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Ma R, Gao X, Jin Y, Wang X, Li R, Qiao R, Wang X, Liu D, Xie Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Xu W, Hu Y. Is there a duration-characteristic relationship for trypsin exposure on tendon? A study on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rabbit model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1417930. [PMID: 39234049 PMCID: PMC11371708 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1417930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Decellularized allograft tendons are highly regarded for their accessibility and the reduced risk of immune rejection, making them a promising choice for grafting due to their favorable characteristics. However, effectively integrating reconstructed tendons with host bone remains a significant clinical challenge. Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between the duration of tendon exposure to trypsin and its impact on tendon biomechanical properties and healing capacity. Methods Morphological assessments and biochemical quantifications were conducted. Allograft tendons underwent heterotopic transplantation into the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a rabbit model, with specimens harvested 6 weeks post-surgery for a comparative analysis of cell adhesion strength and mechanical performance. Duration-response curves were constructed using maximum stress and cell adhesion quantity as primary indicators. Results The trypsin treatment enhanced cell adhesion on the tendon surface. Adhesion rates in the control group vs. the experimental groups were as follows: 3.10 ± 0.56% vs. 4.59 ± 1.51%, 5.36 ± 1.24%, 6.12 ± 1.98%, and 8.27 ± 2.34% (F = 6.755, p = 0.001). However, increasing treatment duration led to a decline in mechanical properties, with the ultimate load (N) in the control vs. experimental groups reported as 103.30 ± 10.51 vs. 99.59 ± 4.37, 93.15 ± 12.38, 90.42 ± 7.87, and 82.68 ± 6.89, F = 4.125 (p = 0.013). Conclusion The findings reveal an increasing trend in adhesion effectiveness with prolonged exposure duration, while mechanical strength declines. The selection of the optimal processing duration should involve careful consideration of the benefits derived from both outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Ma
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaokang Gao
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Jin
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- The People's Hospital of Chengyang Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Qiao
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhitao Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Beijing Wonderful Medical Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongcheng Hu
- Clinical School/College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Reisdorf RL, Liu H, Bi C, Vrieze AM, Moran SL, Amadio PC, Zhao C. Carbodiimide-Derivatized Synovial Fluid for Tendon Graft Coating Improves Long-Term Functional Outcomes of Flexor Tendon Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:840e-849e. [PMID: 36912937 PMCID: PMC11095404 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon injury is common in hand trauma, and flexor tendon reconstruction is one of the most challenging procedures in hand surgery because of severe adhesion that exceeds 25% and hinders hand function. The surface properties of a graft from extrasynovial tendons are inferior to those of the native intrasynovial FDP tendons, which has been reported as one of the major causations. Improved surface gliding ability of the extrasynovial graft is needed. Thus, this study used carbodiimide-derivatized synovial fluid and gelatin (cd-SF-gel) to modify the surface of the graft, thus improving functional outcomes using a dog in vivo model. METHODS Forty FDP tendons from the second and fifth digits of 20 adult women underwent reconstruction with a peroneus longus (PL) autograft after creation of a tendon repair failure model for 6 weeks. Graft tendons were either coated with cd-SF-gel ( n = 20) or not. Animals were euthanized 24 weeks after reconstruction, and digits were collected after the animals were euthanized for biomechanical and histologic analyses. RESULTS Adhesion score (cd-SF-gel, 3.15 ± 1.53; control, 5 ± 1.26; P < 0.00017), normalized work of flexion (cd-SF-gel, 0.47 ± 0.28 N-mm/degree; control, 1.4 ± 1.45 N-mm/degree; P < 0.014), and distal interphalangeal joint motion (cd-SF-gel, 17.63 ± 6.77 degrees; control, 7.07 ± 12.99 degrees; P < 0.0015) in treated grafts all showed significant differences compared with nontreated grafts. However, there was no significant difference in repair conjunction strength between the two groups. CONCLUSION Autograft tendon surface modification with cd-SF-gel improves tendon gliding ability, reduces adhesion formation, and enhances digit function without interfering with graft-host healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The authors demonstrate a clinically relevant and translational technology by using the patient's own synovial fluid to "synovialize" an autologous extrasynovial tendon graft to improve functional outcomes following flexor tendon reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona L. Reisdorf
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Haoyu Liu
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Chun Bi
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Alyssa M. Vrieze
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Division of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Corduneanu‑Luca A, Pasca S, Tamas C, Moraru D, Ciuntu B, Stanescu C, Hreniuc‑Jemnoschi I, Tecuceanu A, Stamate T. Improving flexor tendon gliding by using the combination of carboxymethylcellulose‑polyethylene oxide on murine model. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:105. [PMID: 34976147 PMCID: PMC8674966 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approach to flexor tendon injuries is complex and is no longer limited to suturing techniques. Strategies for improving hand function currently include rehabilitation protocols, appropriate suturing materials and techniques, changing the gliding surface by using lubricants and providing growth factors. One product, originally used in spinal surgery, has been shown to be effective in preventing postoperative adhesions. It is a combination of carboxymethylcellulose and polyethylene oxide-Dynavisc® (FzioMed, Inc.). The aim of the present study was to test the effect of Dynavisc® on acute injuries of the intrasynovial flexor tendons in the prevention of postoperative adhesions and the improvement of functional results. The study was performed on 20 Wistar rats distributed in two groups. The control group, represented by 10 rats, in which after the reconstruction of the flexor tendon, the peritendinous area was injected with saline solution and the study group, in which the peritendinous area was injected with a single administration of the lubricating gel, Dynavisc® (carboxymethylcellulose and polyethylene oxide). At 4 and 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and tissue biopsy consisted of tendon fragments and adjacent tissue. The evaluation of the results was performed by measuring the adhesion score and observing histological parameters. The presence of important adhesions was found in the control group compared with the group treated with Dynavisc®, where a supple and smooth tendon, with significantly fewer adhesions were found. The differences between the two groups were significant, thus indicating the efficiency of the lubricant in preventing adhesions. This study supported the important role of Dynavisc® in the regeneration of the tendon and the peritendinous structures, by limiting aberrant fibrous proliferation in the regeneration process and helping to build a peritendinous space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sorin Pasca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Camelia Tamas
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Moraru
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ciuntu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Stanescu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800216 Galati, Romania
| | - Irina Hreniuc‑Jemnoschi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Angela Tecuceanu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodor Stamate
