue constructs for in vitro and in vivo uses. Growth factors are typically applied to scaffolds to mediate cell differentiation. Conventionally, growth factors are not strictly localized in the scaffolds; thus, they may leak into the surrounding environment, causing undesired side effects on tissues or cells. Hence, there is a need for improved tissue construct strategies based on highly localized drug delivery and a homeostatic microenvironment. This study developed an injectable nanomatrix (NM) scaffold with a layer-by-layer structure inside each nanosized fiber of the scaffold based on controlled self-assembly at the molecular level. The NM was hierarchically assembled from Janus base nanotubes (JBNTs), matrilin-3, and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) via bioaffinity. JBNTs, which form the NM backbone, are novel DNA-inspired nanomaterials that mimic the natural helical nanostructures of collagens. The chondrogenic factor, TGF-β1, was enveloped in the inner layer inside the NM fibers to prevent its release. Matrilin-3 was incorporated into the outer layer to create a cartilage-mimicking microenvironment and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) had a strong preference to anchor along the NM fibers and formed a localized homeostatic microenvironment. Therefore, this NM has successfully generated highly organized structures via molecular self-assembly and achieved localized drug delivery and stem cell anchorage for homeostatic tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Wuxia Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jinhyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Liisa Kuhn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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7
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Yang ZG, Tang RF, Qi YY, Chen WP, Xiong Y, Wu LD. Restoration of cartilage defects using a superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell and TGF-β3-loaded bilayer PLGA construct. Regen Med 2020; 15:1735-1747. [PMID: 32811280 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the capacity of the bilayer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/TGF-β3/adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) construct used to repair cartilage defects and the role of ADSCs in the repair process in vivo. Materials & methods: Defects were created surgically on the femoropatellar groove of knee joints in 64 rabbits. All the rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: defect group, PLGA group, PLGA/TGF-β3 group and PLGA/TGF-β3/ADSC group. In vivo MRI and Prussian blue staining were applied. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot methods were used to analyze the gene and protein expression. Results & conclusion: The result showed that TGF-β3 could effectively stimulate the expressions of aggrecan, collagen type II and SRY-related HMG box 9 (SOX9). The bilayer PLGA/TGF-β3/ADSC construct showed a promising repair effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of BengBu Medical College, BengBu City, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ruo-Fu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Ying Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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Dennis JE, Splawn T, Kean TJ. High-Throughput, Temporal and Dose Dependent, Effect of Vitamins and Minerals on Chondrogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:92. [PMID: 32161755 PMCID: PMC7053227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered hyaline cartilage is plagued by poor mechanical properties largely due to inadequate type II collagen expression. Of note, commonly used defined chondrogenic media lack 14 vitamins and minerals, some of which are implicated in chondrogenesis. Type II collagen promoter-driven Gaussia luciferase was transfected into ATDC5 cells to create a chondrogenic cell with a secreted-reporter. The reporter cells were used in an aggregate-based chondrogenic culture model to develop a high-throughput analytic platform. This high-throughput platform was used to assess the effect of vitamins and minerals, alone and in combination with TGFβ1, on COL2A1 promoter-driven expression. Significant combinatorial effects between vitamins, minerals, and TGFβ1 in terms of COL2A1 promoter-driven expression and metabolism were discovered. An “optimal” continual supplement of copper and vitamin K in the presence of TGFβ1 gave a 2.5-fold increase in COL2A1 promoter-driven expression over TGFβ1 supplemented media alone in ATDC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Dennis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Taylor Splawn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Biionix Cluster, Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Hiew VV, Simat SFB, Teoh PL. The Advancement of Biomaterials in Regulating Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:43-57. [PMID: 28884292 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are well-known to have prominent roles in tissue engineering applications. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into every cell type in the body while adult stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various sources. Nevertheless, an utmost limitation in harnessing stem cells for tissue engineering is the supply of cells. The advances in biomaterial technology allows the establishment of ex vivo expansion systems to overcome this bottleneck. The progress of various scaffold fabrication could direct stem cell fate decisions including cell proliferation and differentiation into specific lineages in vitro. Stem cell biology and biomaterial technology promote synergistic effect on stem cell-based regenerative therapies. Therefore, understanding the interaction of stem cell and biomaterials would allow the designation of new biomaterials for future clinical therapeutic applications for tissue regeneration. This review focuses mainly on the advances of natural and synthetic biomaterials in regulating stem cell fate decisions. We have also briefly discussed how biological and biophysical properties of biomaterials including wettability, chemical functionality, biodegradability and stiffness play their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vun Vun Hiew
- Biotechonology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fatimah Binti Simat
- C/o Biotechonology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Peik Lin Teoh
- Biotechonology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) lesions are a major cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional disability, which reduces the quality of life of the patients and entails high costs to the society. Currently, there are no effective treatments, so in vitro and in vivo disease models are critically important to obtain knowledge about the causes and to develop effective treatments for OC injuries. In vitro models are essential to clarify the causes of the disease and the subsequent design of the first barrier to test potential therapeutics. On the other hand, in vivo models are anatomically more similar to humans allowing to reproduce the pattern and progression of the lesion in a controlled scene and offering the opportunity to study the symptoms and responses to new treatments. Moreover, in vivo models are the most suitable preclinical model, being a fundamental and a mandatory step to ensure the successful transfer to clinical trials. Both in vitro and in vitro models have a number of advantages and limitation, and the choice of the most appropriate model for each study depends on many factors, such as the purpose of the study, handling or the ease to obtain, and cost, among others. In this chapter, we present the main in vitro and in vivo OC disease models that have been used over the years in the study of origin, progress, and treatment approaches of OC defects.
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Asen A, Goebel L, Rey‐Rico A, Sohier J, Zurakowski D, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Sustained spatiotemporal release of TGF‐β1 confers enhanced very early chondrogenic differentiation during osteochondral repair in specific topographic patterns. FASEB J 2018; 32:5298-5311. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Kathrin Asen
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Saarland University Medical Center Homburg Germany
| | - Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Saarland University Medical Center Homburg Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySaarland University Medical CenterHomburgGermany
| | - Ana Rey‐Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Saarland University Medical Center Homburg Germany
| | - Jerome Sohier
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry of ProteinsCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyonFrance
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesia and Children's Hospital BostonHarvard Medical SchoolBoston MassachusettsUSA
- Department of SurgeryChildren's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston MassachusettsUSA
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Saarland University Medical Center Homburg Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Saarland University Medical Center Homburg Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySaarland University Medical CenterHomburgGermany
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12
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Co-cultured the MSCs and cardiomyocytes can promote the growth of cardiomyocytes. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:793-806. [PMID: 29372466 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the incidence of myocardial infarction has been increasing annually. Now cell therapy is a major new strategy in the treatment of this public health challenge. Most recently, evidences showed that MSCs can reduce the area of infarction and improve the heart function. In our study we found that MSCs could promote cardiomyocytes proliferation, inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and promote cardiomyocytes autophagy function. These functions could be a therapeutic effect on myocardial infarction. At the same time, we first revealed that MSCs may achieve these functions by the activation of VEGF signaling pathways.
