1
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Wei E, Mitanoska A, O'Brien Q, Porter K, Molina M, Ahsan H, Jung U, Mills L, Kyba M, Bosnakovski D. Pharmacological targeting of P300/CBP reveals EWS::FLI1-mediated senescence evasion in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:222. [PMID: 39367409 PMCID: PMC11453018 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) poses a significant therapeutic challenge due to the difficulty in targeting its main oncodriver, EWS::FLI1. We show that pharmacological targeting of the EWS::FLI1 transcriptional complex via inhibition of P300/CBP drives a global transcriptional outcome similar to direct knockdown of EWS::FLI1, and furthermore yields prognostic risk factors for ES patient outcome. We find that EWS::FLI1 upregulates LMNB1 via repetitive GGAA motif recognition and acetylation codes in ES cells and EWS::FLI1-permissive mesenchymal stem cells, which when reversed by P300 inhibition leads to senescence of ES cells. P300-inhibited senescent ES cells can then be eliminated by senolytics targeting the PI3K signaling pathway. The vulnerability of ES cells to this combination therapy suggests an appealing synergistic strategy for future therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ana Mitanoska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Quinn O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kendall Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - MacKenzie Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Usuk Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Lauren Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- , Minneapolis, USA
| | - Darko Bosnakovski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- , Minneapolis, USA.
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2
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Povedano JM, Li V, Lake KE, Bai X, Rallabandi R, Kim J, Xie Y, De Brabander JK, McFadden DG. TK216 targets microtubules in Ewing sarcoma cells. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1325-1332.e4. [PMID: 35803262 PMCID: PMC9394687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a pediatric malignancy driven by the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion protein formed by the chromosomal translocation t(11; 22). The small molecule TK216 was developed as a first-in-class direct EWSR1-FLI1 inhibitor and is in phase II clinical trials in combination with vincristine for patients with EWS. However, TK216 exhibits anti-cancer activity against cancer cell lines and xenografts that do not express EWSR1-FLI1, and the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity remains unresolved. We apply a forward-genetics screening platform utilizing engineered hypermutation in EWS cell lines and identify recurrent mutations in TUBA1B, encoding ⍺-tubulin, that prove sufficient to drive resistance to TK216. Using reconstituted microtubule (MT) polymerization in vitro and cell-based chemical probe competition assays, we demonstrate that TK216 acts as an MT destabilizing agent. This work defines the mechanism of cytotoxicity of TK216, explains the synergy observed with vincristine, and calls for a reexamination of ongoing clinical trials with TK216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Povedano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Vicky Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Katherine E Lake
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Xin Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Rameshu Rallabandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - David G McFadden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
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3
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Precision medicine in Ewing sarcoma: a translational point of view. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1440-1454. [PMID: 32026343 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor that arises in bones of children and teenagers but, in 15% of the patients it is presented as a primary soft tissue tumor. Balanced reciprocal chimeric translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an oncogenic protein fusion (EWSR1/FLI1), is the most generalized and characteristic molecular event. Using conventional treatments, (chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy) long-term overall survival rate is 30% for patients with disseminated disease and 65-75% for patients with localized tumors. Urgent new effective drug development is a challenge. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical investigational knowledge about prognostic and targetable biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma, finally suggesting a workflow for precision medicine committees.