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Schubert S, Schiller J, Nimptsch A. De novo synthesis of phospholipids and sphingomyelin in multipotent stromal cells - Monitoring studies by mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104965. [PMID: 32888915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases are extremely widespread and a significant burden on the health systems of the industrialized countries. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells is a promising approach to cure cartilage and tendon injuries, which often also occur in younger people as consequences of sport accidents. Although particular interest is on the collagen and the glycosaminoglycan composition of the tendon and potential alterations compared to healthy tissue, there is nowadays also increasing evidence that some selected phospholipids (PL) are potential mediators of tissue regeneration. Therefore, PL (and potential changes thereof) attract increasing interest in this field. We have used positive and negative ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) to elucidate the lipid compositions of human mesenchymal stromal cells in dependence on the composition of the cell culture medium and the cultivation time. The de novo biosynthesis of PL was monitored by adding 13C labeled glucose or deuterated palmitic acid (d31-PA) to the cells and the incorporation of 13C or 2H into the different PL classes was investigated by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). It is remarkable that all PL classes (for instance, phosphatidylcholine and -inositol) exhibited 13C incorporation - but not the sphingomyelin (SM) which is the most abundant sphingolipid in the majority of human tissues and body fluids. Using suitable internal standards it could be shown, that only 12C-containing SM is de novo generated while no 13C-labeled SM could be monitored - independent of the cultivation time, which was varied between 7 and 28 days. SM impurities stemming from the cell culture medium and the used MALDI matrix compounds (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) or 9-aminoacridine (9-AA)) could be ruled out. However, incorporation of deuterated palmitic acid (d31-PA) could be observed for multiple PL, including SM. Therefore, it is suggested that there must exist another, so far unknown SM biosynthesis pathway. This pathway does not make use of glucose but relies on the use of other molecules as energy sources. Potential pathways to explain the experimental observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Schubert
- Leipzig University, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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Tse CTF, Keir PJ. External Compression and Partial Ischemia Decrease Human Finger Flexor Tendon and Subsynovial Connective Tissue Relative Motion. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1038-1044. [PMID: 31793674 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative shear strain of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) surrounding finger flexor tendons plays a significant role in the development and progression of carpal tunnel syndrome. Biomechanical risk factors can alter tendon-SSCT shear strain but the effects of external mechanical compression and localized ischemia have yet to be investigated. In a laboratory study with 19 healthy participants, color Doppler ultrasound imaging was used to quantify relative motion between the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and SSCT during repetitive finger flexion-extension under various conditions of external mechanical compression (palmar and forearm compression), ischemia and different movement speeds (0.75 and 1.25 Hz). Forearm compression reduced tendon displacement (baseline = 28.5 ± 4.1 mm vs. forearm = 27.0 ± 4.6 mm; p = 0.043) and showed a trend for reduced SSCT displacement, while palmar compression had no significant effects on tendon-SSCT motion. Compared with baseline, partial ischemia decreased SSCT displacement (baseline = 22.9 ± 3.3 mm vs. ischemia = 22.0 ± 3.3 mm; p = 0.015), while tendon displacement remained unchanged. In all experimental conditions, faster movements elicited greater tendon-SSCT relative motion. Our findings suggest that palmar compression may not negatively impact tendon-SSCT relative motion, but forearm compression may require further investigation. Localized ischemia in the forearm may alter the gliding conditions within the carpal tunnel and affect tendon-SSCT relative motion, which bridges an important gap between blood flow in the carpal tunnel and shear injury risk. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature, supporting the role that cumulative tendon-SSCT shear injury may have on the pathomechanics of carpal tunnel syndrome. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1038-1044, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin T F Tse
- Motion Analysis and Biofeedback Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter J Keir
- Occupational Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Cook SG, Guan Y, Pacifici NJ, Brown CN, Czako E, Samak MS, Bonassar LJ, Gourdon D. Dynamics of Synovial Fluid Aggregation under Shear. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15887-15896. [PMID: 31608639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synovial fluid (SF) that lubricates articular joints exhibits complex rheological and tribological properties due to the interactions and behaviors of its various molecular components. Under shear, SF films abruptly thicken by more than 300% and large, dense aggregates form within the fluid. In this study, we used the Surface Force Apparatus to elucidate which SF components are involved in this shear-induced transformation by (i) determining which (if any) of all major SF components replicate the behavior of SF under shear and (ii) observing the effect of removing implicated components from SF by enzymatic digestion. While most previous studies of SF have focused on the tribological roles of lubricin or hyaluronic acid, our results indicate that albumin is a key contributor to the formation of aggregates in SF under shear. Our results also suggest that SF aggregation is associated with efficient surface protection against wear. As our findings are based on experiments involving rigid, nonporous surfaces, they may be used to investigate shear-mediated aggregation mechanisms occurring during the lubrication of artificial joints, ultimately advancing our current vision of implant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra G Cook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Ya Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Noah J Pacifici
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Cory N Brown
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Evan Czako
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Mihir S Samak
- Department of Physics , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
| | - Delphine Gourdon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada
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Lin W, Mashiah R, Seror J, Kadar A, Dolkart O, Pritsch T, Goldberg R, Klein J. Lipid-hyaluronan synergy strongly reduces intrasynovial tissue boundary friction. Acta Biomater 2019; 83:314-321. [PMID: 30423432 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA)-lipid layers on model (mica) surfaces massively reduce friction as the surfaces slide past each other, and have been proposed, together with lubricin, as the boundary layers accounting for the extreme lubrication of articular cartilage. The ability of such HA-lipid complexes to lubricate sliding biological tissues has not however been demonstrated. Here we show that HA-lipid layers on the surface of an intrasynovial tendon can strongly reduce the friction as the tendon slides within its sheath. We find a marked lubrication synergy when combining both HA and lipids at the tendon surface, relative to each component alone, further enhanced when the polysaccharide is functionalized to attach specifically to the tissue. Our results shed light on the lubricity of sliding biological tissues, and indicate a novel approach for lubricating surfaces such as tendons and, possibly, articular cartilage, important, respectively, for alleviating function impairment following tendon injury and repair, or in the context of osteoarthritis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lubrication breakdown between sliding biological tissues is responsible for pathologies ranging from dry eye syndrome to tendon-injury repair impairment and osteoarthritis. These are increasing with human longevity and impose a huge economic and societal burden. Here we show that synergy of hyaluronan and lipids, molecules which are central components of synovial joints and of the tendon/sheath system, can strongly reduce friction between sliding biological tissues (the extrasynovial tendon sliding in its sheath), relative to untreated tissue or to either component on its own. Our results point to the molecular origins of the very low friction in healthy tendons and synovial joints, as well as to novel treatments of lubrication breakdown in these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Materials and Interfaces Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Reut Mashiah
- Materials and Interfaces Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jasmine Seror
- Materials and Interfaces Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Kadar
- The Orthopedic Division, Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Oleg Dolkart
- The Orthopedic Division, Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Pritsch
- The Orthopedic Division, Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Goldberg
- Materials and Interfaces Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Jacob Klein