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13
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Jia PT, Zhang XL, Zuo HN, Lu X, Gai PZ. A study on role of triiodothyronine (T3) hormone on the improvement of articular cartilage surface architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:625-629. [PMID: 28602390 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the improvement of articular cartilage surface architecture at in vitro level. The T3 hormone was applied to neo-tissues in the range of 50, 100, 150 and 200ng/ml for 5 weeks. At the end of the treatment, biochemical and histological evaluation was carried out in the neo-tissues. T3 hormone application significantly increased the collagen production in neo-cartilage tissues. The properties of tensile and compressive were significantly increased compared to the controls. However, T3 hormone application also induced hypertrophy. At the higher dose concentration of T3 hormone application, tensile and compressive properties were tremendously increased 4.3 and 4.6 fold respectively. Taking all these data together, it suggested that the T3 hormone application could be a potential agent to increase the functional properties such tensile and compressive in neo-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tong Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xing-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Hai-Ning Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Peng-Zhou Gai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, 264000, China.
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14
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Recapitulation of physiological spatiotemporal signals promotes in vitro formation of phenotypically stable human articular cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2556-2561. [PMID: 28228529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611771114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard isotropic culture fails to recapitulate the spatiotemporal gradients present during native development. Cartilage grown from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is poorly organized and unstable in vivo. We report that human cartilage with physiologic organization and in vivo stability can be grown in vitro from self-assembling hMSCs by implementing spatiotemporal regulation during induction. Self-assembling hMSCs formed cartilage discs in Transwell inserts following isotropic chondrogenic induction with transforming growth factor β to set up a dual-compartment culture. Following a switch in the basal compartment to a hypertrophic regimen with thyroxine, the cartilage discs underwent progressive deep-zone hypertrophy and mineralization. Concurrent chondrogenic induction in the apical compartment enabled the maintenance of functional and hyaline cartilage. Cartilage homeostasis, chondrocyte maturation, and terminal differentiation markers were all up-regulated versus isotropic control groups. We assessed the in vivo stability of the cartilage formed under different induction regimens. Cartilage formed under spatiotemporal regulation in vitro resisted endochondral ossification, retained the expression of cartilage markers, and remained organized following s.c. implantation in immunocompromised mice. In contrast, the isotropic control groups underwent endochondral ossification. Cartilage formed from hMSCs remained stable and organized in vivo. Spatiotemporal regulation during induction in vitro recapitulated some aspects of native cartilage development, and potentiated the maturation of self-assembling hMSCs into stable and organized cartilage resembling the native articular cartilage.
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15
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Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Cocultured with Chondrocytes Promote the Proliferation of Chondrocytes. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1709582. [PMID: 28133485 PMCID: PMC5241498 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1709582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and defect caused by trauma and chronic osteoarthritis vascularity are very common, while the repair of injured cartilage remains a great challenge due to its limited healing capacity. Stem cell-based tissue engineering provides a promising treatment option for injured articular cartilage because of the cells potential for multiple differentiations. However, its application has been largely limited by stem cell type, number, source, proliferation, and differentiation. We hypothesized that (1) adipose-derived stem cells are ideal seed cells for articular cartilage repair because of their accessibility and abundance and (2) the microenvironment of articular cartilage could induce adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate into chondrocytes. In order to test our hypotheses, we isolated stem cells from rabbit adipose tissues and cocultured these ADSCs with rabbit articular cartilage chondrocytes. We found that when ADSCs were cocultured with chondrocytes, the proliferation of articular cartilage chondrocytes was promoted, the apoptosis of chondrocytes was inhibited, and the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs was enhanced. The study on the mechanism of this coculture system indicated that the role of this coculture system is similar to the function of TGF-β1 in the promotion of chondrocytes.
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16
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Barreto A, Braun TR. A new treatment for knee osteoarthritis: Clinical evidence for the efficacy of Arthrokinex™ autologous conditioned serum. J Orthop 2016; 14:4-9. [PMID: 27821994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The desired therapeutic effect of Arthrokinex™ autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is facilitated by the ability of IL-1-Ra to limit the destructive inflammatory intra-articular (IA) actions of IL-1β. Previous studies have proven the capacity of Arthrokinex™ (ACS) to induce the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1-Ra. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of Arthrokinex™ (ACS) to reduce pain, improve joint function and enhance quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS Venous blood from 100 patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was conditioned and injected into the affected joint in this treatment protocol. Each patient received a total of six ultrasound-guided IA injections at day 0, 7, 14, 90, 180, and 270 and followed for up to one year. Treatment outcome measures were assessed by three different patient-administered surveys at each visit. Using the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS), participants were asked to classify pain in the previous 24 h. The Extra Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (XSMFA-D) survey is a series of 16 questions designed to determine the functionality of the OA-affected joint. Finally, the patient completed a patient global impression of change (PGIC) survey to assess their individual level of satisfaction with the treatment regimen. RESULTS Compared to baseline, a total of 84% of patients reported better pain control at 6 months with 91% reporting improvement at 12 months. A robust and statistically significant improvement in each XSMFA-D subscale was observed in KOA patients over 12 months. The overall reduction of pain and enhanced joint function was observed within 1 week and sustained 3, 6 and even 12 months after the initial injection. In addition to symptomatic control of OA, 92% of patients reported satisfaction with the treatment regimen 12 months after the initial injection. CONCLUSION Given the favorable safety profile, reduction in pain and enhanced quality of life experienced by patients enrolled in this joint health program, Arthrokinex™ (ACS) has the potential to offer an alternative, chondroprotective, natural, molecular approach to treating pain and functionality in patients with mild, moderate or severe knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R Braun
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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17
