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Wong KL, Zhang S, Tan SSH, Cheow YA, Lai RC, Lim SK, Hui JHP, Toh WS. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Promote Growth Plate Repair and Reduce Limb-Length Discrepancy in Young Rats. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:1098-1106. [PMID: 35175995 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) exosomes in a rat model of growth plate injury. METHODS A growth plate defect was surgically created on the distal part of the right femur of 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats. A single intra-articular injection of 100 µg of MSC exosomes in 100 µL of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), or an equivalent volume of PBS alone, was administered to the right knee immediately after surgery. At 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment, limb length was measured with micro-CT, and tissue repair was assessed with histological, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS A single injection of MSC exosomes significantly increased limb length from 3.29 ± 0.07 cm at 4 weeks to 3.37 ± 0.11 cm at 8 weeks (p = 0.047). However, no improvement in limb length was observed in the PBS control group. The limb-length discrepancy between the involved limb and the contralateral limb in the exosome-treated group was significantly less than the discrepancy in the PBS-treated group at both 4 weeks (2.52% ± 1.30% versus 4.11% ± 0.93%; p = 0.006) and 8 weeks (5.27% ± 2.11% versus 8.06% ± 2.56%; p = 0.016). Consistent with the reduced limb-length discrepancy, the exosome-treated defects displayed significantly more chondrocytes (p < 0.05) and a higher area percentage with deposition of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (p < 0.05) and collagen II (p < 0.05) than PBS-treated defects at 8 weeks. However, bone bridge formation was not inhibited in either group. CONCLUSIONS A single intra-articular injection of MSC exosomes significantly enhanced physeal repair and reduced limb-length discrepancy but did not inhibit bone-bridge formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This proof-of-concept study demonstrates for the first time the potential use of MSC exosomes as a minimally invasive cell-free therapeutic to promote physeal repair and reduce limb-length discrepancy following growth plate injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Lin Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singhealth, Singapore
| | - Shipin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Si Heng Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Ann Cheow
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Alvites RD, Branquinho MV, Sousa AC, Lopes B, Sousa P, Mendonça C, Atayde LM, Maurício AC. Small Ruminants and Its Use in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Works and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030249. [PMID: 33810087 PMCID: PMC8004958 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Small ruminants such as sheep and goats have been increasingly used as animal models due to their dimensions, physiology and anatomy identical to those of humans. Their low costs, ease of accommodation, great longevity and easy handling make them advantageous animals to be used in a wide range of research work. Although there is already a lot of scientific literature describing these species, their use still lacks some standardization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models for scientific research. Abstract Medical and translational scientific research requires the use of animal models as an initial approach to the study of new therapies and treatments, but when the objective is an exploration of translational potentialities, classical models fail to adequately mimic problems in humans. Among the larger animal models that have been explored more intensely in recent decades, small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, have emerged as excellent options. The main advantages associated to the use of these animals in research works are related to their anatomy and dimensions, larger than conventional laboratory animals, but very similar to those of humans in most physiological systems, in addition to their low maintenance and feeding costs, tendency to be docile, long life expectancies and few ethical complications raised in society. The most obvious disadvantages are the significant differences in some systems such as the gastrointestinal, and the reduced amount of data that limits the comparison between works and the validation of the characterization essays. Despite everything, recently these species have been increasingly used as animal models for diseases in different systems, and the results obtained open doors for their more frequent and advantageous use in the future. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models, with a focus on regenerative medicine, to group the most relevant works and results published recently and to highlight the potentials for the near future in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Damásio Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Mendonça
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Atayde
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (R.D.A.); (M.V.B.); (A.C.S.); (B.L.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-919-071-286 or +351-220-428-000