- Materials and Interfaces Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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8
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Ji X, Reisdorf RL, Thoreson AR, Berglund LR, Moran SL, Jay GD, An KN, Amadio PC, Zhao C. Surface Modification with Chemically Modified Synovial Fluid for Flexor Tendon Reconstruction in a Canine Model in Vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97:972-8. [PMID: 26085530 PMCID: PMC4469787 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.n.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional restoration is the major concern after flexor tendon reconstruction in the hand. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of modifying the surface of extrasynovial tendon autografts with carbodiimide-derivatized synovial fluid with gelatin (cd-SF-G) on functional outcomes of flexor tendon reconstruction using a canine model. METHODS The second and fifth flexor digitorum profundus tendons from eleven dogs were transected and repaired in zone II. The dogs then had six weeks of free activity leading to tendon rupture and scar formation (the repair-failure phase). In the reconstruction phase, two autologous peroneus longus tendons from each dog were harvested; one tendon was coated with cd-SF-G and the other, with saline solution, as a control. A non-weight-bearing rehabilitation protocol was followed for six weeks after reconstruction. The digits were then harvested and evaluations of function, adhesion status, gliding resistance, attachment strength, cell viability, and histology were performed. RESULTS The tendons coated with cd-SF-G demonstrated significantly lower values (mean and standard deviation) compared with the saline-solution group for work of flexion (0.63 ± 0.24 versus 1.34 ± 0.42 N-mm/deg), adhesion score (3.5 ± 1.6 versus 6.1 ± 1.3), proximal adhesion breaking force (8.6 ± 3.2 versus 20.2 ± 10.2 N), and gliding resistance (0.26 ± 0.08 versus 0.46 ± 0.22 N) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the cd-SF-G and saline-solution groups (p > 0.05) in distal attachment-site strength (56.9 ± 28.4 versus 77.2 ± 36.2 N), stiffness (19 ± 7.5 versus 24.5 ± 14.5 N/mm), and compressive modulus from indentation testing (4.37 ± 1.26 versus 3.98 ± 1.24 N/mm). Histological analysis showed that tendons coated with cd-SF-G had smoother surfaces and demonstrated tendon-to-bone and tendon-to-tendon incorporation. No significant difference in viable cell count between the two groups was observed on tendon culture. CONCLUSIONS Modification of the flexor tendon surface with cd-SF-G significantly improved digital function and reduced adhesion formation without affecting graft healing and stiffness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study used native synovial fluid as a basic lubricating reagent to treat a tendon graft in vivo, a novel avenue for improving clinical outcomes of flexor tendon reconstruction. This methodology may also apply to other surgical procedures where postoperative adhesions impair function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Ji
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Ramona L. Reisdorf
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Andrew R. Thoreson
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Lawrence R. Berglund
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Claverick 100, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (X.J., R.L.R., A.R.T., L.R.B., K-N.A., P.C.A., and C.Z.) and Plastic Surgery (S.L.M.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for C. Zhao:
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9
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Sun YL, Wei Z, Zhao C, Jay GD, Schmid TM, Amadio PC, An KN. Lubricin in human achilles tendon: The evidence of intratendinous sliding motion and shear force in achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:932-7. [PMID: 25864860 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Achilles tendon is one of the most commonly injured tendons. Mechanical force is regarded as a major causative factor. However, the biomechanics of Achilles tendon and mechanical mechanism of the injuries are unclear. Lubricin expresses at regions exposed to sliding motion and shear force in a number of tissues. This study investigated the distribution and concentration of lubricin in human Achilles tendons for better understanding the biomechanics of Achilles tendon. Achilles tendons were harvested from nine cadavers. Lubricin was extracted from various locations proximal to the calcaneal insertion and quantified with ELISA. The distribution of lubricin was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Lubricin was mainly identified at the interfaces of tendon fascicles, especially in the mid-portion of the tendon. The concentration of lubricin in Achilles tendons varied by individual and the distance from its calcaneal insertion. The distal portion of the tendon had a higher concentration of lubricin than the proximal regions of the tendon. This study suggests the presence of intratendinous sliding motion of fascicles and shear force at interfaces of fascicles in human Achilles tendon. Shear force could be an important mechanical factor for the development of Achilles tendinopathy and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Sun
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, China
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What is the best candidate allograft for ACL reconstruction? An in vitro mechanical and histologic study in a canine model. J Biomech 2015; 48:1811-6. [PMID: 25981102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The knee joint is generally characterized by very low friction and high wear resistance. Several previous studies have compared ACL with the commonly used allografts from tensile properties perspective. No study has reported about the graft tendons from a frictional perspective, which is an important parameter for ACL functional performance. Twenty hind legs were used to harvest FDP tendon, ACL, ACH, and patellar tendon. Samples were evaluated with surface friction testing, indentation testing for tendon compressive moduli, lubricin immunohistochemistry, and histologic analysis. Frictional force of FDP tendon and ACL was significantly less than that of patellar tendon and ACH at first and fifth cycles. At the tenth cycle, the FDP tendon, ACL, and ACH showed significantly less frictional force than patellar tendon; after 100 cycles, the FDP tendon and ACL showed significantly less frictional force than patellar tendon. The compressive moduli of the FDP tendon, ACL, and ACH were significantly greater than that of patellar tendon. Histologic results showed that FDP tendon and ACL had a smooth surface with a thin layer of epitenon cells; patellar tendon and ACH had a rough surface and a layer of paratenon. Lubricin was found on the surface and extracellular matrix of FDP tendon and ACL. There was only limited lubricin expression on the surface and extracellular matrix of the ACH and patellar tendon. The FDP tendon has friction force and lubricin expression similar to those of native ACL. However, patellar tendon and ACH show higher friction force and less lubricin expression than ACL.
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11
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Articular Joint Lubricants during Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Display Altered Levels and Molecular Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125192. [PMID: 25933137 PMCID: PMC4416892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyaluronic acid (HA), lubricin, and phospholipid species (PLs) contribute independently or together to the boundary lubrication of articular joints that is provided by synovial fluid (SF). Our study is the first reporting quantitative data about the molecular weight (MW) forms of HA, lubricin, and PLs in SF from cohorts of healthy donors, patients with early (eOA)- or late (lOA)-stage osteoarthritis (OA), and patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We used human SF from unaffected controls, eOA, lOA, and RA. HA and lubricin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PLs was quantified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Fatty acids (FAs) were analyzed by gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry. The MW distribution of HA was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results Compared with control SF, the concentrations of HA and lubricin were lower in OA and RA SF, whereas those of PLs were higher in OA and RA SF. Moreover, the MW distribution of HA shifted toward the lower ranges in OA and RA SF. We noted distinct alterations between cohorts in the relative distribution of PLs and the degree of FA saturation and chain lengths of FAs. Conclusions The levels, composition, and MW distribution of all currently known lubricants in SF—HA, lubricin, PLs—vary with joint disease and stage of OA. Our study is the first delivering a comprehensive view about all joint lubricants during health and widespread joint diseases. Thus, we provide the framework to develop new optimal compounded lubricants to reduce joint destruction.