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Saha A, Rolfe R, Carroll S, Kelly DJ, Murphy P. Chondrogenesis of embryonic limb bud cells in micromass culture progresses rapidly to hypertrophy and is modulated by hydrostatic pressure. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:47-59. [PMID: 27770257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis in vivo is precisely controlled in time and space. The entire limb skeleton forms from cells at the core of the early limb bud that condense and undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Whether they form stable cartilage at the articular surface of the joint or transient cartilage that progresses to hypertrophy as endochondral bone, replacing the cartilage template of the skeletal rudiment, is spatially controlled over several days in the embryo. Here, we follow the differentiation of cells taken from the early limb bud (embryonic day 11.5), grown in high-density micromass culture and show that a self-organising pattern of evenly spaced cartilage nodules occurs spontaneously in growth medium. Although chondrogenesis is enhanced by addition of BMP6 to the medium, the spatial pattern of nodule formation is disrupted. We show rapid progression of the entire nodule to hypertrophy in culture and therefore loss of the local signals required to direct formation of stable cartilage. Dynamic hydrostatic pressure, which we have previously predicted to be a feature of the forming embryonic joint region, had a stabilising effect on chondrogenesis, reducing expression of hypertrophic marker genes. This demonstrates the use of micromass culture as a relatively simple assay to compare the effect of both biophysical and molecular signals on spatial and temporal control of chondrogenesis that could be used to examine the response of different types of progenitor cell, both adult- and embryo-derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurati Saha
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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20
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The tumor suppressor BTG1 is expressed in the developing digits and regulates skeletogenic differentiation of limb mesodermal progenitors in high density cultures. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 364:299-308. [PMID: 26662056 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the developing limb, differentiation of skeletal progenitors towards distinct connective tissues of the digits is correlated with the establishment of well-defined domains of Btg1 gene expression. Zones of high expression of Btg1 include the earliest digit blastemas, the condensing mesoderm at the tip of the growing digits, the peritendinous mesenchyme, and the chondrocytes around the developing interphalangeal joints. Gain- and loss-of function experiments in micromass cultures of skeletal progenitors reveal a negative influence of Btg1 in cartilage differentiation accompanied by up-regulation of Ccn1, Scleraxis and PTHrP. Previous studies have assigned a role to these factors in the aggregation of progenitors in the digit tips (Ccn1), in the differentiation of tendon blastemas (Scleraxis) and repressing hypertrophic cartilage differentiation (PTHrP). Overexpression of Btg1 up-regulates the expression of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, but, different from other systems, the influence of BTG1 in connective tissue differentiation appears to be independent of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone signaling.
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21
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Guo Q, Liu C, Li J, Zhu C, Yang H, Li B. Gene expression modulation in TGF-β3-mediated rabbit bone marrow stem cells using electrospun scaffolds of various stiffness. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1582-92. [PMID: 25752910 PMCID: PMC4511356 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has recently evolved into a promising approach for annulus fibrosus (AF) regeneration. However, selection of an ideal cell source, which can be readily differentiated into AF cells of various regions, remains challenging because of the heterogeneity of AF tissue. In this study, we set out to explore the feasibility of using transforming growth factor-β3-mediated bone marrow stem cells (tBMSCs) for AF tissue engineering. Since the differentiation of stem cells significantly relies on the stiffness of substrate, we fabricated nanofibrous scaffolds from a series of biodegradable poly(ether carbonate urethane)-urea (PECUU) materials whose elastic modulus approximated that of native AF tissue. We cultured tBMSCs on PECUU scaffolds and compared their gene expression profile to AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs), the newly identified AF tissue-specific stem cells. As predicted, the expression of collagen-I in both tBMSCs and AFSCs increased with scaffold stiffness, whereas the expression of collagen-II and aggrecan genes showed an opposite trend. Interestingly, the expression of collagen-I, collagen-II and aggrecan genes in tBMSCs on PECUU scaffolds were consistently higher than those in AFSCs regardless of scaffold stiffness. In addition, the cell traction forces (CTFs) of both tBMSCs and AFSCs gradually decreased with scaffold stiffness, which is similar to the CTF change of cells from inner to outer regions of native AF tissue. Together, findings from this study indicate that tBMSCs had strong tendency to differentiate into various types of AF cells and presented gene expression profiles similar to AFSCs, thereby establishing a rationale for the use of tBMSCs in AF tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianping Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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23
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Lee JK, Gegg CA, Hu JC, Reddi AH, Athanasiou KA. Thyroid hormones enhance the biomechanical functionality of scaffold-free neocartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:28. [PMID: 25884593 PMCID: PMC4355350 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, known to regulate the developing limb and growth plate, on articular cartilage tissue regeneration using a scaffold-free in vitro model. Methods In Phase 1, T3, T4, or PTH was applied during weeks 1 or 3 of a 4-week neocartilage culture. Phase 2 employed T3 during week 1, followed by PTH during week 2, 3, or weeks 2 to 4, to further enhance tissue properties. Resultant neotissues were evaluated biochemically, mechanically, and histologically. Results In Phase 1, T3 and T4 treatment during week 1 resulted in significantly enhanced collagen production; 1.4- and 1.3-times untreated neocartilage. Compressive and tensile properties were also significantly increased, as compared to untreated and PTH groups. PTH treatment did not result in notable tissue changes. As T3 induces hypertrophy, in Phase 2, PTH (known to suppress hypertrophy) was applied sequentially after T3. Excitingly, sequential treatment with T3 and PTH reduced expression of hypertrophic marker collagen X, while yielding neocartilage with significantly enhanced functional properties. Specifically, in comparison to no hormone application, these hormones increased compressive and tensile moduli 4.0-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated that T3, together with PTH, when applied in a scaffold-free model of cartilage formation, significantly enhanced functional properties. The novel use of these thyroid hormones generates mechanically robust neocartilage via the use of a scaffold-free tissue engineering model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0541-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Courtney A Gegg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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24
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Alexander PG, Gottardi R, Lin H, Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Three-dimensional osteogenic and chondrogenic systems to model osteochondral physiology and degenerative joint diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1080-95. [PMID: 24994814 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to function as in vitro pre-clinical models of normal tissue function and disease pathogenesis for drug screening and toxicity assessment. Effective high throughput assays demand minimal systems with clearly defined performance parameters. These systems must accurately model the structure and function of the human organs and their physiological response to different stimuli. Musculoskeletal tissues present unique challenges in this respect, as they are load-bearing, matrix-rich tissues whose functionality is intimately connected to the extracellular matrix and its organization. Of particular clinical importance is the osteochondral junction, the target tissue affected in degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), which consists of hyaline articular cartilage in close interaction with subchondral bone. In this review, we present an overview of currently available in vitro three-dimensional systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering that mimic native physiology, and the utility and limitations of these systems. Specifically, we address the need to combine bone, cartilage and other tissues to form an interactive microphysiological system (MPS) to fully capture the biological complexity and mechanical functions of the osteochondral junction of the articular joint. The potential applications of three-dimensional MPSs for musculoskeletal biology and medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, I-90133 Italy
