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Milner JD. ERBIN and phosphoglucomutase 3 deficiency. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102353. [PMID: 37369151 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ERBIN and phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) mutations both lead to rare primary atopic disorders characterized by allergic disease and connective tissue abnormalities, though each disorder has its own rather unique pattern of multisystem presentations. Pathway studies show how ERBIN mutations allow for enhanced TGFb signaling, and prevent STAT3 from negative-regulating TGFb signaling. This likely explains many elements of clinical overlap between disorders of STAT3 and TGFb signaling. The excessive TGFb signaling leading to increased IL-4 receptor expression also provides the rationale for precision-based therapy blocking the IL-4 receptor to treat the atopic disease. The mechanism by which PGM3 deficiency leads to atopic phenotypes is not well understood, nor is the broad variability in disease penetrance and expressivity, though preliminary studies suggest an overlap with IL-6 receptor signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, USA.
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2
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Chen PY, Qin L, Simons M. TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113061. [PMID: 37325472 PMCID: PMC10267471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is named for the function it was originally discovered to perform-transformation of normal cells into aggressively growing malignant cells. It became apparent after more than 30 years of research, however, that TGFβ is a multifaceted molecule with a myriad of different activities. TGFβs are widely expressed with almost every cell in the human body producing one or another TGFβ family member and expressing its receptors. Importantly, specific effects of this growth factor family differ in different cell types and under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. One of the more important and critical TGFβ activities is the regulation of cell fate, especially in the vasculature, that will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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3
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Cottrill EJ, Bowen CJ, Pennington ZA, Murray JA, Rajkovic CJ, Dietz HC, Sponseller PD. Tendon Healing in a Mouse Model of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Controlled Study Using a Patellar Tendon Transection Model. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e590-e595. [PMID: 35442932 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare autosomal-dominant connective tissue disorder caused by genetic mutations in the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. In addition to vascular malformations, patients with LDS commonly present with bone and tendon abnormalities, including joint laxity. While TGFβ signaling dysregulation has been implicated in many of these clinical manifestations, the degree to which it influences the tendinopathy and tendon healing issues in LDS has not been determined. METHODS Wound healing after patellar tendon transection was compared between wild-type (WT) and Tgfbr2-mutant (LDS) mice (7 mice per group). In all mice, the right patellar tendon was transected at midsubstance, while the left was untouched to serve as a control. Mice were euthanized 6 weeks after surgery. Tendon specimens were harvested for histopathologic grading according to a previously validated scoring metric, and gene expression levels of Mmp2, Tgfb2, and other TGFβ-signaling genes were assayed. Between-group comparisons were made using 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference testing. RESULTS Expression levels of assayed genes were similar between LDS and WT tendons at baseline; however, at 6 weeks after patellar tendon transection, LDS tendons showed sustained elevations in Mmp2 and Tgfb2 compared with baseline values; these elevations were not seen in normal tendons undergoing the same treatments. Histologically, untreated LDS tendons had significantly greater cellularity and cell rounding compared with untreated WT tendons, and both WT and LDS tendons had significantly worse histologic scores after surgery. CONCLUSION We present the first mechanistic insight into the effect of LDS on tendons and tendon healing. The morphologic differences between LDS and WT tendons at baseline may help explain the increased risk of tendon/ligament dysfunction in patients with LDS, and the differential healing response to injury in LDS may account for the delayed healing and weaker repair tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- Genetic Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jason A Murray
- Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Harry C Dietz
- Genetic Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Guerrerio AL, Mateja A, Rasooly M, Levin S, Magnani A, Dempsey C, MacCarrick G, Dietz HC, Brittain E, Boyce AM, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA. Predictors of low bone density and fracture risk in Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Genet Med 2022; 24:419-429. [PMID: 34906513 PMCID: PMC11009834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a connective tissue disorder affecting multiple organ systems, including bone. METHODS We defined the bone phenotype and clinical predictors of low bone density and fracture risk in 77 patients with LDS type 1 to type 5. RESULTS Patients with LDS had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Z-scores significantly < 0, and 50% of children and 9% of adults had Z-scores < -2. Sixty percent of patients had ≥1 fracture, and 24% of patients with spinal x-rays scans showed spinal compression fractures. Lower body mass index, asthma, male sex and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease were correlated with lower DXA Z-scores. The count of 5 LDS-associated skeletal features (scoliosis, pes planus, arachnodactyly, spondylolisthesis, and camptodactyly) in patients with LDS was correlated with DXA Z-score. Adults with ≥1 skeletal features had DXA Z-scores significantly < 0, and children with >2 features had DXA Z-score significantly < -2. Bone turnover markers suggest accelerated bone resorption. Data from 5 patients treated with bisphosphonates suggest a beneficial effect. CONCLUSION All LDS types are associated with reduced bone density and increased risk of fracture, which may be due to increased bone resorption. Clinical features can predict a subgroup of patients at highest risk of low bone density and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD