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4
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Mutz CN, Schwentner R, Aryee DNT, Bouchard EDJ, Mejia EM, Hatch GM, Kauer MO, Katschnig AM, Ban J, Garten A, Alonso J, Banerji V, Kovar H. EWS-FLI1 confers exquisite sensitivity to NAMPT inhibition in Ewing sarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24679-24693. [PMID: 28160567 PMCID: PMC5421879 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is the second most common bone cancer in children and adolescents with a high metastatic potential. EwS development is driven by a specific chromosomal translocation resulting in the generation of a chimeric EWS-ETS transcription factor, most frequently EWS-FLI1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a key metabolite of energy metabolism involved in cellular redox reactions, DNA repair, and in the maintenance of genomic stability. This study describes targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of NAD synthesis, by FK866 in EwS cells. Here we report that blocking NAMPT leads to exhaustive NAD depletion in EwS cells, followed by a metabolic collapse and cell death. Using conditional EWS-FLI1 knockdown by doxycycline-inducible shRNA revealed that EWS-FLI1 depletion significantly reduces the sensitivity of EwS cells to NAMPT inhibition. Consistent with this finding, a comparison of 7 EwS cell lines of different genotypes with 5 Non-EwS cell lines and mesenchymal stem cells revealed significantly higher FK866 sensitivity of EWS-ETS positive EwS cells, with IC50 values mostly below 1nM. Taken together, our data reveal evidence of an important role of the NAMPT-mediated NAD salvage pathway in the energy homeostasis of EwS cells and suggest NAMPT inhibition as a potential new treatment approach for Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia N Mutz
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dave N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric D J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Edgard M Mejia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Maximilian O Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M Katschnig
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ban
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Garten
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Ctra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Versha Banerji
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Kersting N, Kunzler Souza B, Araujo Vieira I, Pereira Dos Santos R, Brufatto Olguins D, José Gregianin L, Tesainer Brunetto A, Lunardi Brunetto A, Roesler R, Brunetto de Farias C, Schwartsmann G. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Regulation of Ewing Sarcoma Cell Function. Oncology 2018. [PMID: 29539615 DOI: 10.1159/000487143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a type of childhood cancer probably arising from stem mesenchymal or neural crest cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) acts as a driver oncogene in many types of solid tumors. However, its involvement in ES remains poorly understood. METHODS Human SK-ES-1 and RD-ES ES cells were treated with EGF, the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin (AG1478), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Cell proliferation survival, cycle, and senescence were analyzed. The protein content of possible targets of EGFR manipulation was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Cell proliferation and survival were increased by EGF and inhibited by AG1478. The EGFR inhibitor also altered the cell cycle, inducing arrest in G1 and increasing the sub-G1 population, reduced polyploidy and increased the population of senescent cells. In addition, AG1478 reduced the levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), ERK, p-ERK, cyclin D1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while enhancing p53 levels. Cell proliferation was also impaired by inhibitors of PI3K or ERK, alone or combined with AG1478. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal novel aspects of EGFR regulation of ES cells and provide early evidence for antitumor activities of EGFR inhibitors in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Kersting
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Kunzler Souza
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor Araujo Vieira
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Dos Santos
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danielly Brufatto Olguins
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauro José Gregianin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Algemir Lunardi Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Mutz CN, Schwentner R, Kauer MO, Katschnig AM, Kromp F, Aryee DNT, Erhardt S, Goiny M, Alonso J, Fuchs D, Kovar H. EWS-FLI1 impairs aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by blocking tryptophan breakdown via the kynurenine pathway. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2063-75. [PMID: 27282934 PMCID: PMC4988508 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive pediatric tumor driven by the fusion protein EWS-FLI1. We report that EWS-FLI1 suppresses TDO2-mediated tryptophan (TRP) breakdown in ES cells. Gene expression and metabolite analyses reveal an EWS-FLI1-dependent regulation of TRP metabolism. TRP consumption increased in the absence of EWS-FLI1, resulting in kynurenine and kynurenic acid accumulation, both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands. Activated AHR binds to the promoter region of target genes. We demonstrate that EWS-FLI1 knockdown results in AHR nuclear translocation and activation. Our data suggest that EWS-FLI1 suppresses autocrine AHR signaling by inhibiting TDO2-catalyzed TRP breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia N Mutz