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Thomas P Lozito
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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25
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Feng Q, Zhu M, Wei K, Bian L. Cell-mediated degradation regulates human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in MMP-sensitive hyaluronic acid hydrogels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99587. [PMID: 24911871 PMCID: PMC4049825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocrosslinked methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) hydrogels support chondrogenesis of encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). However, the covalent crosslinks formed via chain polymerization in these hydrogels are hydrolytically non-degradable and restrict cartilage matrix spatial distribution and cell spreading. Meanwhile, cells are known to remodel their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) by secreting catabolic enzymes, such as MMPs. Hydrogels that are created with bifunctional crosslinkers containing MMP degradable peptide sequences have been shown to influence hMSC differentiations. However, crosslinks formed in the MMP-degradable hydrogels of these previous studies are also prone to hydrolysis, thereby confounding the effect of MMP-mediated degradation. The objective of this study is to develop a MMP-sensitive but hydrolytically stable hydrogel scaffold and investigate the effect of MMP-mediated hydrogel degradation on the chondrogenesis of the encapsulated hMSCs. Hyaluronic acid macromers were modified with maleimide groups and crosslinked with MMP-cleavable peptides or control crosslinkers containing dual thiol groups. The chondrogenesis of the hMSCs encapsulated in the hydrolytically stable MMP-sensitive HA hydrogels were compared with that of the MMP-insensitive HA hydrogels. It was found that hMSCs encapsulated in the MMP-sensitive hydrogels switched to a more spreaded morphology while cells in the MMP-insensitive hydrogels remained in round shape. Furthermore, hMSCs in the MMP-sensitive hydrogels expressed higher level of chondrogenic marker genes but lower level of hypertrophic genes compared to cells in the MMP-insensitive hydrogels. As a result, more cartilage specific matrix molecules but less calcification was observed in the MMP-degradable hydrogels than in the MMP-insensitive hydrogels. Findings from this study demonstrate that cell-mediated scaffold degradation regulates the chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of hMSCs encapsulated in HA hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering and the Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering and the Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering and the Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering and the Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, the People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on cell viability, proliferation and neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural crest stem cells. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 35:2201-12. [PMID: 24078117 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) acting on induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural crest stem cells (iPSCs-NCSCs) is considered a promising therapy to improve the efficacy of injured peripheral nerve regeneration. Effects of LIPUS on cell viability, proliferation and neural differentiation of iPSCs-NCSCs were examined respectively in this study. LIPUS at 500 mW cm(-2) enhanced the viability and proliferation of iPSCs-NCSCs after 2 days and, after 4 days, up-regulated gene and protein expressions of NF-M, Tuj1, S100β and GFAP in iPSCs-NCSCs whereas after 7 days expression of only NF-M, S100β and GFAP were up-regulated. LIPUS treatment at an appropriate intensity can, therefore, be an efficient and cost-effective method to enhance cell viability, proliferation and neural differentiation of iPSCs-NCSCs in vitro for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.
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27
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Amler E, Filová E, Buzgo M, Prosecká E, Rampichová M, Nečas A, Nooeaid P, Boccaccini AR. Functionalized nanofibers as drug-delivery systems for osteochondral regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1083-94. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of drug-delivery systems are currently attracting the attention of researchers. Nanofibers are very interesting carriers for drug delivery. This is because nanofibers are versatile, flexible, nanobiomimetic and similar to extracellular matrix components, possible to be functionalized both on their surface as well as in their core, and also because they can be produced easily and cost effectively. There have been increasing attempts to use nanofibers in the construction of a range of tissues, including cartilage and bone. Nanofibers have also been favorably engaged as a drug-delivery system in cell-free scaffolds. This short overview is devoted to current applications and to further perspectives of nanofibers as drug-delivery devices in the field of cartilage and bone regeneration, and also in osteochondral reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evžen Amler
- Department of Biophysics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Nanoprogres, z.s.p.o., Nová 306, 53009, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Filová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Nám. Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Buzgo
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, 273 43 Buštěhrad, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prosecká
- Department of Biophysics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Rampichová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, 273 43 Buštěhrad, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Nečas
- University of Veterinary & Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patcharakamon Nooeaid
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Zhu M, Feng Q, Bian L. Differential effect of hypoxia on human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1333-40. [PMID: 24342044 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels provide a conducive 3-D environment that supports the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The HA macromer concentration in the hydrogels has a significant impact on the chondrogenesis of the encapsulated MSCs due to changes in the physical properties of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, hypoxia has been shown to promote MSC chondrogenesis and suppress subsequent hypertrophy. This study investigates the combinatorial effect of tuning HA macromer concentration (1.5-5%w/v) and hypoxia on MSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy. To decouple the effect of HA concentration from that of crosslinking density, the HA hydrogel crosslinking density was adjusted by varying the extent of the reaction through the light exposure time while keeping the HA concentration constant (5%w/v at 5 or 15 min). It was found that hypoxia had no significant effect on the chondrogenesis and cartilaginous matrix synthesis of hMSCs under all hydrogel conditions. In contrast, the hypoxia-mediated positive or negative regulation of hMSC hypertrophy in HA hydrogels is dependent on the HA concentration but independent of the crosslinking density. Specifically, hypoxia significantly suppressed hMSC hypertrophy and neocartilage calcification in low HA concentration hydrogels, whereas hypoxia substantially enhanced hMSC hypertrophy, leading to elevated tissue calcification in high HA concentration hydrogels irrespective of their crosslinking density. In addition, at a constant high HA concentration, increasing hydrogel crosslinking density promoted hMSC hypertrophy and matrix calcification. To conclude, the findings from this study demonstrate that the effect of hypoxia on hMSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy is differentially influenced by the encapsulating HA hydrogel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Feng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Karl A, Olbrich N, Pfeifer C, Berner A, Zellner J, Kujat R, Angele P, Nerlich M, Mueller MB. Thyroid hormone-induced hypertrophy in mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis is mediated by bone morphogenetic protein-4. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:178-88. [PMID: 23937304 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express markers of hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes. As hypertrophic cartilage undergoes ossification, this is a concern for the application of MSCs in articular cartilage tissue engineering. To identify mechanisms that elicit this phenomenon, we used an in vitro hypertrophy model of chondrifying MSCs for differential gene expression analysis and functional experiments with the focus on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Hypertrophy was induced in chondrogenic MSC pellet cultures by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and dexamethasone withdrawal and addition of triiodothyronine. Differential gene expression analysis of BMPs and their receptors was performed. Based on these results, the in vitro hypertrophy model was used to investigate the effect of recombinant BMP4 and the BMP inhibitor Noggin. The enhancement of hypertrophy could be shown clearly by an increased cell size, alkaline phosphatase activity, and collagen type X deposition. Upon induction of hypertrophy, BMP4 and the BMP receptor 1B were upregulated. Addition of BMP4 further enhanced hypertrophy in the absence, but not in the presence of TGFβ and dexamethasone. Thyroid hormone induced hypertrophy by upregulation of BMP4 and this induced enhancement of hypertrophy could be blocked by the BMP antagonist Noggin. BMP signaling is an important modulator of the late differentiation stages in MSC chondrogenesis and the thyroid hormone induces this pathway. As cartilage tissue engineering constructs will be exposed to this factor in vivo, this study provides important insight into the biology of MSC-based cartilage. Furthermore, the possibility to engineer hypertrophic cartilage may be helpful for critical bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Karl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center , Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Kim HY, Mohan S. Role and Mechanisms of Actions of Thyroid Hormone on the Skeletal Development. Bone Res 2013; 1:146-61. [PMID: 26273499 DOI: 10.4248/br201302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the thyroid hormone axis in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance has been well established from clinical studies involving patients with mutations in proteins that regulate synthesis and/or actions of thyroid hormone. Data from genetic mouse models involving disruption and overexpression of components of the thyroid hormone axis also provide direct support for a key role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of bone metabolism. Thyroid hormone regulates proliferation and/or differentiated actions of multiple cell types in bone including chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone effects on the target cells are mediated via ligand-inducible nuclear receptors/transcription factors, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β, of which TRα seems to be critically important in regulating bone cell functions. In terms of mechanisms for thyroid hormone action, studies suggest that thyroid hormone regulates a number of key growth factor signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor-I, parathyroid hormone related protein, fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog and Wnt to influence skeletal growth. In this review we describe findings from various genetic mouse models and clinical mutations of thyroid hormone signaling related mutations in humans that pertain to the role and mechanism of action of thyroid hormone in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital , Gunpo, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Malko AV, Villagomez M, Aubin JE, Opas M. Both Chondroinduction and Proliferation Account for Growth of Cartilage Nodules in Mouse Limb Bud Cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:121-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Effect of parathyroid hormone-related protein in an in vitro hypertrophy model for mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:945-51. [PMID: 23371427 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express markers of hypertrophic chondrocytes during chondrogenic differentiation. We tested the suitability of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy in embryonic cartilage development, for the suppression of hypertrophy in an in vitro hypertrophy model of chondrifying MSCs. METHODS Chondrogenesis was induced in human MSCs in pellet culture for two weeks and for an additional two weeks cultures were either maintained in standard chondrogenic medium or transferred to a hypertrophy-enhancing medium. PTHrP(1-40) was added to the medium throughout the culture period at concentrations from 1 to 1,000 pM. Pellets were harvested on days one, 14 and 28 for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS Hypertrophic medium clearly enhanced the hypertrophic phenotype, with increased cell size, and strong alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and type X collagen staining. In chondrogenic medium, 1-100 pM PTHrP(1-40) did not inhibit chondrogenic differentiation, whereas 1,000 pM PTHrP(1-40) significantly reduced chondrogenesis. ALP activity was dose-dependently reduced by PTHrP(1-40) at 10-1,000 pM in chondrogenic conditions. Under hypertrophy-enhancing conditions, PTHrP(1-40) did not inhibit the induction of the hypertrophy. At the highest concentration (1,000 pM) in the hypertrophic group, aggregates were partially dedifferentiated and differentiated areas of these aggregates maintained their hypertrophic appearance. CONCLUSIONS PTHrP(1-40) treatment dose-dependently reduced ALP expression in MSC pellets cultured under standard chondrogenic conditions and is thus beneficial for the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in this medium condition. When cultured under hypertrophy-enhancing conditions, PTHrP(1-40) could not diminish the induced enhancement of hypertrophy in the MSC pellets.
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Abstract
The immobilization of cells into polymeric scaffolds releasing therapeutic factors, such as alginate microcapsules, has been widely employed as a drug-delivery system for numerous diseases for many years. As a result of the potential benefits stem cells offer, during recent decades, this type of cell has gained the attention of the scientific community in the field of cell microencapsulation technology and has opened many perspectives. Stem cells represent an ideal tool for cell immobilization and so does alginate as a biomaterial of choice in the elaboration of these biomimetic scaffolds, offering us the possibility of benefiting from both disciplines in a synergistic way. This review intends to give an overview of the many possibilities and the current situation of immobilized stem cells in alginate bioscaffolds, showing the diverse therapeutic applications they can already be employed in; not only drug-delivery systems, but also tissue engineering platforms.
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Wojcicka A, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones in the skeleton. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3979-86. [PMID: 22634735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones regulate skeletal development, acquisition of peak bone mass and adult bone maintenance. Abnormal thyroid status during childhood disrupts bone maturation and linear growth, while in adulthood it results in altered bone remodeling and an increased risk of fracture SCOPE OF REVIEW This review considers the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. Human clinical and population data are discussed in relation to the skeletal phenotypes of a series of genetically modified mouse models of disrupted thyroid hormone signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Euthyroid status is essential for normal bone development and maintenance. Major thyroid hormone actions in skeletal cells are mediated by thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and result in anabolic responses during growth and development but catabolic effects in adulthood. These homeostatic responses to thyroid hormone are locally regulated in individual skeletal cell types by the relative activities of the type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases, which control the supply of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3) to its receptor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Population studies indicate that both thyroid hormone deficiency and excess are associated with an increased risk of fracture. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of T3 action in skeletal cells will lead to the identification of new targets to regulate bone turnover and mineralization in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojcicka