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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Stimulated Migration of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into an Injectable Gelatin-Hydroxyphenyl Propionic Acid Matrix. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020203. [PMID: 33671438 PMCID: PMC7923108 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) are responsible in the repair of injured tissue through differentiation into multiple cell types and secretion of paracrine factors, and thus have a broad application profile in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, especially for the musculoskeletal system. The lesion due to injury or disease may be a closed irregular-shaped cavity deep within tissue necessitating an injectable biomaterial permissive of host (endogenous) cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (Gtn-HPA) is a natural biopolymer hydrogel which is covalently cross-linked by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ and can be delivered to the lesion by needle injection. Growth factors and cytokines can be directly incorporated into the gel or into nano- and micro-particles, which can be employed for sustained release of biomolecules while maintaining their bioactivity. In this study, we selected polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PCNs) prepared with dextran sulfate and chitosan as the carrier for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, which have been tested effectively in recruiting stem cells. Our in vitro results showed a high degree of viability of bMSCs through the process of Gtn-HPA covalent cross-linking gelation. The Gtn-HPA matrix was highly permissive of bMSC migration, proliferation, and differentiation. PDGF-BB (20 ng/mL) directly incorporated into the gel and, alternatively, released from PCNs stimulated bMSC migration and proliferation. There were only small differences in the results for the direct incorporation of PDGF into the gel compared with its release from PCNs, and for increased doses of the growth factor (200 ng/mL and 2 µg/mL). In contrast, SDF-1α elicited an increase in migration and proliferation only when released from PCNs; its effect on migration was notably less than PDGF-BB. The in vitro results demonstrate that PDGF-BB substantially increases migration of bMSCs into Gtn-HPA and their proliferation in the gel, and that these benefits can be derived from incorporation of a relatively low dose of the growth factor directly into the gel. These findings commend the use of Gtn-HPA/PDGF-BB as an injectable therapeutic agent to treat defects in musculoskeletal tissues.
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Wong KL, Zhang S, Wang M, Ren X, Afizah H, Lai RC, Lim SK, Lee EH, Hui JHP, Toh WS. Intra-Articular Injections of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes and Hyaluronic Acid Improve Structural and Mechanical Properties of Repaired Cartilage in a Rabbit Model. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:2215-2228.e2. [PMID: 32302651 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes with hyaluronic acid (HA) against HA alone for functional cartilage regeneration in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. METHODS Critical-size osteochondral defects (4.5-mm diameter and 1.5-mm depth) were created on the trochlear grooves in the knees of 18 rabbits and were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups: (1) exosomes and HA combination and (2) HA alone. Three 1-mL injections of either exosomes and HA or HA alone were administered intra-articularly immediately after surgery and thereafter at 7 and 14 days after surgery. At 6 and 12 weeks, gross evaluation, histologic and immunohistochemical analysis, and scoring were performed. The functional biomechanical competence of the repaired cartilage also was evaluated. RESULTS Compared with defects treated with HA, defects treated with exosomes and HA showed significant improvements in macroscopic scores (P = .032; P = .001) and histologic scores (P = .005; P < .001) at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Defects treated with exosomes and HA also demonstrated improvements in mechanical properties compared with HA-treated defects, with significantly greater Young's moduli (P < .05) and stiffness (P < .05) at 6 and 12 weeks. By 12 weeks, the newly-repaired tissues in defects treated with exosomes and HA composed mainly of hyaline cartilage that are mechanically and structurally superior to that of HA-treated defects and demonstrated mechanical properties that approximated that of adjacent native cartilage (P > .05). In contrast, HA-treated defects showed some repair at 6 weeks, but this was not sustained, as evidenced by significant deterioration of histologic scores (P = .002) and a plateau in mechanical properties from 6 to 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the combination of MSC exosomes and HA administered at a clinically acceptable frequency of 3 intra-articular injections can promote sustained and functional cartilage repair in a rabbit post-traumatic cartilage defect model, when compared with HA alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Human MSC exosomes and HA administered in combination promote functional cartilage repair and may represent a promising cell-free therapy for cartilage repair in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Lin Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singhealth; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore
| | - Shipin Zhang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore; Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore
| | | | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- National University of Singapore; and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; National University of Singapore; and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore; Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Singapore.