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Qu J, van Alphen NA, Thoreson AR, Chen Q, An KN, Amadio PC, Schmid TM, Zhao C. Effects of trypsinization and mineralization on intrasynovial tendon allograft healing to bone. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:468-74. [PMID: 25611186 PMCID: PMC4376615 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to develop a novel technology to enhance tendon-to-bone interface healing by trypsinizing and mineralizing (TM) an intrasynovial tendon allograft in a rabbit bone tunnel model. Eight rabbit flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were used to optimize the trypsinization process. An additional 24 FDP tendons were stratified into control and TM groups; in each group, 4 tendons were used for in vitro evaluation of TM and 8 were transplanted into proximal tibial bone tunnels in rabbits. The samples were evaluated histologically and with mechanical testing at postoperative week 8. Maximum failure strength and linear stiffness were not significantly different between the control and TM tendons. A thin fibrous band of scar tissue formed at the graft-to-bone interface in the control group. However, only the TM group showed obvious new bone formation inside the tendon graft and a visible fibrocartilage layer at the bone tunnel entrance. This study is the first to explore effects of TM on the intrasynovial allograft healing to a bone tunnel. TM showed beneficial effects on chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and integration of the intrasynovial tendon graft, but mechanical strength was the same as the control tendons in this short-term in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qu
- Division of Orthopedic Research; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | | | | | - Qingshan Chen
- Division of Orthopedic Research; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Division of Orthopedic Research; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Division of Orthopedic Research; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | | | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Division of Orthopedic Research; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
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13
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Bíró V. [Use of tissue engineering in the reconstruction of flexor tendon injuries of the hand]. Orv Hetil 2015; 156:216-20. [PMID: 25639635 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2015.30094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In his literary analysis, the author describes a novel method applied in the reconstruction of flexor tendon injuries of the hand. This procedure is named tissue engineering, and it is examined mainly under experimental circumstances. After definition of the method and descriptions of literary preliminaries the author discusses the healing process of the normal tendon tissue, then development of the scaffold, an important step of tissue engineering is described. After these topics the introduction of the pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells into the scaffold, and proliferation of these cells and development of the sliding systems are presented. The mechanical resisting ability of the formed tendon tissue is also discussed. Finally, the author concludes that as long as results of experimental research cannot be successfully applied into clinical practice, well-tried tendon reconstruction operations and high quality postoperative rehabilitation are needed.
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14
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The Effect of Phospholipids (Surfactant) on Adhesion and Biomechanical Properties of Tendon: A Rat Achilles Tendon Repair Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:689314. [PMID: 26101776 PMCID: PMC4458519 DOI: 10.1155/2015/689314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of the tendon is a major challenge for the orthopedic surgeon during tendon repair. Manipulation of biological environment is one of the concepts to prevent adhesion. Lots of biochemicals have been studied for this purpose. We aimed to determine the effect of phospholipids on adhesion and biomechanical properties of tendon in an animal tendon repair model.
Seventy-two Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Achilles tendons of rats were cut and repaired. Phospholipids were applied at two different dosages. Tendon adhesion was determined histopathologically and biomechanical test was performed. At macroscopic evaluation of adhesion, there are statistically significant differences between multiple-dose phospholipid injection group and Control group and also hyaluronic acid group and Control group (p < 0.008). At microscopic evaluation of adhesion, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.008). Ultimate strength was highest at hyaluronic acid injection group and lowest at multiple-dose phospholipid injection group. Single-dose phospholipids (surfactant) application may have a beneficial effect on the tendon adhesion. Although multiple applications of phospholipids seem the most effective regime to reduce the tendon adhesion among groups, it deteriorated the biomechanical properties of tendon.
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15
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Rojas FP, Batista MA, Lindburg CA, Dean D, Grodzinsky AJ, Ortiz C, Han L. Molecular adhesion between cartilage extracellular matrix macromolecules. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:772-80. [PMID: 24491174 PMCID: PMC3983133 DOI: 10.1021/bm401611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, we investigated the
molecular adhesion between the
major constituents of cartilage extracellular matrix, namely, the
highly negatively charged proteoglycan aggrecan and the type II/IX/XI
fibrillar collagen network, in simulated physiological conditions.
Colloidal force spectroscopy was applied to measure the maximum adhesion
force and total adhesion energy between aggrecan end-attached spherical
tips (end radius R ≈ 2.5 μm) and trypsin-treated
cartilage disks with undamaged collagen networks. Studies were carried
out in various aqueous solutions to reveal the physical factors that
govern aggrecan–collagen adhesion. Increasing both ionic strength
and [Ca2+] significantly increased adhesion, highlighting
the importance of electrostatic repulsion and Ca2+-mediated
ion bridging effects. In addition, we probed how partial enzymatic
degradation of the collagen network, which simulates osteoarthritic
conditions, affects the aggrecan–collagen interactions. Interestingly,
we found a significant increase in aggrecan–collagen adhesion
even when there were no detectable changes at the macro- or microscales.
It is hypothesized that the aggrecan–collagen adhesion, together
with aggrecan–aggrecan self-adhesion, works synergistically
to determine the local molecular deformability and energy dissipation
of the cartilage matrix, in turn, affecting its macroscopic tissue
properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick P Rojas
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, §Mechanical Engineering, ∥Biological Engineering, and ⊥Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
Mouse models offer invaluable cellular and molecular tools for the study of human pathologies including those associated with fibrotic and musculoskeletal diseases. In this methods manuscript, we describe a mouse model of repair and segmental reconstruction of flexor tendons, which in our laboratory has been an invaluable model to study tendon scarring and adhesions. Specifically, we describe in details all the surgical procedures involved, as well as the associated endpoint biomechanical assessments including a novel test of the flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint as a measure of adhesions, and a standard protocol for biomechanical assessment of the tensile strength of the tendon and repair tissue.