- The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ul.Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Taipaleenmäki H, Harkness L, Chen L, Larsen KH, Säämänen AM, Kassem M, Abdallah BM. The crosstalk between transforming growth factor-β1 and delta like-1 mediates early chondrogenesis during embryonic endochondral ossification. Stem Cells 2012; 30:304-13. [PMID: 22102178 DOI: 10.1002/stem.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Delta like-1 (Dlk1)/preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1)/fetal antigen-1 (FA1) is a novel surface marker for embryonic chondroprogenitor cells undergoing lineage progression from proliferation to prehypertrophic stages. However, mechanisms mediating control of its expression during chondrogenesis are not known. Thus, we examined the effect of a number of signaling molecules and their inhibitors on Dlk1 expression during in vitro chondrogenic differentiation in mouse embryonic limb bud mesenchymal micromass cultures and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) pellet cultures. Dlk1/Pref-1 was initially expressed during mesenchymal condensation and chondrocyte proliferation, in parallel with expression of Sox9 and Col2a1, and was downregulated upon the expression of Col10a1 by hypertrophic chondrocytes. Among a number of molecules that affected chondrogenesis, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced proliferation of chondroprogenitors was associated with decreased Dlk1 expression. This effect was abolished by TGF-β signaling inhibitor SB431542, suggesting regulation of Dlk1/FA1 by TGF-β1 signaling in chondrogenesis. TGF-β1-induced Smad phosphorylation and chondrogenesis were significantly increased in Dlk1(-/-) MEF, while they were blocked in Dlk1 overexpressing MEF, in comparison with wild-type MEF. Furthermore, overexpression of Dlk1 or addition of its secreted form FA1 dramatically inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad reporter activity. In conclusion, our data identified Dlk1/FA1 as a downstream target of TGF-β1 signaling molecule that mediates its function in embryonic chondrogenesis. The crosstalk between TGF-β1 and Dlk1/FA1 was shown to promote early chondrogenesis during the embryonic endochondral ossification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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36
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He CX, Zhang TY, Miao PH, Hu ZJ, Han M, Tabata Y, Hu YL, Gao JQ. TGF-β1 gene-engineered mesenchymal stem cells induce rat cartilage regeneration using nonviral gene vector. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:163-9. [PMID: 23586825 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of utilizing transfected pTGFβ-1 gene-engineered rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using nonviral vector to promote cartilage regeneration. Pullulan-spermine was used as the nonviral gene vector and gelatin sponge was used as the scaffold. MSCs were engineered with TGF-β1 gene with either the three-dimensional (3D) reverse transfection system or the two-dimensional (2D) conventional transfection system. For the 3D reverse transfection system, pullulan-spermine/pTGF-β1 gene complexes were immobilized to the gelatin sponge, followed by the seeding of MSCs. Pullulan-spermine/pTGF-β1 gene complexes were delivered to MSCs cultured in the plate to perform the 2D conventional transfection system, and then MSCs were seeded to the gelatin sponge. Then, TGF-β1 gene-transfected MSC seeded gelatin sponge was implanted to the full-thickness cartilage defect. Compared with the control group, both groups of TGF-β1 gene-engineered MSCs improved cartilage regeneration through optical observation and histology staining. So, with pullulan-spermine as the nonviral vector, TGF-β1-gene engineered MSCs can induce cartilage regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia He
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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37
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Skeletogenic phenotype of human Marfan embryonic stem cells faithfully phenocopied by patient-specific induced-pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:215-20. [PMID: 22178754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113442109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the gene coding for FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), an extracellular matrix protein. MFS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and displays major manifestations in the ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Here we report molecular and phenotypic profiles of skeletogenesis in tissues differentiated from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells that carry a heritable mutation in FBN1. We demonstrate that, as a biological consequence of the activation of TGF-β signaling, osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells with a FBN1 mutation is inhibited; osteogenesis is rescued by inhibition of TGF-β signaling. In contrast, chondrogenesis is not perturbated and occurs in a TGF-β cell-autonomous fashion. Importantly, skeletal phenotypes observed in human embryonic stem cells carrying the monogenic FBN1 mutation (MFS cells) are faithfully phenocopied by cells differentiated from induced pluripotent-stem cells derived independently from MFS patient fibroblasts. Results indicate a unique phenotype uncovered by examination of mutant pluripotent stem cells and further demonstrate the faithful alignment of phenotypes in differentiated cells obtained from both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent-stem cells, providing complementary and powerful tools to gain further insights into human molecular pathogenesis, especially of MFS.
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Bian L, Zhai DY, Zhang EC, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Dynamic compressive loading enhances cartilage matrix synthesis and distribution and suppresses hypertrophy in hMSC-laden hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:715-24. [PMID: 21988555 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being recognized as a viable cell source for cartilage repair, and there is growing evidence that mechanical signals play a critical role in the regulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and in cartilage development. In this study we investigated the effect of dynamic compressive loading on chondrogenesis, the production and distribution of cartilage specific matrix, and the hypertrophic differentiation of human MSCs encapsulated in hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels during long term culture. After 70 days of culture, dynamic compressive loading increased the mechanical properties, as well as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents of HA hydrogel constructs in a seeding density dependent manner. The impact of loading on HA hydrogel construct properties was delayed when applied to lower density (20 million MSCs/ml) compared to higher seeding density (60 million MSCs/ml) constructs. Furthermore, loading promoted a more uniform spatial distribution of cartilage matrix in HA hydrogels with both seeding densities, leading to significantly improved mechanical properties as compared to free swelling constructs. Using a previously developed in vitro hypertrophy model, dynamic compressive loading was also shown to significantly reduce the expression of hypertrophic markers by human MSCs and to suppress the degree of calcification in MSC-seeded HA hydrogels. Findings from this study highlight the importance of mechanical loading in stem cell based therapy for cartilage repair in improving neocartilage properties and in potentially maintaining the cartilage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Horvai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94402, USA.