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian O Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M Katschnig
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kromp
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dave N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michel Goiny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Ctra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter Innsbruck Medical University, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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7
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Schwentner R, Papamarkou T, Kauer MO, Stathopoulos V, Yang F, Bilke S, Meltzer PS, Girolami M, Kovar H. EWS-FLI1 employs an E2F switch to drive target gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2780-9. [PMID: 25712098 PMCID: PMC4357724 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is orchestrated by E2F factors. We previously reported that in ETS-driven cancers of the bone and prostate, activating E2F3 cooperates with ETS on target promoters. The mechanism of target co-regulation remained unknown. Using RNAi and time-resolved chromatin-immunoprecipitation in Ewing sarcoma we report replacement of E2F3/pRB by constitutively expressed repressive E2F4/p130 complexes on target genes upon EWS-FLI1 modulation. Using mathematical modeling we interrogated four alternative explanatory models for the observed EWS-FLI1/E2F3 cooperation based on longitudinal E2F target and regulating transcription factor expression analysis. Bayesian model selection revealed the formation of a synergistic complex between EWS-FLI1 and E2F3 as the by far most likely mechanism explaining the observed kinetics of E2F target induction. Consequently we propose that aberrant cell cycle activation in Ewing sarcoma is due to the de-repression of E2F targets as a consequence of transcriptional induction and physical recruitment of E2F3 by EWS-FLI1 replacing E2F4 on their target promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Schwentner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Maximilian O Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sven Bilke
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Girolami
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna 1090, Austria Dept. of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna 1090, Austria
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8
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Erkizan HV, Schneider JA, Sajwan K, Graham GT, Griffin B, Chasovskikh S, Youbi SE, Kallarakal A, Chruszcz M, Padmanabhan R, Casey JL, Üren A, Toretsky JA. RNA helicase A activity is inhibited by oncogenic transcription factor EWS-FLI1. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1069-80. [PMID: 25564528 PMCID: PMC4333382 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA helicases impact RNA structure and metabolism from transcription through translation, in part through protein interactions with transcription factors. However, there is limited knowledge on the role of transcription factor influence upon helicase activity. RNA helicase A (RHA) is a DExH-box RNA helicase that plays multiple roles in cellular biology, some functions requiring its activity as a helicase while others as a protein scaffold. The oncogenic transcription factor EWS-FLI1 requires RHA to enable Ewing sarcoma (ES) oncogenesis and growth; a small molecule, YK-4-279 disrupts this complex in cells. Our current study investigates the effect of EWS-FLI1 upon RHA helicase activity. We found that EWS-FLI1 reduces RHA helicase activity in a dose-dependent manner without affecting intrinsic ATPase activity; however, the RHA kinetics indicated a complex model. Using separated enantiomers, only (S)-YK-4-279 reverses the EWS-FLI1 inhibition of RHA helicase activity. We report a novel RNA binding property of EWS-FLI1 leading us to discover that YK-4-279 inhibition of RHA binding to EWS-FLI1 altered the RNA binding profile of both proteins. We conclude that EWS-FLI1 modulates RHA helicase activity causing changes in overall transcriptome processing. These findings could lead to both enhanced understanding of oncogenesis and provide targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Verda Erkizan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Schneider
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Kamal Sajwan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Garrett T Graham
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Brittany Griffin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SW 309 Med-Dent, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Sergey Chasovskikh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E220, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Sarah E Youbi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Abraham Kallarakal
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SW 309 Med-Dent, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - John L Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SW 309 Med-Dent, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building E316, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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9