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17
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Galvez MG, Crowe C, Farnebo S, Chang J. Tissue engineering in flexor tendon surgery: current state and future advances. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014; 39:71-8. [PMID: 24262584 DOI: 10.1177/1753193413512432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of flexor tendons addresses a challenge often faced by hand surgeons: the restoration of function and improvement of healing with a limited supply of donor tendons. Creating an engineered tendon construct is dependent upon understanding the normal healing mechanisms of the tendon and tendon sheath. The production of a tendon construct includes: creating a three-dimensional scaffold; seeding cells within the scaffold; encouraging cellular growth within the scaffold while maintaining a gliding surface; and finally ensuring mechanical strength. An effective construct incorporates these factors in its design, with the ultimate goal of creating tendon substitutes that are readily available to the reconstructive hand surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Galvez
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Hayashi M, Zhao C, Thoreson AR, Chikenji T, Jay GD, An KN, Amadio PC. The effect of lubricin on the gliding resistance of mouse intrasynovial tendon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83836. [PMID: 24349551 PMCID: PMC3862798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lubricin on the gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons by comparing lubricin knockout, heterozygous, and wild type mice. A total of thirty-six deep digital flexor (DDF) tendons in the third digits of each hind paw from eighteen adult mice were used, including six lubricin knockout mice (Prg4 –/–), six heterozygous mice (Prg4 +/–), and six wild type mice (Prg4 +/+). The tendon gliding resistance was measured using a custom-made device. Tendon structural changes were evaluated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons from lubricin knockout mice was significantly higher than the gliding resistance of either wild type or heterozygous mice. The surface of the lubricin knockout tendons appeared to be rougher, compared to the wild type and heterozygous tendons. Synovial hyperplasia was found in the lubricin knockout mice. Cartilage-like tissue was found in the tendon and pulley of the lubricin knockout mice. Our findings confirm the importance of lubricin in intrasynovial tendon lubrication. This knockout model may be useful in determining the effect of lubricin on tendon healing and the response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hayashi
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Thoreson
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takako Chikenji
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Ozasa Y, Amadio PC, Thoreson AR, An KN, Zhao C. Repopulation of intrasynovial flexor tendon allograft with bone marrow stromal cells: an ex vivo model. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:566-74. [PMID: 24024566 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Delayed healing is a common problem whenever tendon allografts are used for tendon or ligament reconstruction. Repopulating the allograft with host cells may accelerate tendon regeneration, but cell penetration into the allograft tendon is limited. Processing the tendon surface with slits that guide cells into the allograft substrate may improve healing. The purpose of this study was to describe a surface modification of allograft tendon that includes slits to aid cell repopulation and lubrication to enhance tendon gliding. METHODS Canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were used for this study. Cyclic gliding resistance was measured over 1000 cycles. Tensile stiffness was assessed for normal tendon, tendon decellularized with trypsin and Triton X-100 (decellularized group), tendon decellularized and perforated with multiple slits (MS group) and tendon decellularized, perforated with slits and treated with a carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid and gelatin (cd-HA-gelatin) surface modification (MS-SM group). To assess tendon repopulation, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were used in the decellularized and MS groups. DNA concentration and histology were evaluated and compared to normal tendons and nonseeded decellularized tendons. RESULTS The gliding resistance of the decellularized and MS groups was significantly higher compared with the normal group. There was no significant difference in gliding resistance between the decellularized and MS group. Gliding resistance of the normal group and MS-SM group was not significantly different. The Young's modulus was not significantly different among the four groups. The DNA concentration in the MS group was significantly lower than in normal tendons, but significantly higher than in decellularized tendons, with or without BMSCs. Viable BMSCs were found in the slits after 2 weeks in tissue culture. CONCLUSIONS Tendon slits can successfully harbor BMSCs without compromising their survival and without changing tendon stiffness. Surface modification restores normal gliding function to the slit tendon. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A multislit tendon reseeded with BMSCs, with a surface treatment applied to restore gliding properties, may potentially promote tendon revitalization and accelerate healing for tendon or ligament reconstruction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ozasa
- Biomechanics & Tendon and Soft Tissue Laboratories, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester , Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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The effect of surface modification on gliding ability of decellularized flexor tendon in a canine model in vitro. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:1698-704. [PMID: 23849733 PMCID: PMC3782077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the gliding ability and mechanical properties of decellularized intrasynovial tendons with and without surface modification designed to reduce gliding resistance. METHODS We randomly assigned 33 canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons to 1 of 3 groups: untreated fresh tendons, to serve as a control; tendons decellularized with trypsin and Triton X-100; and tendons decellularized as in group 2 with surface modification using carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid and gelatin (cd-HA-gelatin). Tendons were subjected to cyclic friction testing for 1,000 cycles with subsequent tensile stiffness testing. We qualitatively evaluated the surface roughness after 1,000 cycles using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The gliding resistance of the decellularized group was significantly higher than that of both the control and cd-HA-gelatin tendons (0.20, 0.09, and 0.11 N after the first cycle; and 0.41, 0.09, and 0.14 N after 1,000 cycles, respectively). Gliding resistance between the control and cd-HA-gelatin groups was not significantly different. The Young modulus was not significantly different between groups. The surfaces of the control and cd-HA-gelatin-treated tendons appeared smooth after 1,000 cycles, whereas those of the decellularized tendons appeared roughened under scanning electron microscopy observation. CONCLUSIONS Decellularization with trypsin and Triton X-100 did not change tendon stiffness. However, although this treatment was effective in removing cells, it adversely altered the tendon surface in both appearance and gliding resistance. Surface modification with cd-HA-gelatin improved the tendon surface smoothness and significantly decreased the gliding resistance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of decellularization and surface modification may improve the function of tendon allografts when used clinically.
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21
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Zhao C, Hashimoto T, Kirk RL, Thoreson AR, Jay GD, Moran SL, An KN, Amadio PC. Resurfacing with chemically modified hyaluronic acid and lubricin for flexor tendon reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:969-75. [PMID: 23335124 PMCID: PMC3628950 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We assessed surface coating with carbodiimide derivatized hyaluronic acid combined with lubricin (cd-HA-Lubricin) as a way to improve extrasynovial tendon surface quality and, consequently, the functional results in flexor tendon reconstruction, using a canine in vivo model. The second and fifth flexor digitorum profundus tendons from 14 dogs were reconstructed with autologs peroneus longus (PL) tendons 6 weeks after a failed primary repair. One digit was treated with cd-HA-Lubricin, and the other was treated with saline as the control. Six weeks following grafting, the digits and graft tendons were functionally and histologically evaluated. Adhesion score, normalized work of flexion, graft friction in zone II, and adhesion breaking strength at the proximal repair site in zone III were all lower in the cd-HA-Lubricin treated group compared to the control group. The strength at the distal tendon/bone interface was decreased in the cd-HA-Lubricin treated grafts compared to the control grafts. Histology showed inferior healing in the cd-HA-Lubricin group at both proximal and distal repair sites. However, cd-HA-Lubricin treatment did not result in any gap or rupture at either the proximal or distal repair sites. These results demonstrate that cd-HA-Lubricin can eliminate graft adhesions and improve digit function, but that treatment may have an adverse effect on tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Zhao
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takahiro Hashimoto
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ramona L. Kirk
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew R. Thoreson
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Steven L. Moran
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory & Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota
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Abstract
The smooth gliding of the normal human digital flexor is maintained by synovial fluid lubrication and lubricants bound to the tendon surface. This system can be disrupted by degenerative conditions such as trigger finger, or by trauma. The resistance to tendon gliding after surgical repair of the lacerated digital flexor tendon relates to location of suture knots, exposure of suture materials, and type of surgical repair and materials. Restoration of a functioning gliding surface after injury can be helped by using low-friction, high-strength suture designs, therapy that enables gliding, and the addition of lubricants to the tendon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Amadio