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Mull C, Wohlmuth P, Krause M, Alm L, Kling H, Schilling AF, Frosch KH. Hepatocyte growth factor and matrix metalloprotease 2 levels in synovial fluid of the knee joint are correlated with clinical outcome of meniscal repair. Knee 2020; 27:1143-1150. [PMID: 32711875 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reoperation rate after primary meniscal repair is about 20%. Thus far, it has remained unclear whether there are distinct individual preconditions that may be associated with a better or worse outcome of this procedure. We therefore analysed typical biochemical mediators in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with meniscus tear before arthroscopic meniscal refixation and correlated their concentrations to the occurrence of re-rupture after meniscus repair. METHODS In this study, 48 patients with meniscus ruptures were included. SF samples were taken intraoperatively prior to arthroscopy. Multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods were used to measure hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-18 (IL-18), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13 in the SF. At follow-up, the patients were classified into two groups: surgical success and surgical failure. RESULTS Ten out of 48 patients (20.8%) had to undergo revision surgery after meniscal repair (surgical failure). The median HGF in the surgical failure group was 2.4-times higher than in the surgical success group (P = .006), and the median MMP-2 was 1.8 times higher (P = .017). Concentration levels of the other tested proteins were not correlated with the success or failure of the meniscus surgery. There was weak evidence that both markers are indicators of an unsatisfactory healing process for meniscal refixation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HGF and MMP-2 could serve as molecular markers to estimate the chances of healing success of meniscus repair and possibly to individualise therapy in meniscal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mull
- Division of Knee and Shoulder Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lena Alm
- Division of Knee and Shoulder Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Kling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arndt F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Frosch
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Gugjoo MB, Amarpal, Fazili MUR, Shah RA, Saleem Mir M, Sharma GT. Goat mesenchymal stem cell basic research and potential applications. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Intervertebral Disc-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells as a Promising Cell Source for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7412304. [PMID: 30662469 PMCID: PMC6312624 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7412304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is considered to be the primary reason for low back pain. Despite remarkable improvements in both pharmacological and surgical management of IVD degeneration (IVDD), therapeutic effects are still unsatisfactory. It is because of the fact that these therapies are mainly focused on alleviating the symptoms rather than treating the underlying cause or restoring the structure and biomechanical function of the IVD. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the endogenous stem/progenitor cells exist in the IVD, and these cells might be a promising cell source in the regeneration of degenerated IVD. However, the biological characteristics and potential application of IVD-derived stem/progenitor cells (IVDSCs) have yet to be investigated in detail. In this review, the authors aim to perform a review to systematically discuss (1) the isolation, surface markers, classification, and biological characteristics of IVDSCs; (2) the aging- and degeneration-related changes of IVDSCs and the influences of IVD microenvironment on IVDSCs; and (3) the potential for IVDSCs to promote regeneration of degenerated IVD. The authors believe that this review exclusively address the current understanding of IVDSCs and provide a novel approach for the IVD regeneration.