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40
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Bian L, Zhai DY, Tous E, Rai R, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis following delivery of TGF-β3 from alginate microspheres within hyaluronic acid hydrogels in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6425-34. [PMID: 21652067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being recognized as a viable cell source for cartilage repair and members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily are a key mediator of MSC chondrogenesis. While TGF-β mediated MSC chondrogenesis is well established in in vitro pellet or hydrogel cultures, clinical translation will require effective delivery of TGF-βs in vivo. Here, we investigated the co-encapsulation of TGF-β3 containing alginate microspheres with human MSCs in hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels towards the development of implantable constructs for cartilage repair. TGF-β3 encapsulated in alginate microspheres with nanofilm coatings showed significantly reduced initial burst release compared to uncoated microspheres, with release times extending up to 6 days. HA hydrogel constructs seeded with MSCs and TGF-β3 containing microspheres developed comparable mechanical properties and cartilage matrix content compared to constructs supplemented with TGF-β3 continuously in culture media, whereas constructs with TGF-β3 directly encapsulated in the gels without microspheres had inferior properties. When implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, constructs containing TGF-β3 microspheres resulted in superior cartilage matrix formation when compared to groups without TGF-β3 or with TGF-β3 added directly to the gel. However, calcification was observed in implanted constructs after 8 weeks of subcutaneous implantation. To prevent this, the co-delivery of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) with TGF-β3 in alginate microspheres was pursued, resulting in partially reduced calcification. This study demonstrates that the controlled local delivery of TGF-β3 is essential to neocartilage formation by MSCs and that further optimization is needed to avert the differentiation of chondrogenically induced MSCs towards a hypertrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Nurminsky D, Shanmugasundaram S, Deasey S, Michaud C, Allen S, Hendig D, Dastjerdi A, Francis-West P, Nurminskaya M. Transglutaminase 2 regulates early chondrogenesis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Mech Dev 2011; 128:234-45. [PMID: 21129482 PMCID: PMC3140913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression pattern for tissue transglutaminase (TG2) suggests that it regulates cartilage formation. We analyzed the role of TG2 in early stages of chondrogenesis using differentiating high-density cultures of mesenchymal cells from chicken limb bud as a model. We demonstrate that TG2 promotes cell differentiation towards a pre-hypertrophic stage without inducing precocious hypertrophic maturation. This finding, combined with distinctive up-regulation of extracellular TG2 in the pre-hypertrophic cartilage of the growth plate, indicates that TG2 is an autocrine regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. We also show that TG2 regulates synthesis of the cartilaginous glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich extracellular matrix. Elevated levels of TG2 down-regulate xylosyltransferase activity which mediates the key steps in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. On the contrary, inhibition of endogenous transglutaminase activity in differentiating chondrogenic micromasses results in increased GAG deposition and enhancement of early chondrogenic markers. Regulation of GAG synthesis by TG2 appears independent of TGF-β activity, which is a downstream mediator of the TG2 functions in some biological systems. Instead, our data suggest a major role for cAMP/PKA signaling in transmitting TG2 signals in early chondrogenic differentiation. In summary, we demonstrate that matrix synthesis and early stages of chondrogenic differentiation are regulated through a novel mechanism involving TG2-dependent inhibition of PKA. These findings further advance understanding of cartilage formation and disease, and contribute to cartilage bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Nurminsky
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Shobana Shanmugasundaram
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Stephanie Deasey
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Claire Michaud
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin Herz- und Diabeteszentrum, Universität Bochum Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Dept. of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Maria Nurminskaya
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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42
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Cals FLJ, Hellingman CA, Koevoet W, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, van Osch GJVM. Effects of transforming growth factor-β subtypes on in vitro cartilage production and mineralization of human bone marrow stromal-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:68-76. [PMID: 21305699 DOI: 10.1002/term.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) will differentiate into chondrocytes in response to defined chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Results in the literature suggest that the three mammalian subtypes of TGFβ (TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3) provoke certain subtype-specific activities. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the TGFβ subtypes affect chondrogenic differentiation of in vitro cultured hBMSCs differently. HBMSC pellets were cultured for 5 weeks in chondrogenic media containing either 2.5, 10 or 25 ng/ml of TGFβ1, TGFβ2 or TGFβ3. All TGFβ subtypes showed a comparable dose-response curve, with significantly less cartilage when 2.5 ng/ml was used and no differences between 10 and 25 ng/ml. Four donors with variable chondrogenic capacity were used to evaluate the effect of 10 ng/ml of either TGFβ subtype on cartilage formation. No significant TGFβ subtype-dependent differences were observed in the total amount of collagen or glycosaminoglycans. Cells from a donor with low chondrogenic capacity performed equally badly with all TGFβ subtypes, while a good donor overall performed well. After addition of β-glycerophosphate during the last 2 weeks of culture, the expression of hypertrophy markers was analysed and mineralization was demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red staining. No significant TGFβ subtype-dependent differences were observed in expression collagen type X or VEGF secretion. Nevertheless, pellets cultured with TGFβ1 had significantly less mineralization than pellets cultured with TGFβ3. In conclusion, this study suggests that TGFβ subtypes do affect terminal differentiation of in vitro cultured hBMSCs differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L J Cals
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Roy R, Kudryashov V, Binderman I, Boskey AL. The role of apoptosis in mineralizing murine versus avian micromass culture systems. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:653-8. [PMID: 20589756 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is thought to be an important step in the calcification of cartilage in vivo; however, there are conflicting reports as to whether or not this apoptosis is a necessary precursor to mineralization. The goal of this study was to determine whether or not apoptosis is necessary for mineralization in an in vitro murine micromass model of endochondral ossification. C3H10T1/2 murine mesenchymal stem cells were plated in micromass culture in the presence of 4 mM inorganic phosphate with the addition of the apoptogens, camptothecin, or staurosporine, to induce apoptosis. The rate and total accumulation of mineralization was measured with (45)Ca uptake. In these studies, both apoptogens increased the rate of mineralization, with staurosporine increasing (45)Ca accumulation by about 2.5 times that of controls and camptothecin increasing total amounts of mineralization about 1.5 times that of controls. Inhibiting cell apoptosis with the caspase inhibitor, ZVAD-fmk, to prevent apoptosis, caused slower rates of (45)Ca uptake; however, total amounts of (45)Ca accumulation reached the same values by day 30 of culture. FTIR data showed mineralization in all samples treated with 4 mM inorganic phosphate, with the highest mineral to matrix ratios in the camptothecin treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Roy
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, Caspary Research, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Thyroid and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Apoptosis in chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells: effect of serum and medium supplements. Apoptosis 2010; 15:439-49. [PMID: 19949977 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an inevitable process during development and is evident in the formation of articular cartilage and endochondral ossification of growth plate. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can serve as alternative sources for cell therapy in focal chondral lesions or diffuse osteoarthritis. But there are few, if any, studies investigating apoptosis during chondrogenesis by MSCs. The aim of this study was to find the better condition to prevent apoptosis during chondrogenesis by MSCs. Apoptosis were evaluated in MSCs induced in different chondrogenic media by the use of Annexin V, TUNEL staining, lysosomal labeling with lysotracker and immunostaining of apoptotic markers. We found apparent apoptosis was demonstrated by Annexin V, TUNEL staining and lysosomal labeling during chondrogenesis. Meanwhile, the degree of apoptosis was related to the reagents of the defined chondrogenic medium. Adding serum in medium increased apoptosis, however, TGF-beta1 inhibited apoptosis. The apoptosis was associated with the activation of caspase-3, the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the loss of lysosomal integrity, and the increase of PARP-cleavage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNFalpha did not induce any increase in apoptosis. Interestingly, the inhibition of apoptosis by serum free medium supplemented with ITS was also associated with an increase in the expression of type II collagen, and a decrease in the expression of type X collagen, Runx2, and other osteogenic genes, while TGF-beta1 increased the expression of Sox9, type II and type X collagen and decreased the expression of osteogenic genes. These data suggest apoptosis occurs during chondrogenesis by MSCs by cell death intrinsic pathway activation and this process may be modulated by culture conditions.