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Campos-Melo D, Droppelmann CA, Volkening K, Strong MJ. RNA-binding proteins as molecular links between cancer and neurodegeneration. Biogerontology 2014; 15:587-610. [PMID: 25231915 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For many years, epidemiological studies have suggested an association between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders-two disease processes that seemingly have little in common. Although these two disease processes share disruptions in a wide range of cellular pathways, including cell survival, cell death and the cell cycle, the end result is very divergent: uncontrolled cell survival and proliferation in cancer and progressive neuronal cell death in neurodegeneration. Despite the clinical data connecting these two disease processes, little is known about the molecular links between them. Among the mechanisms affected in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, alterations in RNA metabolism are obtaining significant attention given the critical role for RNA transcription, maturation, transport, stability, degradation and translation in normal cellular function. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are integral to each stage of RNA metabolism through their participation in the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). RBPs have a broad range of functions including posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA stability, splicing, editing and translation, mRNA export and localization, mRNA polyadenylation and miRNA biogenesis, ultimately impacting the expression of every single gene in the cell. In this review, we examine the evidence for RBPs as being key a molecular linkages between cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Grohar PJ, Segars LE, Yeung C, Pommier Y, D'Incalci M, Mendoza A, Helman LJ. Dual targeting of EWS-FLI1 activity and the associated DNA damage response with trabectedin and SN38 synergistically inhibits Ewing sarcoma cell growth. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:1190-203. [PMID: 24277455 PMCID: PMC5510643 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to optimize the activity of trabectedin for Ewing sarcoma by developing a molecularly targeted combination therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have recently shown that trabectedin interferes with the activity of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma cells. In this report, we build on this work to develop a trabectedin-based combination therapy with improved EWS-FLI1 suppression that also targets the drug-associated DNA damage to Ewing sarcoma cells. RESULTS We demonstrate by siRNA experiments that EWS-FLI1 drives the expression of the Werner syndrome protein (WRN) in Ewing sarcoma cells. Because WRN-deficient cells are known to be hypersensitive to camptothecins, we utilize trabectedin to block EWS-FLI1 activity, suppress WRN expression, and selectively sensitize Ewing sarcoma cells to the DNA-damaging effects of SN38. We show that trabectedin and SN38 are synergistic, demonstrate an increase in DNA double-strand breaks, an accumulation of cells in S-phase and a low picomolar IC50. In addition, SN38 cooperates with trabectedin to augment the suppression of EWS-FLI1 downstream targets, leading to an improved therapeutic index in vivo. These effects translate into the marked regression of two Ewing sarcoma xenografts at a fraction of the dose of camptothecin used in other xenograft studies. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the basis and rationale for translating this drug combination to the clinic. In addition, the study highlights an approach that utilizes a targeted agent to interfere with an oncogenic transcription factor and then exploits the resulting changes in gene expression to develop a molecularly targeted combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Grohar
- Authors' Affiliations: Monroe Carrell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Molecular Oncology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" -IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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11
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Identification of genes involved in the regulation of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity in T-47D mammary cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:431-44. [PMID: 22101062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is one of the principle compounds of the medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study explored the mechanisms of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity and non-apoptotic cell death in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide exerted its cytotoxic effects by regulating genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote cell cycle arrest. This compound regulated genes that are known to reduce/inhibit cell proliferation, induce growth arrest and suppress cell growth. The growth suppression activities of this compound were demonstrated by a downregulation of several genes normally found to be over-expressed in cancers. Microscopic analysis revealed positive monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining at 8h, indicating possible autophagosomes. TEM analysis revealed that the treated cells were highly vacuolated, thereby suggesting that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide may cause autophagic morphology in these cells. This morphology may be correlated with the concurrent expression of genes known to affect lysosomal activity, ion transport, protein degradation and vesicle transport. Interestingly, some apoptotic-like bodies were found, and these bodies contained multiple large vacuoles, suggesting that this compound is capable of eliciting a combination of apoptotic and autophagic-like morphological characteristics.