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Sun YL, Zhao C, Jay GD, Schmid TM, An KN, Amadio PC. Effects of stress deprivation on lubricin synthesis and gliding of flexor tendons in a canine model in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:273-8. [PMID: 23389791 PMCID: PMC3748971 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lubricin facilitates boundary lubrication of cartilage. The synthesis of lubricin in cartilage is regulated by mechanical stimuli, especially shear force. Lubricin is also found in flexor tendons. However, little is known about the effect of mechanical loading on lubricin synthesis in tendons or about the function of lubricin in flexor tendons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of mechanical loading to lubricin expression and gliding resistance of flexor tendons. METHODS Flexor tendons were harvested from canine forepaws that had been suspended without weight-bearing for twenty-one days and from the contralateral forepaws that had been allowed free motion. Lubricin expression in each flexor tendon was investigated with real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and immunohistochemistry. Lubricin in the flexor tendon was extracted and quantified with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The friction between the flexor tendon and the proximal pulley was measured. RESULTS The non-weight-bearing flexor tendons had a 40% reduction of lubricin expression (p < 0.01) and content (p < 0.01) compared with the flexor tendons in the contralateral limb. However, the gliding resistance of the tendons in the non-weight-bearing limb was the same as that of the tendons on the contralateral, weight-bearing side. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading affected lubricin expression in flexor tendons, resulting in a 40% reduction of lubricin content, but these changes did not affect the gliding resistance of the flexor tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Sun
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The CORO Building, Suite 106, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Thomas M. Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 1735 West Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Suite 556, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
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Zhao C, Sun YL, Jay GD, Moran SL, An KN, Amadio PC. Surface modification counteracts adverse effects associated with immobilization after flexor tendon repair. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1940-4. [PMID: 22714687 PMCID: PMC3449004 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although post-rehabilitation is routinely performed following flexor tendon repair, in some clinical scenarios post-rehabilitation must be delayed. We investigated modification of the tendon surface using carbodiimide derivatized hyaluronic acid and lubricin (cd-HA-Lub) to maintain gliding function following flexor tendon repair with postoperative immobilization in a in vivo canine model. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons from the 2nd and 5th digits of one forepaw of six dogs were transected and repaired. One tendon in each paw was treated with cd-HA-Lub; the other repaired tendon was not treated. Following tendon repair, a forearm cast was applied to fully immobilize the operated forelimb for 10 days, after which the animals were euthanized. Digit normalized work of flexion (nWOF) and tendon gliding resistance were assessed. The nWOF of the FDP tendons treated with cd-HA-Lub was significantly lower than the nWOF of the untreated tendons (p < 0.01). The gliding resistance of cd-HA-Lub treated tendons was also significantly lower than that of the untreated tendons (p < 0.05). Surface treatment with cd-HA-Lub following flexor tendon repair provides an opportunity to improve outcomes for patients in whom the post-operative therapy must be delayed after flexor tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Zhao
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yu-Long Sun
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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25
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Woon CY, Farnebo S, Schmitt T, Kraus A, Megerle K, Pham H, Yan X, Gambhir SS, Chang J. Human Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Revitalization of Biostatic Allograft Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2406-17. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Y.L. Woon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Taliah Schmitt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Armin Kraus
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kai Megerle
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hung Pham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Xinrui Yan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - James Chang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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26
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Evans RB. Managing the injured tendon: current concepts. J Hand Ther 2012; 25:173-89; quiz 190. [PMID: 22326362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in understanding of the mechanical aspects of tendon management with improved suture technique and early stress application with postoperative therapy, clinical results remain inconsistent after repair, especially within the synovial regions. Complementary research to enhance the intrinsic pathway of healing, suppress the extrinsic pathway of healing, and manipulate frictional resistance to tendon gliding is now the focus of current basic science research on tendons. In the future, application of these new biologic therapies may increase the "safety zone" (or tolerance for load and excursion without dysfunctional gapping) as therapists apply stress to healing tendons and may alter future rehabilitation protocols by allowing greater angles of motion (and thus tendon excursion), increased external load, and decreased time in protective orthoses (splints). However, at this time, the stronger repair techniques and the application of controlled stress remain the best and most well-supported intervention after tendon injury and repair in the recovery of functional tendon excursion and joint range of motion. The hand therapist's role in this process remains a critical component contributing to satisfactory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn B Evans
- Indian River Hand and Upper Extremity Rehabilitation, Vero Beach, Florida 32960, USA.
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Yagi M, Mitsui Y, Gotoh M, Sato N, Yoshida K, Nagata K. ROLE OF THE HYALURONAN-PRODUCING TENOSYNOVIUM IN PREVENTING ADHESION FORMATION DURING HEALING OF FLEXOR TENDON INJURIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:13-7. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218810412500025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flexor tendons of white Leghorn chickens (n = 25) were used for this study. One chicken was used as a normal control (no surgery), and the remaining 24 were used for experiments. After partial tendon-severing in both legs of 24 chickens, the right and the left leg were treated differently, thereby creating two groups: Group I, in which the tenosynovium was preserved, and Group II, in which the tenosynovium was removed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe adhesions; immunohistochemical analysis was used to localize HA. HA production was noted in granulation tissue invading between the tendon stumps in both groups; however, HA expression in the tenosynovium was observed only in Group I where adhesion formation was minimal. The HA-producing tenosynovium plays a crucial role in preventing adhesion formation in this model of flexor tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Yagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mitsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University Medical Center, Fukuoka 839-0863, Japan
| | - Masafumi Gotoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University Medical Center, Fukuoka 839-0863, Japan
| | - Naoto Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kensei Nagata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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The effect of tendon surface treatment on cell attachment for potential enhancement of tendon graft healing: an ex vivo model. Med Eng Phys 2012; 34:1387-93. [PMID: 22349134 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For both tendon allografts and autografts, the surface, initially optimized for gliding, may not be ideal to facilitate tissue integration for graft healing to host tendon or bone. As a prelude to studying tendon-bone integration, we investigated the effect of surface treatments with trypsin or mechanical abrasion on cell attachment to the tendon surface in a canine ex vivo intrasynovial tendon tissue culture model. Intrasynovial tendon allograft surfaces were seeded with cells after the following treatments: (1) no treatment, (2) mechanical abrasion, (3) trypsin, and (4) abrasion and trypsin. The area covered by cells was determined using confocal laser microscopy at one and two weeks. Results were compared to untreated extrasynovial tendon. Additional tendons were characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Tendons with trypsin treatment had significantly more surface coverage with cells than the other groups, after both one and two weeks of culture. In terms of the cellular shape and size, cells on tendons with trypsin treatment spread more and were more polygonal in shape, whereas tendons with mechanical abrasion with/without trypsin treatment contained smaller, more spindle-like cells. Surface roughening can affect cell behavior with topographical stimulation. Trypsin surface digestion exposes a mesh-like structure on the tendon surface, which could enhance cell adherence and, possibly, tendon/bone healing.
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Leonardi R, Musumeci G, Sicurezza E, Loreto C. Lubricin in human temporomandibular joint disc: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:614-9. [PMID: 22244189 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate, immunohistochemically, the presence and distribution of lubricin in human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs without any degenerative changes, obtained from autopsies, in order to elucidate the TMJ lubrication system and disc tribology. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for lubricin detection was carried out on 34 TMJ discs. Any disc had signs of degenerative or inflammatory joint disease nor disc were displaced. Sections were incubated with diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody and scored according to the percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells. Three different TMJ disc tissue compartments taken from the intermediate zone were analysed, namely: the central region as well as the temporal (superior) and condylar (inferior) disc surfaces. The Friedman test, was used to compare lubricin at a protein level expression, amongst the regions of disc specimens. RESULTS Staining was noted within the TMJ disc cell populations in every disc tissue sample, however, the number of disc cells immunolabelled varied according to disc tissue regions. The percentage of immunostained cells, was statistically significant lower in the central region than in each disc surface (p<0.0001), whilst any statistically significant difference was found when comparing the two surfaces one another. CONCLUSIONS Lubricin is present in several location of TMJ disc being significantly more expressed at disc surfaces than in the central part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario, Italy.
