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Li H, Zhu X, Cao X, Lu Y, Zhou J, Zhang X. Single-cell analysis reveals lysyl oxidase (Lox) + fibroblast subset involved in cardiac fibrosis of diabetic mice. J Adv Res 2023; 54:223-237. [PMID: 36706988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction are the main characteristics of diabetic heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice and its possible mechanism in the development of diabetic myocardial fibrosis. METHODS We established a diabetic mouse model by injecting mice with streptozotocin. The overall cell profiles in diabetic hearts were analyzed using single-cell RNA transcriptomic techniques. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed by Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. Protein expression was analyzed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS A total of 11,585 cells were captured in control (Ctrl) and diabetic (DM) hearts. Twelve cell types were identified in this study. The number of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the DM hearts than in the Ctrl group. The fibroblasts were further re-clustered into nine subsets. Interestingly, cluster 4 fibroblasts were significantly increased in diabetic hearts compared with other fibroblast clusters. Lysyl oxidase (Lox) was highly expressed in DM fibroblasts (especially in cluster 4). Beta-aminopropionitrile, a Lox inhibitor, inhibited collagen expression and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic group. Lysyl oxidase inhibition also reduced high glucose-induced collagen protein upregulation in primary fibroblasts. Moreover, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor not only prevented an increase in Lox and Col I but also inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice for the first time. Fibroblasts with high expression of Lox (cluster 4 fibroblasts) were identified to play a crucial role in fibrosis in diabetic heart disease. The findings of this study may provide a possible therapeutic target for interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyangzi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Hippensteel KJ, Uppstrom TJ, Rodeo SA, Warren RF. Comprehensive Review of Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2023:00124635-990000000-00667. [PMID: 37071881 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidirectional instability of the shoulder can result from underlying atraumatic laxity, from repetitive microtrauma, or from a traumatic injury and often occurs in association with generalized ligamentous laxity or underlying connective tissue disorders. It is critical to differentiate multidirectional instability from unidirectional instability with or without generalized laxity to maximize treatment success. Although rehabilitation is still considered the primary treatment method for this condition, surgical treatment in the form of open inferior capsular shift or arthroscopic pancapsulolabral plication is indicated if conservative treatment fails. Recent biomechanical and clinical research has shown that there is still room for improvement in the treatment methods offered to this specific patient cohort. Potential treatment options, such as various methods to improve cross-linking of native collagen tissue, electric muscle stimulation to retrain the abnormally functioning dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder, and alternative surgical techniques such as coracohumeral ligament reconstruction and bone-based augmentation procedures, are brought forth in this article as potential avenues to explore in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hippensteel
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD (Hippensteel) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY (Uppstrom, Rodeo, and Warren)
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Cohen C, Figueiredo EA, Belangero PS, Andreoli CV, Leal MF, Ejnisman B. Genetic Aspects in Shoulder Disorders. Rev Bras Ortop 2020; 55:537-542. [PMID: 33093716 PMCID: PMC7575388 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of genetic inheritance has been increasingly investigated in shoulder disorders, such as rotator cuff injury, instability and frozen shoulder. Although the initial findings are enlightening, it is necessary to progressively build a database of genetic markers to catalog genomic profiles that, later, may contribute for predicting the risk of the disease, as well as to the development of better diagnostic and treatment tools. The present article seeks to update what is evidence of genetic studies in the literature for these diseases, from polymorphism analyses, expression of candidate genes in tissues and broad genomic association studies (GWAS). However, it is necessary to point out that there is great difficulty in replicating and using the findings, mainly due to the lack of statistical power, the high rate of false-positive results and the large number of variables involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Cohen
- Disciplina de Medicina do Esporte e Atividade Física , Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Eduardo A. Figueiredo
- Disciplina de Medicina do Esporte e Atividade Física , Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo S. Belangero
- Disciplina de Medicina do Esporte e Atividade Física , Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Vicente Andreoli
- Disciplina de Medicina do Esporte e Atividade Física , Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- Disciplina de Medicina do Esporte e Atividade Física , Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Laczko R, Csiszar K. Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Functional Contributions to Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081093. [PMID: 32708046 PMCID: PMC7465975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a catalytic activity-related, primary role in the assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a dynamic structural and regulatory framework which is essential for cell fate, differentiation and communication during development, tissue maintenance and repair. LOX, additionally, plays both activity-dependent and independent extracellular, intracellular and nuclear roles that fulfill significant functions in normal tissues, and contribute to vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, dermal, placenta, diaphragm, kidney and pelvic floor disorders. LOX activities have also been recognized in glioblastoma, diabetic neovascularization, osteogenic differentiation, bone matrix formation, ligament remodeling, polycystic ovary syndrome, fetal membrane rupture and tumor progression and metastasis. In an inflammatory context, LOX plays a role in diminishing pluripotent mesenchymal cell pools which are relevant to the pathology of diabetes, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Most of these conditions involve mechanisms with complex cell and tissue type-specific interactions of LOX with signaling pathways, not only as a regulatory target, but also as an active player, including LOX-mediated alterations of cell surface receptor functions and mutual regulatory activities within signaling loops. In this review, we aim to provide insight into the diverse ways in which LOX participates in signaling events, and explore the mechanistic details and functional significance of the regulatory and cross-regulatory interactions of LOX with the EGFR, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β, mechano-transduction, inflammatory and steroid signaling pathways.