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12
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Erkizan HV, Scher LJ, Gamble SE, Barber-Rotenberg JS, Sajwan KP, Üren A, Toretsky JA. Novel peptide binds EWS-FLI1 and reduces the oncogenic potential in Ewing tumors. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3397-408. [PMID: 21926473 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.19.17734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing tumor is driven by the oncogenic EWS-FLI1 fusion protein that functions as an aberrant transcription factor. The identification of EWS-FLI1 protein partners is essential to enhance its vulnerability as a therapeutic target. We utilized phage display library screening against recombinant EWS-FLI1 protein. We identified 27 unique Ewing sarcoma binding peptides. The cytotoxicity evaluation of these peptides with in EWS-FLI1 containing cell lines yielded one potent peptide called ESAP1 (TMRGKKKRTRAN). ESAP1 binds EWS-FLI1 with 0.202 micromolar affinity as measured in surface plasmon resonance. The minimal interaction region of ESAP1 is characterized and found that the lysine residues are critical for cellular cytotoxicity. ESAP1 reduces the transcriptional activity of EWS-FLI1 as well as disrupts cell cycle kinetics in Ewing Tumor cells. These findings provide both a novel experimental probe and a potential therapeutic scaffold for Ewing Tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye V Erkizan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Two Faces of the FUS/EWS/TAF15 Protein Family. Sarcoma 2010; 2011:837474. [PMID: 21197473 PMCID: PMC3005952 DOI: 10.1155/2011/837474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS, EWS, and TAF15 form the FET family of RNA-binding proteins whose genes are found rearranged with various transcription factor genes predominantly in sarcomas and in rare hematopoietic and epithelial cancers. The resulting fusion gene products have attracted considerable interest as diagnostic and promising therapeutic targets. So far, oncogenic FET fusion proteins have been regarded as strong transcription factors that aberrantly activate or repress target genes of their DNA-binding fusion partners. However, the role of the transactivating domain in the context of the normal FET proteins is poorly defined, and, therefore, our knowledge on how FET aberrations impact on tumor biology is incomplete. Since we believe that a full understanding of aberrant FET protein function can only arise from looking at both sides of the coin, the good and the evil, this paper summarizes evidence for the central function of FET proteins in bridging RNA transcription, processing, transport, and DNA repair.
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14
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Cell Cycle Deregulation in Ewing's Sarcoma Pathogenesis. Sarcoma 2010; 2011:598704. [PMID: 21052502 PMCID: PMC2968116 DOI: 10.1155/2011/598704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a highly aggressive pediatric tumor of bone that usually contains the characteristic chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12). This translocation encodes the oncogenic fusion protein EWS/FLI, which acts as an aberrant transcription factor to deregulate target genes necessary for oncogenesis. One key feature of oncogenic transformation is dysregulation of cell cycle control. It is therefore likely that EWS/FLI and other cooperating mutations in Ewing's sarcoma modulate the cell cycle to facilitate tumorigenesis. This paper will summarize current published data associated with deregulation of the cell cycle in Ewing's sarcoma and highlight important questions that remain to be answered.
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15
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Yang L, Hu HM, Zielinska-Kwiatkowska A, Chansky HA. FOXO1 is a direct target of EWS-Fli1 oncogenic fusion protein in Ewing's sarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:129-34. [PMID: 20933505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's family tumors are characterized by a specific t(11;22) chromosomal translocation that results in the formation of EWS-Fli1 oncogenic fusion protein. To investigate the effects of EWS-Fli1 on gene expression, we carried out DNA microarray analysis after specific knockdown of EWS-Fli1 through transfection of synthetic siRNAs. EWS-Fli1 knockdown increased expression of genes such as DKK1 and p57 that are known to be repressed by EWS-Fli1 fusion protein. Among other potential EWS-Fli1 targets identified by our microarray analysis, we have focused on the FOXO1 gene since it encodes a potential tumor suppressor and has not been previously reported in Ewing's cells. To better understand how EWS-Fli1 affects FOXO1 expression, we have established a doxycycline-inducible siRNA system to achieve stable and reversible knockdown of EWS-Fli1 in Ewing's sarcoma cells. Here we show that FOXO1 expression in Ewing's cells has an inverse relationship with EWS-Fli1 protein level, and FOXO1 promoter activity is increased after doxycycline-induced EWS-Fli1 knockdown. In addition, we have found that direct binding of EWS-Fli1 to FOXO1 promoter is attenuated after doxycycline-induced siRNA knockdown of the fusion protein. Together, these results suggest that suppression of FOXO1 function by EWS-Fli1 fusion protein may contribute to cellular transformation in Ewing's family tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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16