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Rutgers M, Saris DBF, Dhert WJA, Creemers LB. Cytokine profile of autologous conditioned serum for treatment of osteoarthritis, in vitro effects on cartilage metabolism and intra-articular levels after injection. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R114. [PMID: 20537160 PMCID: PMC2911907 DOI: 10.1186/ar3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraarticular administration of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) recently demonstrated some clinical effectiveness in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The current study aims to evaluate the in vitro effects of ACS on cartilage proteoglycan (PG) metabolism, its composition and the effects on synovial fluid (SF) cytokine levels following intraarticular ACS administration. METHODS The effect of conditioned serum on PG metabolism of cultured OA cartilage explants was compared to unconditioned serum. The effect of serum conditioning on levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), osteoprotegerin (OPG), oncostatin M (OSM), interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1ra) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were measured by multiplex ELISA. As TNF-alpha levels were found to be increased in conditioned serum, the effect of TNF-alpha inhibition by etanercept on PG metabolism was studied in cartilage explants cultured in the presence of conditioned serum. Furthermore, cytokine levels in SF were measured three days after intraarticular ACS injection in OA patients to verify their retention time in the joint space. RESULTS PG metabolism was not different in the presence of conditioned serum compared to unconditioned serum. Levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra, TGF-beta, IL-10 as well as of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and OSM were increased. IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma levels remained similar, while OPG levels decreased. TNF-alpha inhibition did not influence PG metabolism in cartilage explant culture in the presence of conditioned serum. Although OPG levels were higher and TGF-beta levels were clearly lower in ACS than in SF, intraarticular ACS injection in OA patients did not result in significant changes in these cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS ACS for treatment of osteoarthritis contains increased levels of anti-inflammatory as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-alpha, but conditioned serum does not seem to have a net direct effect on cartilage metabolism, even upon inhibition of TNF-alpha. The fast intraarticular clearance of cytokines in the injected ACS may explain the limited effects found previously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Rutgers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mueller MB, Fischer M, Zellner J, Berner A, Dienstknecht T, Prantl L, Kujat R, Nerlich M, Tuan RS, Angele P. Hypertrophy in mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis: effect of TGF-beta isoforms and chondrogenic conditioning. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 192:158-66. [PMID: 20407224 DOI: 10.1159/000313399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with TGF-beta leads to a hypertrophic phenotype. The hypertrophic maturation of the chondrocytes is dependent on the timed removal of TGF-beta and sensitive to hypertrophy-promoting agents in vitro. In this study, we have investigated whether TGF-beta3, which has been shown to be more prochondrogenic compared to TGF-beta1, similarly enhances terminal differentiation in an in vitro hypertrophy model of chondrogenically differentiating MSCs. In addition, we tested the impact of the time of chondrogenic conditioning on the enhancement of hypertrophy. MSCs were chondrogenically differentiated in pellet culture in medium containing TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3. After 2 or 4 weeks, chondrogenic medium was switched to hypertrophy-inducing medium for 2 weeks. Aggregates were analyzed histologically and biochemically on days 14, 28 and 42. The switch to hypertrophy medium after 14 days induced hypertrophic cell morphology and significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity compared to the chondrogenesis only control using both TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3. After 28 days predifferentiation, differences between hypertrophic and control groups diminished compared to 14 days predifferentiation. In conclusion, chondrogenic conditioning with both TGF-beta isoforms similarly induced hypertrophy in our experiment and allowed the enhancement of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype by hypertrophic medium. Enhancement of hypertrophy was seen more clearly after the shorter chondrogenic conditioning. Therefore, to utilize this experimental model as a tool to study hypertrophy in MSC chondrogenesis, a predifferentiation period of 14 days is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Mueller
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany.
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Differentiation and mineralization of murine mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells in micromass culture. Differentiation 2010; 79:211-7. [PMID: 20356667 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The murine mesenchymal cell line, C3H10T1/2 in micromass culture undergoes chondrogenic differentiation with the addition of BMP-2. This study compares the use of BMP-2 vs. insulin, transferrin, and sodium selenite (ITS) to create a chondrogenic micromass cell culture system that models cartilage calcification in the presence of 4mM inorganic phosphate. BMP-2 treated cultures showed more intense alcian blue staining for proteoglycans than ITS treated cultures at early time points. Both ITS and BMP-2 treated cultures showed similar mineral deposition in cultures treated with 4mM phosphate via von Kossa staining, however FTIR spectroscopy of cultures showed different matrix properties. ITS treated cultures produced matrix that more closely resembled mouse calcified cartilage by FTIR analysis. (45)Ca uptake curves showed delayed onset of mineralization in cultures treated with BMP-2, however they had an increased rate of mineralization (initial slope of (45)Ca uptake curve) when compared to the cultures treated with ITS. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of both collagens type I and type II in BMP-2 and ITS treated control (1mM inorganic phosphate) and mineralizing cultures. BMP-2 treated mineralizing cultures displayed more intense staining for collagen type II than all other cultures. Collagen type X staining was detected at Day 9 only in mineralizing cultures treated with ITS. Western blotting of Day 9 cultures confirmed the presence of collagen type X in the mineralizing ITS cultures, and also showed very small amounts of collagen type X in BMP-2 treated cultures and control ITS cultures. By Day 16 all cultures stained positive for collagen type X. These data suggest that BMP-2 induces a more chondrogenic phenotype, while ITS treatment favors maturation and hypertrophy of the chondrocytes in the murine micromass cultures.
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Park JS, Yang HJ, Woo DG, Yang HN, Na K, Park KH. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells embedded in a scaffold by long-term release of TGF-beta 3 complexed with chondroitin sulfate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:806-16. [PMID: 19280636 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) embedded in biodegradable and water-swollen, elastic block copolymer scaffolds were assessed for MSC chondrogenesis. To determine the optimal conditions for chondrogenesis of the embedded rMSCs, transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) was physically conjugated with chondroitin sulfate (CS) and mixed into scaffolds, which were subsequently evaluated for the differentiation of transplanted rMSCs. In determination of CS-bound growth factors for chondrogenesis, scaffold mixed with rMSCs and TGF-beta 3 was then tested by growth factor release profiles, confocal laser microscopy, RT-PCR analysis, real time-QPCR, and histology. The results of several different analyses of the transplanted rMSCs embedded in the scaffolds showed that rMSCs coupled with a CS-bound TGF-beta 3 encapsulated scaffold evidenced superior cartilage tissue formation as measured by an assay of specific gene and protein expression. Moreover, the scaffold exhibited more rapid and more distinct morphology of differentiated rMSCs than was observed with other scaffolds, as determined by histology and immunochemical histology analysis. These results indicate that the elastic block copolymer scaffolds combined with a CS-bound TGF-beta 3 should prove very suitable matrix for cell-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, 606-16 Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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Park MS, Kim YH, Lee JW. FAK mediates signal crosstalk between type II collagen and TGF-beta 1 cascades in chondrocytic cells. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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