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Wang KH, Wan R, Chiu LH, Tsai YH, Fang CL, Bowley JF, Chen KC, Shih HN, Lai WFT. Effects of collagen matrix and bioreactor cultivation on cartilage regeneration of a full-thickness critical-size knee joint cartilage defects with subchondral bone damage in a rabbit model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196779. [PMID: 29746554 PMCID: PMC5945026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage has limited self-repair ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different species of collagen-engineered neocartilage for the treatment of critical-size defects in the articular joint in a rabbit model. Type II and I collagen obtained from rabbits and rats was mixed to form a scaffold. The type II/I collagen scaffold was then mixed with rabbit chondrocytes to biofabricate neocartilage constructs using a rotating cell culture system [three-dimensional (3D)-bioreactor]. The rabbit chondrocytes were mixed with rabbit collagen scaffold and rat collagen scaffold to form neoRBT (neo-rabbit cartilage) and neoRAT (neo-rat cartilage) constructs, respectively. The neocartilage matrix constructs were implanted into surgically created defects in rabbit knee chondyles, and histological examinations were performed after 2 and 3 months. Cartilage-like lacunae formation surrounding the chondrocytes was noted in the cell cultures. After 3 months, both the neoRBT and neoRAT groups showed cartilage-like repair tissue covering the 5-mm circular, 4-mm-deep defects that were created in the rabbit condyle and filled with neocartilage plugs. Reparative chondrocytes were aligned as apparent clusters in both the neoRAT and neoRBT groups. Both neoRBT and neoRAT cartilage repair demonstrated integration with healthy adjacent tissue; however, more integration was obtained using the neoRAT cartilage. Our data indicate that different species of type II/I collagen matrix and 3D bioreactor cultivation can facilitate cartilage engineering in vitro for the repair of critical-size defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hwa Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, ROC
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Kang branch, Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Richard Wan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, ROC
| | - Li-Hsuan Chiu
- Department of Research, Taipei Medical University-Shaung-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hui Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Medical University-Shaung-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John F. Bowley
- Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, ROC
| | - Hsin-Nung Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (HNS); (WFTL)
| | - Wen-Fu Thomas Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, ROC
- Department of Research, Taipei Medical University-Shaung-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HNS); (WFTL)
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Srinivasan A, Chang SY, Zhang S, Toh WS, Toh YC. Substrate stiffness modulates the multipotency of human neural crest derived ectomesenchymal stem cells via CD44 mediated PDGFR signaling. Biomaterials 2018; 167:153-167. [PMID: 29571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from various mesodermal and ectodermal tissues. While the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of MSCs stemming from their developmental origins has been acknowledged, the genetic and environmental factors underpinning these differences are not well-understood. Here, we investigated whether substrate stiffness mediated mechanical cues can directly modulate the development of ectodermal MSCs (eMSCs) from a precursor human neural crest stem cell (NCSC) population. We showed that NCSC-derived eMSCs were transcriptionally and functionally distinct from mesodermal bone marrow MSCs. eMSCs derived on lower substrate stiffness specifically increased their expression of the MSC marker, CD44 in a Rho-ROCK signaling dependent manner, which resulted in a concomitant increase in the eMSCs' adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential. This mechanically-induced effect can only be maintained for short-term upon switching back to a stiff substrate but can be sustained for longer-term when the eMSCs were exclusively maintained on soft substrates. We also discovered that CD44 expression modulated eMSC self-renewal and multipotency via the downregulation of downstream platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signaling. This is the first instance demonstrating that substrate stiffness not only influences the differentiation trajectories of MSCs but also their derivation from upstream progenitors, such as NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583
| | - Shu-Yung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583
| | - Shipin Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore 117510; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456; NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore 117510; Biomedical Institute for Global Health, Research and Technology (BIGHEART), MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599.