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Tan AY, Manley JL. The TET family of proteins: functions and roles in disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 1:82-92. [PMID: 19783543 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocated in liposarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 constitute an interesting and important family of proteins known as the TET proteins. The proteins function in several aspects of cell growth control, including multiple different steps in gene expression, and they are also found mutated in a number of specific diseases. For example, all contain domains for binding nucleic acids and have been shown to function in both RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and pre-mRNA splicing, possibly connecting these two processes. Chromosomal translocations in human sarcomas result in a fusion of the amino terminus of these proteins, which contains a transcription activation domain, to the DNA-binding domain of a transcription factor. Although the fusion proteins have been characterized in a clinical environment, the function of the cognate full-length protein in normal cells is a more recent topic of study. The first part of this review will describe the TET proteins, followed by detailed descriptions of their multiple roles in cells. The final sections will examine changes that occur in gene regulation in cells expressing the fusion proteins. The clinical implications and treatment of sarcomas will not be addressed but have recently been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelene Y Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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17
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:417-22. [PMID: 19684489 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32833079c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Jawad MU, Cheung MC, Min ES, Schneiderbauer MM, Koniaris LG, Scully SP. Ewing sarcoma demonstrates racial disparities in incidence-related and sex-related differences in outcome: an analysis of 1631 cases from the SEER database, 1973-2005. Cancer 2009; 115:3526-36. [PMID: 19548262 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports of Ewing sarcoma cohorts suggested that there is a difference in incidence according to racial origin. However, to the authors' knowledge, this finding has never been tested in a population-based database, and the impact of race on clinical outcome and the significance of known risk factors stratified to racial groups have not been reported. METHODS Patients who had Ewing sarcoma diagnosed between 1973 and 2005 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics; incidence; year of diagnosis; tumor location, tumor size, and disease stage at diagnosis; treatment(s); cause of death; and survival were extracted. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, and Cox regressions were used to analyze the significance of prognostic factors. RESULTS Race-specific incidence indicated that Caucasians have the highest incidence (0.155), followed by Asians/Pacific Islanders (0.082), and African Americans (0.017). The difference in incidence between Caucasians and African Americans was 9-fold and significant (P<.001). The incidence of Ewing sarcoma increased over the past 3 decades among Caucasians (P<.05). Survival was not impacted by race. Local disease stage, primary tumor location in the appendicular skeleton, and tumor size CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report focusing on racial disparity in incidence of Ewing sarcoma. Caucasians were affected more frequently, although outcomes were similar between races. It is noteworthy that being a woman constituted a survival benefit only among the Caucasian patients. Further studies will need to clarify the reasons for racial disparities in incidence and for sex differences in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U Jawad
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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19
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Lafferty-Whyte K, Cairney CJ, Jamieson NB, Oien KA, Keith WN. Pathway analysis of senescence-associated miRNA targets reveals common processes to different senescence induction mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:341-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Proctor A, Brownhill SC, Burchill SA. The promise of telomere length, telomerase activity and its regulation in the translocation-dependent cancer ESFT; clinical challenges and utility. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:260-74. [PMID: 19264125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) are diagnosed by EWS-ETS gene translocations. The resulting fusion proteins play a role in both the initiation and maintenance of these solid aggressive malignant tumours, suppressing cellular senescence and increasing cell proliferation and survival. EWS-ETS fusion proteins have altered transcriptional activity, inducing expression of a number of different target genes including telomerase. Up-regulation of hTERT is most likely responsible for the high levels of telomerase activity in primary ESFT, although telomerase activity and expression of hTERT are not predictive of outcome. However levels of telomerase activity in peripheral blood may be useful to monitor response to some therapeutics. Despite high levels of telomerase activity, telomeres in ESFT are frequently shorter than those of matched normal cells. Uncertainty about the role that telomerase and regulators of its activity play in the maintenance of telomere length in normal and cancer cells, and lack of studies examining the relationship between telomerase activity, regulators of its activity and their clinical significance in patient samples have limited their introduction into clinical practice. Studies in clinical samples using standardised assays are critical to establish how telomerase and regulators of its activity might best be exploited for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Proctor
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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21
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Guise TA, O'Keefe R, Randall RL, Terek RM. Molecular biology and therapeutics in musculoskeletal oncology. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91:724-32. [PMID: 19255238 PMCID: PMC3346176 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.i.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Guise