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30
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Role of Surface-Active Lipids in Cartilage Lubrication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396533-2.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Leonardi R, Rusu MC, Loreto F, Loreto C, Musumeci G. Immunolocalization and expression of lubricin in the bilaminar zone of the human temporomandibular joint disc. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:1-5. [PMID: 21955422 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lubricin, which is a boundary joint lubricant, was investigated immunohistochemically in the bilaminar zone (BZ) of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ), without any degenerative changes. Immunohistochemistry for lubricin detection was carried out on 33 TMJ discs obtained from 17 cadavers. Sections were incubated with diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-lubricin antibody and scored according to the percentage of lubricin immunopositive cells. Three different TMJ disc tissue compartments were analyzed, namely: the upper lamina, the inferior lamina and the loose connective tissue in the space between the laminae. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare protein expression (lubricin) among disc specimens' regions. Staining was noted within the TMJ disc cell populations in every disc tissue sample, with almost every cell immunolabeled by the lubricin antibody. The number of disc cells immunolabeled was almost the same in the 3 bilaminar zone regions. Positive extracellular matrix staining was also seen. The results of the present study suggest that lubricin is expressed in the TMJ disc bilaminar zone. Lubricin may have a role in normal disc posterior attachment physiology through the prevention of cellular adhesion as well as providing lubrication during normal bilaminar zone function.
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Musumeci G, Loreto C, Carnazza ML, Coppolino F, Cardile V, Leonardi R. Lubricin is expressed in chondrocytes derived from osteoarthritic cartilage encapsulated in poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate scaffold. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e31. [PMID: 22073377 PMCID: PMC3203476 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degenerative changes within joints that involved quantitative and/or qualitative alterations of cartilage and synovial fluid lubricin, a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Modern therapeutic methods, including tissue-engineering techniques, have been used to treat mechanical damage of the articular cartilage but to date there is no specific and effective treatment. This study aimed at investigating lubricin immunohistochemical expression in cartilage explant from normal and OA patients and in cartilage constructions formed by Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogels (PEG-DA) encapsulated OA chondrocytes. The expression levels of lubricin were studied by immunohistochemistry: i) in tissue explanted from OA and normal human cartilage; ii) in chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogel PEGDA from OA and normal human cartilage. Moreover, immunocytochemical and western blot analysis were performed in monolayer cells from OA and normal cartilage. The results showed an increased expression of lubricin in explanted tissue and in monolayer cells from normal cartilage, and a decreased expression of lubricin in OA cartilage. The chondrocytes from OA cartilage after 5 weeks of culture in hydrogels (PEGDA) showed an increased expression of lubricin compared with the control cartilage. The present study demonstrated that OA chondrocytes encapsulated in PEGDA, grown in the scaffold and were able to restore lubricin biosynthesis. Thus our results suggest the possibility of applying autologous cell transplantation in conjunction with scaffold materials for repairing cartilage lesions in patients with OA to reduce at least the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy section, University of Catania, Italy.
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Reuvers J, Thoreson AR, Zhao C, Zhang L, Jay GD, An KN, Warman ML, Amadio PC. The mechanical properties of tail tendon fascicles from lubricin knockout, wild type and heterozygous mice. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:41-5. [PMID: 21821131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of lubricin on tendon stiffness and viscoelasticity. A total of 36 mice were tested with 12 mice in each of the following groups: lubricin knock-out ⁻/⁻, heterozygous ⁺/⁻ and wild-type ⁺/⁺. A ramp test was used to determine the elastic modulus by pulling the fascicles to 2.5% strain amplitude at a rate of 0.05 mm/s. Then, followed by a relaxation test that pulled the fascicles to 5% strain amplitude at a rate of 2 mm/s. The fascicles were allowed to relax for 2 min at the maximum strain and a single-cycle relaxation ratio was used to characterize viscoelastic properties. There was no significant difference in the Young's modulus between the three groups (p > 0.05), but the knockout mice had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower relaxation ratio than the wild type mice. Based on these data, we concluded that lubricin expression has an effect on the viscoelastic properties of tendon fascicles. The clinical significance of this finding, if any, remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Reuvers
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kohrs RT, Zhao C, Sun YL, Jay GD, Zhang L, Warman ML, An KN, Amadio PC. Tendon fascicle gliding in wild type, heterozygous, and lubricin knockout mice. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:384-9. [PMID: 20886657 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lubricin in the lubrication of tendon fascicles. Lubricin, a glycoprotein, lubricates cartilage and tendon surfaces, but the function of lubricin within the tendon fascicle is unclear. We developed a novel method to assess the gliding resistance of a single fascicle in a mouse tail model and used it to test the hypothesis that gliding resistance would be increased in lubricin knockout mice. Thirty-six mouse tails were used from 12 wild type, 12 heterozygous, and 12 lubricin knockout mice. A 15 mm long fascicle segment was pulled proximally after being divided distally. The peak resistance during fascicle pullout and the fascicle perimeter were measured. Lubricin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The peak gliding resistance in the lubricin knockout mice was significantly higher than in the wild type (p < 0.05). Fascicles from heterozygous mice were intermediate in value, but not significantly different from either wild type or lubricin knockout fascicles in peak gliding resistance. No significant difference was found in fascicle perimeter among the three groups. No correlation was observed between fascicle perimeter and gliding resistance. While lubricin was detected by immunostaining on the fascicle surface in wild type and heterozygous mice, lubricin was not detectable in the tendons of knockout mice. We conclude that the absence of lubricin is associated with increased interfascicular friction and that lubricin may play an important role in interfascicular lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T Kohrs
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Ikeda J, Sun YL, An KN, Amadio PC, Zhao C. Application of carbodiimide derivatized synovial fluid to enhance extrasynovial tendon gliding ability. J Hand Surg Am 2011; 36:456-63. [PMID: 21371626 PMCID: PMC3625936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of surface modification of extrasynovial tendon with a carbodiimide derivatized synovial fluid (SF) on the gliding ability of extrasynovial tendon for a possible tendon graft application. METHODS We used 63 peroneus longus tendons from canine hind legs. We immediately assessed 3 tendons morphologically using a scanning electron microscope (SEM); these served as the normal tendon group. The other 60 tendons were randomly assigned to each of 6 experimental groups treated with (1) control (saline); (2) 1% 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) plus 1% N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (cd only); (3) 1% EDC/NHS plus 10% gelatin (cd-G); (4) SF plus 1% EDC/NHS plus 10% gelatin (cd-SF-G); (5) SF only; or (6) SF plus 1% EDC/NHS (cd-SF). We measured the gliding resistance for 1,000 cycles of simulated flexion-extension motion. We also observed the tendon surface smoothness by SEM. RESULTS Compared with the first cycle in each group, the gliding resistance after 1,000 cycles of tendon motion was significantly increased in the control, cd only, cd-gelatin, SF only, and cd-SF groups (p<.05). In contrast, we found no significant difference in gliding resistance between the first cycle and 1,000 cycles for the cd-SF-G-treated group. In addition, the gliding resistance in the cd-SF, cd-G, and cd-SF-G groups was significantly lower than the control group after 1,000 cycles of tendon motion (p<.05) and the gliding resistance of the cd-SF-G group was significantly lower than both the cd-G and cd-SF groups (p<.05). On SEM, the surface treated with cd-SF-G was smooth after 1,000 cycles, whereas the other surfaces were rough. CONCLUSIONS Surface modification of extrasynovial tendon with cd-SF-G improves tendon gliding ability. This treatment may be useful clinically in improving the outcomes of tendon autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ikeda