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Zhang S, Chuah SJ, Lai RC, Hui JHP, Lim SK, Toh WS. MSC exosomes mediate cartilage repair by enhancing proliferation, attenuating apoptosis and modulating immune reactivity. Biomaterials 2018; 156:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sun Y, Wang T, Toh W, Pei M. The role of laminins in cartilaginous tissues: from development to regeneration. Eur Cell Mater 2017; 34:40-54. [PMID: 28731483 PMCID: PMC7315463 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v034a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key molecule of the extracellular matrix, laminin provides a delicate microenvironment for cell functions. Recent findings suggest that laminins expressed by cartilage-forming cells (chondrocytes, progenitor cells and stem cells) could promote chondrogenesis. However, few papers outline the effect of laminins on providing a favorable matrix microenvironment for cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineated the expression of laminins in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and cartilage-like tissue (nucleus pulposus) throughout several developmental stages. We also examined the effect of laminins on the biological activities of chondrocytes, including adhesion, migration and survival. Furthermore, we scrutinized the potential influence of various laminin isoforms on cartilage-forming cells' proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. With this information, we hope to facilitate the understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions between cartilage-forming cells and laminin microenvironment to eventually advance cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - T.L. Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W.S. Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M. Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Corresponding author: Ming Pei MD, PhD, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA, Telephone: 304-293-1072; Fax: 304-293-7070;
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12
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Distribution of pericellular matrix molecules in the temporomandibular joint and their chondroprotective effects against inflammation. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:43-52. [PMID: 28282029 PMCID: PMC5379161 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the distribution and synthesis of pericellular matrix (PCM) molecules (collagen VI, collagen IV and laminin) in rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and (2) investigate the effects of PCM molecules on chondrocytes against inflammation in osteoarthritis. Four zones (fibrous, proliferating, mature and hypertrophic) of condylar cartilage and three bands (anterior, intermediate and posterior) of disc were analysed by immunohistochemistry for the presence of PCM molecules in rat TMJs. Isolated chondrocytes were pre-treated with PCM molecules before being subjected to interleukin (IL)-1β treatment to stimulate inflammation. The responses of the chondrocytes were analysed using gene expression, nitric oxide release and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 production measures. Histomorphometric analyses revealed that the highest areal deposition of collagen VI (67.4%), collagen IV (45.7%) and laminin (52.4%) was in the proliferating zone of TMJ condylar cartilage. No significant difference in the distribution of PCM molecules was noted among the three bands of the TMJ disc. All three PCM molecules were expressed intracellularly by chondrocytes cultured in the monolayer. Among the PCM molecules, pre-treatment with collagen VI enhanced cellular proliferation, ameliorated IL-1β-induced MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression, and attenuated the downregulation of cartilage matrix genes, including collagen I, aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Concurrently, collagen VI pretreatment inhibited nitric oxide and MMP-13 production. Our study demonstrates for the first time the distribution and role of PCM molecules, particularly collagen VI, in the protection of chondrocytes against inflammation.
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13
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Toh WS, Brittberg M, Farr J, Foldager CB, Gomoll AH, Hui JHP, Richardson JB, Roberts S, Spector M. Cellular senescence in aging and osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop 2016; 87:6-14. [PMID: 27658487 PMCID: PMC5389431 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2016.1235087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
- It is well accepted that age is an important contributing factor to poor cartilage repair following injury, and to the development of osteoarthritis. Cellular senescence, the loss of the ability of cells to divide, has been noted as the major factor contributing to age-related changes in cartilage homeostasis, function, and response to injury. The underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence, while not fully understood, have been associated with telomere erosion, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the causes and consequences of cellular senescence, and the associated biological challenges in cartilage repair. In addition, we present novel strategies for modulation of cellular senescence that may help to improve cartilage regeneration in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Correspondence:
| | - Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg,Department of Orthopaedics, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden
| | - Jack Farr
- Indiana University School of Medicine, OrthoIndy Cartilage Restoration Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Cartilage Repair Program, Therapeutic Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James B Richardson