| | - Marjohn Rasooly
- The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Samara Levin
- The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alaina Magnani
- The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Caeden Dempsey
- The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gretchen MacCarrick
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Erica Brittain
- Biostatistics Research Branch (BRB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alison M Boyce
- Metabolic Bone Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Yamada S, Tsushima K, Kinoshita M, Sakashita H, Kajikawa T, Fujihara C, Yuan H, Suzuki S, Morisaki T, Murakami S. Mouse Model of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Shows Elevated Susceptibility to Periodontitis via Alterations in Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Signaling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715687. [PMID: 34456753 PMCID: PMC8385443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a syndromic connective tissue disorder caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in genes that encode transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor (TGFBR) 1 and 2. We encountered a patient with LDS, who had severe periodontal tissue destruction indicative of aggressive periodontitis. The patient had a missense mutation in the glycine and serine-rich domain of TGFBR1 exon 3. This G-to-T mutation at base 563 converted glycine to valine. We established an LDS model knock-in mouse that recapitulated the LDS phenotype. Homozygosity of the mutation caused embryonic lethality and heterozygous knock-in mice showed distorted and ruptured elastic fibers in the aorta at 24 weeks of age and died earlier than wildtype (WT) mice. We stimulated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from the knock-in mouse with TGF-β and examined their responses. The knock-in MEFs showed downregulated Serpine 1 mRNA expression and phosphorylation of Smad2 to TGF-β compared with WT MEFs. To clarify the influence of TGF-β signaling abnormalities on the pathogenesis or progression of periodontitis, we performed pathomolecular analysis of the knock-in mouse. There were no structural differences in periodontal tissues between WT and LDS model mice at 6 or 24 weeks of age. Micro-computed tomography revealed no significant difference in alveolar bone resorption between WT and knock-in mice at 6 or 24 weeks of age. However, TGF-β-related gene expression was increased significantly in periodontal tissues of the knock-in mouse compared with WT mice. Next, we assessed a mouse periodontitis model in which periodontal bone loss was induced by oral inoculation with the bacterial strain Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. After inoculation, we collected alveolar bone and carried out morphometric analysis. P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss was significantly greater in LDS model mice than in WT mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from Tgfbr1G188V/+ mice showed upregulation of inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression induced by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide compared with WT macrophages. In this study, we established an LDS mouse model and demonstrated that LDS model mice had elevated susceptibility to P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis, probably through TGF-β signal dysfunction. This suggests that TGF-β signaling abnormalities accelerate the pathogenesis or progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.,Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tsushima
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaki Kinoshita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Genome Technology IMSUT Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Infante A, Rodríguez CI. Deciphering the Relevance of Bone ECM Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E2630. [PMID: 33297501 PMCID: PMC7762413 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density, a bone matrix parameter frequently used to predict fracture risk, is not the only one to affect bone fragility. Other factors, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and microarchitecture, are of paramount relevance in this process. The bone ECM is a noncellular three-dimensional structure secreted by cells into the extracellular space, which comprises inorganic and organic compounds. The main inorganic components of the ECM are calcium-deficient apatite and trace elements, while the organic ECM consists of collagen type I and noncollagenous proteins. Bone ECM dynamically interacts with osteoblasts and osteoclasts to regulate the formation of new bone during regeneration. Thus, the composition and structure of inorganic and organic bone matrix may directly affect bone quality. Moreover, proteins that compose ECM, beyond their structural role have other crucial biological functions, thanks to their ability to bind multiple interacting partners like other ECM proteins, growth factors, signal receptors and adhesion molecules. Thus, ECM proteins provide a complex network of biochemical and physiological signals. Herein, we summarize different ECM factors that are essential to bone strength besides, discussing how these parameters are altered in pathological conditions related with bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arantza Infante
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain; (N.A.-S.); (I.M.)
| | - Clara I. Rodríguez
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain; (N.A.-S.); (I.M.)