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Roberts S, Menage J, Flannery CR, Richardson JB. Lubricin: Its Presence in Repair Cartilage following Treatment with Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Cartilage 2010; 1:298-305. [PMID: 26069560 PMCID: PMC4297061 DOI: 10.1177/1947603510370156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if lubricin was present in the surface layer of repair cartilage formed after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). DESIGN Forty-three biopsies of repair tissue were taken from patients who had been treated with ACI 8 to 68 months previously (mean of 18.0 ± 14.4 months); 30 had flaps of periosteum and 13 of Chondro-Gide(®). Cryopreserved sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue, and immunostained for lubricin and type II collagen. The quality of repair tissue was scored via OsScore, and clinical improvement in patients was assessed via change in Lysholm score. Normal/control cartilage was studied for comparison (n = 5). RESULTS Patients' Lysholm scores improved from 48.1 ± 17 preoperatively to 69.5 ± 21.5 posttreatment. The thickness of repair tissue was 2.9 ± 1.7 mm compared with 2.3 ± 0.6 mm for control cartilage, with an OsScore of 6.7 ± 1.6 (8.9 ± 1.2 for controls). Ninety-eight percent of biopsies had staining for lubricin, with 84% having some in the surface layer (60% of periosteal treated and 100% of Chondro-Gide treated). The improvement in Lysholm score was not significantly different in patients with lubricin present at the surface compared with those without. CONCLUSION Lubricin was present in almost all samples of repair tissue formed post ACI, often in the surface layer, resembling the distribution that is seen in normal cartilage. The presence of lubricin in the upper layer is likely to have implications for the functioning of the tissue because, via its mucin-like repeats, it appears capable of reducing the friction that could arise in articulating joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK,Sally Roberts, Centre for Spinal Studies, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Janis Menage
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - Carl R. Flannery
- Tissue Repair Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Division, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James B. Richardson
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Chan SMT, Neu CP, Duraine G, Komvopoulos K, Reddi AH. Atomic force microscope investigation of the boundary-lubricant layer in articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:956-63. [PMID: 20417298 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the roles of superficial zone protein (SZP), hyaluronan (HA), and surface-active phospholipids (SAPL) in boundary lubrication of articular cartilage through systematic enzyme digestion using trypsin, hyaluronidase, and phospolipase-C (PLC) surface treatments. METHODS The friction coefficient of articular cartilage surfaces was measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM) before and after enzyme digestion. Surface roughness, adhesion, and stiffness of the articular surface were also measured to determine the mechanism of friction in the boundary lubrication regime. Histology and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize the surface changes of treatment groups that showed significant friction changes after enzyme digestion. RESULTS A significant increase in the friction coefficient of both load-bearing and non load-bearing regions of the joint was observed after proteolysis by trypsin. Treatment with trypsin, hyaluronidase, or PLC did not affect the surface roughness. However, trypsin treatment decreased the adhesion significantly. Results indicate that the protein component at the articular cartilage surface is the main boundary lubricant, with SZP being a primary candidate. The prevailing nanoscale deformation processes are likely plastic and/or viscoelastic in nature, suggesting that plowing is the dominant friction mechanism. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that SZP plays an intrinsic and critical role in boundary lubrication at the articular surface of cartilage, whereas the effects of HA and SAPL on the tribological behavior are marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M T Chan
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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bFGF and PDGF-BB for tendon repair: controlled release and biologic activity by tendon fibroblasts in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:225-34. [PMID: 19937274 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are often encountered clinically and typically require surgical repair. Return of function after repair is limited due to adhesion formation, which leads to reduced tendon gliding, and due to a lack of repair site strength, which leads to repair site gap formation or rupture. The application of the growth factors basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) and platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) has been shown to have the potential to enhance tendon healing. The objectives of this study were to examine: (1) the conditions over which delivery of bFGF can be controlled from a heparin-binding delivery system (HBDS) and (2) the effect of bFGF and PDGF-BB released from this system on tendon fibroblast proliferation and matrix gene expression in vitro over a 10-day interval. Delivery of bFGF was controlled using a HBDS. Fibrin matrices containing the HBDS retained bFGF better than did matrices lacking the delivery system over the 10-day period studied. Delivery of bFGF and PDGF-BB using the HBDS stimulated tendon fibroblast proliferation and promoted changes in the expression of matrix genes related to tendon gliding, strength, and remodeling. Both growth factors may be effective in enhancing tendon healing in vivo.
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Thomopoulos S, Das R, Silva MJ, Sakiyama-Elbert S, Harwood FL, Zampiakis E, Kim HM, Amiel D, Gelberman RH. Enhanced flexor tendon healing through controlled delivery of PDGF-BB. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:1209-15. [PMID: 19322789 PMCID: PMC2916020 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A fibrin/heparin-based delivery system was used to provide controlled delivery of platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) in an animal model of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair. We hypothesized that PDGF-BB, administered in this manner, would stimulate cell proliferation and matrix remodeling, leading to improvements in the sutured tendon's functional and structural properties. Fifty-six flexor digitorum profundus tendons were injured and repaired in 28 dogs. Three groups were compared: (1) controlled delivery of PDGF-BB using a fibrin/heparin-based delivery system; (2) delivery system carrier control; and (3) repair- only control. The operated forelimbs were treated with controlled passive motion rehabilitation. The animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 42 days, at which time the tendons were assessed using histologic (hyaluronic acid content, cellularity, and inflammation), biochemical (total DNA and reducible collagen crosslink levels), and biomechanical (gliding and tensile properties) assays. We found that cell activity (as determined by total DNA, collagen crosslink analyses, and hyaluronic acid content) was accelerated due to PDGF-BB at 14 days. Proximal interphalangeal joint rotation and tendon excursion (i.e., tendon gliding properties) were significantly higher for the PDGF-BB-treated tendons compared to the repair-alone tendons at 42 days. Improvements in tensile properties were not achieved, possibly due to suboptimal release kinetics or other factors. In conclusion, PDGF-BB treatment consistently improved the functional but not the structural properties of sutured intrasynovial tendons through 42 days following repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomopoulos
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
| | - R Das
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
| | - MJ Silva
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
| | - S Sakiyama-Elbert
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St Louis, MO
| | - FL Harwood
- University of California San Diego, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Diego, CA
| | - E Zampiakis
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
| | - HM Kim
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
| | - D Amiel
- University of California San Diego, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Diego, CA
| | - RH Gelberman
- Washington University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Louis, MO
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