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire,Institute for Science andTechnology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire,Institute for Science andTechnology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Tissue Engineering Laboratories, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Zhang S, Lu Q, Cao T, Toh WS. Adipose Tissue and Extracellular Matrix Development by Injectable Decellularized Adipose Matrix Loaded with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:1171-1180. [PMID: 27018672 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant need for soft-tissue replacements in the field of reconstructive surgery. Decellularized adipose tissues were heparin crosslinked and loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). This injectable system was evaluated for its adipogenic and angiogenic capabilities for in vivo adipose tissue regeneration. METHODS Decellularized adipose tissues were harvested from the inguinal fat pads of C57BL/6J mice, minced, and heparinized before being loaded with bFGF. Decellularized adipose tissues without bFGF served as a control. In vivo adipose neotissue formation, neovascularization, and volume stability were evaluated over a period of 12 weeks. After 6 or 12 weeks, mice were killed and the newly formed adipose tissues, together with the contralateral endogenous adipose tissues, were harvested for gross, volumetric, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Decellularized adipose tissues that were heparinized and loaded with bFGF induced significant de novo adipose neotissue formation, with progressive tissue growth and neovascularization from 6 to 12 weeks. The adipose neotissues exhibited mature adipose morphology and extracellular matrix that closely resembled that of the endogenous adipose tissue. In contrast, decellularized adipose tissues without bFGF induced limited adipose neotissue formation and were completely resorbed by the end of 12 weeks. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the high efficiency of heparinized decellularized adipose tissue matrix loaded with bFGF in promoting adipose neotissue formation and neovascularization with long-term volume stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipin Zhang
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Qiqi Lu
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Singapore.,From the Faculty of Dentistry and the Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
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15
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Foldager CB, Toh WS, Christensen BB, Lind M, Gomoll AH, Spector M. Collagen Type IV and Laminin Expressions during Cartilage Repair and in Late Clinically Failed Repair Tissues from Human Subjects. Cartilage 2016; 7:52-61. [PMID: 26958317 PMCID: PMC4749752 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515604022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the collagen type IV (Col4) isoform in articular cartilage and to evaluate the expressions of Col4 and laminin in the pericellular matrix (PCM) in damaged cartilage and during cartilage repair. DESIGN The Col4 isoform was determined in chondrocytes isolated from 6 patients cultured up to 6 days and in 21% O2 or 1% O2, and the gene expression of Col4 α-chains was investigated. The distribution of Col4 and laminin in traumatically damaged cartilage (n = 7) and clinically failed cartilage repair (microfracture, TruFit, autologous chondrocyte implantation; n = 11) were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Normal human cartilage was used as control (n = 8). The distribution during clinical cartilage repair procedures was investigated in a minipig model with 6-month follow-up (untreated chondral, untreated osteochondral, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation; n = 10). RESULTS The Col4 isoform in articular cartilage was characterized as α1α1α2, which is an isoform containing antiangiogenic domains in the NC1-terminals (arresten and canstatin). In normal cartilage, laminin and Col4 was exclusively found in the PCM. High amounts (>50%) of Col4 in the PCM significantly decreased in damaged cartilage (P = 0.004) and clinically failed repair tissue (P < 0.001). Laminin was only found with high expression (>50%) in 4/8 of the normal samples, which was not statistically significantly different from damaged cartilage (P = 0.15) or failed cartilage repair (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS Col4 in cartilage contain antiangiogenic domains and may play a role in the hypoxic environment in articular cartilage. Col4 and laminin was not found in the PCM of damaged and clinically failed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Bindzus Foldager
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Martin Lind
- Sports Trauma Clinic, Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas H. Gomoll
- Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Schminke B, Frese J, Bode C, Goldring MB, Miosge N. Laminins and Nidogens in the Pericellular Matrix of Chondrocytes: Their Role in Osteoarthritis and Chondrogenic Differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:410-8. [PMID: 26683663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of laminins and nidogen-2 in osteoarthritis (OA) and their potential to support chondrogenic differentiation. We applied immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, siRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and proteome analysis for the investigation of cartilage tissue and isolated chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture obtained from patients with late-stage knee OA and nidogen-2 knockout mice. We demonstrate that subunits of laminins appear in OA cartilage and that nidogen-2-null mice exhibit typical osteoarthritic features. Chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) produced high levels of laminin-α1, laminin-α5, and nidogen-2 in their pericellular matrix, and laminin-α1 enhanced collagen type II and reduced collagen type I expression by cultured CPCs. Nidogen-2 increased SOX9 gene expression. Knockdown of nidogen-2 reduced SOX9 expression, whereas it up-regulated RUNX2 expression. This study reveals that the influence of the pericellular matrix on CPCs is important for the expression of the major regulator transcription factors, SOX9 and RUNX2. Our novel findings that laminins and nidogen-2 drive CPCs toward chondrogenesis may help in the elucidation of new treatment strategies for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schminke