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Abstract
Primary atopic disorders describes a series of monogenic diseases that have allergy- or atopic effector–related symptoms as a substantial feature. The underlying pathogenic genetic lesions help illustrate fundamental pathways in atopy, opening up diagnostic and therapeutic options for further study in those patients, but ultimately for common allergic diseases as well. Key pathways affected in these disorders include T cell receptor and B cell receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, skin barrier function, and mast cell function, as well as pathways that have not yet been elucidated. While comorbidities such as classically syndromic presentation or immune deficiency are often present, in some cases allergy alone is the presenting symptom, suggesting that commonly encountered allergic diseases exist on a spectrum of monogenic and complex genetic etiologies that are impacted by environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Nguyen QC, Duverger O, Mishra R, Mitnik GL, Jani P, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Lee JS. Oral health-related quality of life in Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a rare connective tissue disorder: an observational cohort study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:291. [PMID: 31842932 PMCID: PMC6915860 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare connective tissue disorder whose oral manifestations and dental phenotypes have not been well-characterized. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of oral manifestations on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in LDS patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS LDS subjects were assessed by the craniofacial team at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Dental Clinic between June 2015 and January 2018. Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire, oral health self-care behavior questionnaire and a comprehensive dental examination were completed for each subject. OHRQoL was assessed using the OHIP-14 questionnaire with higher scores corresponding to worse OHRQoL. Regression models were used to determine the relationship between each oral manifestation and the OHIP-14 scores using a level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS A total of 33 LDS subjects (51.5% female) aged 3-57 years (19.6 ± 15.1 years) were included in the study. The OHIP-14 scores (n = 33) were significantly higher in LDS subjects (6.30 [SD 6.37]) when compared to unaffected family member subjects (1.50 [SD 2.28], p < 0.01), and higher than the previously reported scores of the general U.S. population (2.81 [SD 0.12]). Regarding oral health self-care behavior (n = 32), the majority of LDS subjects reported receiving regular dental care (81%) and maintaining good-to-excellent daily oral hygiene (75%). Using a crude regression model, worse OHRQoL was found to be associated with dental hypersensitivity (β = 5.24; p < 0.05), temporomandibular joints (TMJ) abnormalities (β = 5.92; p < 0.01), self-reported poor-to-fair oral health status (β = 6.77; p < 0.01), and cumulation of four or more oral manifestations (β = 7.23; p < 0.001). Finally, using a parsimonious model, self-reported poor-to-fair oral health status (β = 5.87; p < 0.01) and TMJ abnormalities (β = 4.95; p < 0.01) remained significant. CONCLUSIONS The dental hypersensitivity, TMJ abnormalities, self-reported poor-to-fair oral health status and cumulation of four-or-more oral manifestations had significant influence on worse OHRQoL. Specific dental treatment guidelines are necessary to ensure optimal quality of life in patients diagnosed with LDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh C Nguyen
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Duverger
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Lopez Mitnik
- Program Analysis and Reporting Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyam Jani
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- Food Allergy Research Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice S Lee
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Tingting T, Wenjing F, Qian Z, Hengquan W, Simin Z, Zhisheng J, Shunlin Q. The TGF-β pathway plays a key role in aortic aneurysms. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:222-228. [PMID: 31707165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aortic dissection and aortic aneurysms are currently among the most high-risk cardiovascular diseases due to their rapid onset and high mortality. Although aneurysm research has been extensive, the pathogenesis remains unknown. Studies have found that the TGF-β/Smad pathway and aneurysm formation appear linked. For example, the TGF-β signaling pathway was significantly activated in aneurysm development and aortic dissection. Aneurysms are not, however, mitigated following knockdown of TGF-β signaling pathway-related genes. Incidence and mortality rate of ruptured thoracic aneurysms increase with the down-regulation of the classical TGF-β signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize recent findings and evaluate the differential role of classical and non-classical TGF-β pathways on aortic aneurysm. It is postulated that the TGF-β signaling pathway is necessary to maintain vascular function, but over-activation will promote aneurysms whereas over-inhibition will lead to bypass pathway over-activation and promote aneurysm occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Tingting
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Fan Wenjing
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zeng Qian
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wan Hengquan
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zhao Simin
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Jiang Zhisheng
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Qu Shunlin
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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