- University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 801419, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Regis O'Keefe
- University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | - Richard M. Terek
- Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, Suite 200, Providence, RI 02905. E-mail address:
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22
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Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M. Recent advances in the molecular pathology of soft tissue sarcoma: implications for diagnosis, patient prognosis, and molecular target therapy in the future. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:200-8. [PMID: 19076980 PMCID: PMC11158635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, recent advances in the molecular pathology of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) and the implications for their prognostic value are reviewed, and the potential targets of molecular therapy are discussed. According to the molecular genetic aspect, STS are divided into two groups: chromosome translocation-associated sarcomas and sarcomas without specific translocation. In the former group,specific fusion transcripts, such as SS18–SSX, EWS–FLI1, and PAX3–FKHR, could be detected in synovial sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma,respectively. The direct or indirect interactions between these fusion transcripts and cell cycle regulators have been elucidated by several investigators. Therefore, these fusion transcripts are promising candidates as molecular targets. As evaluated in carcinomas,alterations of several tumor-suppressor genes and adhesion molecules and overexpression of growth factors and their receptors have been extensively assessed in STS. In mixed-type STS, epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression was associated with decreased overall survival, suggesting the beneficial role of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in STS. In malignant rhabdoid tumor and epithelioid sarcoma, frequent alteration of the SMARCB1/INI1 tumor-suppressor gene and the loss of its protein have been demonstrated, indicating that this molecule could be an effective target of these sarcomas. In sarcomas with epithelioid differentiation,such as synovial sarcoma and epithelioid sarcoma, overexpression of dysadherin, which downregulates E-cadherin expression, was a poor prognostic factor. In conclusion, further studies are necessary to search for effective and specific molecules for the inhibition of tumor growth in each type of STS, especially in sarcomas without specific translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Naqvi AR, Islam MN, Choudhury NR, Haq QMR. The fascinating world of RNA interference. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:97-117. [PMID: 19173032 PMCID: PMC2631224 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and short-interfering RNAs represent small RNA family that are recognized as critical regulatory species across the eukaryotes. Recent high-throughput sequencing have revealed two more hidden players of the cellular small RNA pool. Reported in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans respectively, these new small RNAs are named piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and 21U-RNAs. Moreover, small RNAs including miRNAs have been identified in unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, redefining the earlier concept of multi-cellularity restricted presence of these molecules. The discovery of these species of small RNAs has allowed us to understand better the usage of genome and the number of genes present but also have complicated the situation in terms of biochemical attributes and functional genesis of these molecules. Nonetheless, these new pools of knowledge have opened up avenues for unraveling the finer details of the small RNA mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi - 110 025, India
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24
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Douglas D, Hsu JHR, Hung L, Cooper A, Abdueva D, van Doorninck J, Peng G, Shimada H, Triche TJ, Lawlor ER. BMI-1 promotes ewing sarcoma tumorigenicity independent of CDKN2A repression. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6507-15. [PMID: 18701473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of the polycomb group gene BMI-1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human cancers. In this study, we have investigated if the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) expresses BMI-1 and whether it functions as an oncogene in this highly aggressive group of bone and soft tissue tumors. Our data show that BMI-1 is highly expressed by ESFT cells and that, although it does not significantly affect proliferation or survival, BMI-1 actively promotes anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, we find that BMI-1 promotes the tumorigenicity of both p16 wild-type and p16-null cell lines, demonstrating that the mechanism of BMI-1 oncogenic function in ESFT is, at least in part, independent of CDKN2A repression. Expression profiling studies of ESFT cells following BMI-1 knockdown reveal that BMI-1 regulates the expression of hundreds of downstream target genes including, in particular, genes involved in both differentiation and development as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Gain and loss of function assays confirm that BMI-1 represses the expression of the adhesion-associated basement membrane protein nidogen 1. In addition, although BMI-1 promotes ESFT adhesion, nidogen 1 inhibits cellular adhesion in vitro. Together, these data support a pivotal role for BMI-1 ESFT pathogenesis and suggest that its oncogenic function in these tumors is in part mediated through modulation of adhesion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Douglas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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