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Frese
- Clinic of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christa Bode
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary B Goldring
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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17
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Zhang Z. Chondrons and the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 21:267-77. [PMID: 25366980 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In cartilage, chondrocytes are embedded within an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). A typical chondron consists of a chondrocyte and the immediate surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM). The PCM has a patent structure, defined molecular composition, and unique physical properties that support the chondrocyte. Given this spatial position, the PCM is pivotal in mediating communication between chondrocytes and the ECM and, thus, plays a critical role in cartilage homeostasis. The biological function and mechanical properties of the PCM have been extensively studied, mostly in the form of chondrons. This review intends to summarize recent progress in chondron and chondrocyte PCM research, with emphasis on the re-establishment of the PCM by isolated chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells during chondrogenic differentiation, and the effects of the PCM on cartilage tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhang
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Toh WS, Cao T. Derivation of Chondrogenic Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2014:263-279. [PMID: 25015039 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into any cell lineage of the three germ layers, therefore holding great promise for regenerative applications in dentistry and medicine. We previously described a micromass culture system as a model system to induce and study the chondrogenic commitment of hESCs. Using this system, chondrogenic cells can be further isolated and expanded under specific growth factor conditions. When encapsulated in hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels and cultured under appropriate growth factor and medium conditions, these chondrogenic cells synthesized and deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of neocartilage. Here, we describe the micromass culture of hESCs, the isolation and expansion of hESC-derived chondrogenic cells, and the three-dimensional (3-D) culture of the chondrogenic cells in hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. We will also describe the various tools and techniques used for characterizing the tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119083, Singapore,
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19
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Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Strategies for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:686-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Foldager CB, Toh WS, Gomoll AH, Olsen BR, Spector M. Distribution of Basement Membrane Molecules, Laminin and Collagen Type IV, in Normal and Degenerated Cartilage Tissues. Cartilage 2014; 5:123-32. [PMID: 26069692 PMCID: PMC4297081 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513518217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of 2 basement membrane (BM) molecules, laminin and collagen type IV, in healthy and degenerative cartilage tissues. DESIGN Normal and degenerated tissues were obtained from goats and humans, including articular knee cartilage, the intervertebral disc, and meniscus. Normal tissue was also obtained from patella-tibial enthesis in goats. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using anti-laminin and anti-collagen type IV antibodies. Human and goat skin were used as positive controls. The percentage of cells displaying the pericellular presence of the protein was graded semiquantitatively. RESULTS When present, laminin and collagen type IV were exclusively found in the pericellular matrix, and in a discrete layer on the articulating surface of normal articular cartilage. In normal articular (hyaline) cartilage in the human and goat, the proteins were found co-localized pericellularly. In contrast, in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage, collagen type IV but not laminin was found in the pericellular region. Nonpathological fibrocartilaginous tissues from the goat, including the menisci and the enthesis, were also positive for both laminin and collagen type IV pericellularly. In degenerated fibrocartilage, including intervertebral disc, as in degenerated hyaline cartilage only collagen type IV was found pericellularly around chondrocytes but with less intense staining than in non-degenerated tissue. In calcified cartilage, some cells were positive for laminin but not type IV collagen. CONCLUSIONS We report differences in expression of the BM molecules, laminin and collagen type IV, in normal and degenerative cartilaginous tissues from adult humans and goats. In degenerative tissues laminin is depleted from the pericellular matrix before collagen type IV. The findings may inform future studies of the processes underlying cartilage degeneration and the functional roles of these 2 extracellular matrix proteins, normally associated with BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Bindzus Foldager
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA ; Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA ; Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bjørn Reino Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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