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Santoro Belangero P, Antônio Figueiredo E, Cohen C, de Seixas Alves F, Hiromi Yanaguizawa W, Cardoso Smith M, Vicente Andreoli C, de Castro Pochini A, Teresa de Seixas Alves M, Ejnisman B, Cohen M, Ferreira Leal M. Changes in the expression of matrix extracellular genes and TGFB family members in rotator cuff tears. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2542-2553. [PMID: 29614203 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lack of synthesis of extracellular matrix compounds may contribute to degeneration of the tendons. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the expression of extracellular matrix and TGFB family members in ruptured and non-ruptured tendons of the rotator cuff, as well as the effect of clinical factors on gene expression in tendon samples, and the relationship between histological findings and altered gene expression. Injured and non-injured supraspinatus tendon samples and subscapular non-injured tendon samples were collected from 38 patients with rotator cuff tears. Non-injured supraspinatus tendons were obtained from eight controls. Specimens were used for histological evaluation, quantification of collagen fibers, and mRNA and protein expression analyses. Increased COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, FN1, TNC, and TGFBR1 mRNA expression was observed in the tear samples (p < 0.05). Duration of symptoms was correlated with the levels of collagen type I/III fibers (p = 0.032; ρ = 0.0447) and FN1 immunostaining (p = 0.031; ρ = 0.417). Smoking was associated with increased frequency of microcysts, myxoid degeneration, and COL5A1, FN1, TNC, and TGFB1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). FN1 immunostaining was correlated with the number of years of smoking (p = 0.048; ρ = 0.384). Lower levels of collagen type I/III fibers were detected in samples with fissures (0 = 0.046). High frequency of microcysts was associated with increased COL5A1, FN1, and TNC expression (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). Neovascularization was associated with reduced FN1 (p = 0.035) and TGFBR1 expression (p = 0.034). Our findings show differential expression of matrix extracellular genes and TGFB family members in the degeneration process involved in rotator cuff tears. These molecular alterations are influenced by clinical factors. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2542-2553, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Santoro Belangero
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Carina Cohen
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Seixas Alves
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Wânia Hiromi Yanaguizawa
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Marília Cardoso Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-001, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vicente Andreoli
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | | | - Benno Ejnisman
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Moises Cohen
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil.,Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-001, Brazil
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Qi Y, Xu R. Roles of PLODs in Collagen Synthesis and Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:66. [PMID: 30003082 PMCID: PMC6031748 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major component of extracellular matrix. Collagen cross-link and deposition depend on lysyl hydroxylation, which is catalyzed by procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD). Aberrant lysyl hydroxylation and collagen cross-link contributes to the progression of many collagen-related diseases, such as fibrosis and cancer. Three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1, LH2, and LH3) are identified, encoded by PLOD1, PLOD2, and PLOD3 genes. Expression of PLODs is regulated by multiple cytokines, transcription factors and microRNAs. Dysregulation of PLODs promotes cancer progression and metastasis, suggesting that targeting PLODs is potential strategy for cancer treatment. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the investigation of function and regulation of PLODs in normal tissue development and disease progression, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Qi
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ren Xu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Belangero PS, Leal MF, Figueiredo EA, Cohen C, Andreoli CV, Smith MC, Pochini ADC, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Differential expression of extracellular matrix genes in glenohumeral capsule of shoulder instability patients. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:290-8. [PMID: 27093129 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1173034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anterior shoulder instability is a common orthopedic problem. After a traumatic shoulder dislocation, patients present a plastic deformation of the capsule. The shoulder instability biology remains poorly understood. We evaluated the expression of genes that encode the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), fibronectin 1 (FN1), tenascin C (TNC) and tenascin XB (TNXB) in the glenohumeral capsule of anterior shoulder instability patients and controls. Moreover, we investigated the associations between gene expression and clinical parameters. The gene expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the antero-inferior (macroscopically injured region), antero-superior and posterior regions of the capsule of 29 patients with shoulder instability and 8 controls. COMP expression was reduced and FN1 and TNC expression was increased in the antero-inferior capsule region of cases compared to controls (p < 0.05). TNC expression was increased in the posterior capsule portion of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.022). COMP expression was reduced in the antero-inferior region compared to the posterior region of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.007). In the antero-inferior region, FN1 expression was increased in the capsule of patients with more than one year of symptoms (p = 0.003) and with recurrent dislocations (p = 0.004) compared with controls. FN1 and TNXB expression was correlated with the duration of symptoms in the posterior region (p < 0.05). Thus, COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB expression was altered across the capsule of shoulder instability patients. Dislocation episodes modify FN1, TNC and TNXB expression in the injured tissue. COMP altered expression may be associated with capsule integrity after shoulder dislocation, particularly in the macroscopically injured portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Santoro Belangero
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Departamento de Morfologia e Genética , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Carina Cohen
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos Vicente Andreoli
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marília Cardoso Smith
- b Departamento de Morfologia e Genética , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Moises Cohen
- a Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Cohen C, Leal MF, Belangero PS, Figueiredo EA, Smith MC, Andreoli CV, de Castro Pochini A, Cohen M, Ejnisman B, Faloppa F. The roles of Tenascin C and Fibronectin 1 in adhesive capsulitis: a pilot gene expression study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:325-31. [PMID: 27438566 PMCID: PMC4930668 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(06)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated mRNA expression levels of genes that encode TGF-β1; the TGF-β1 receptor; the collagen-modifying enzymes LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2; and the extracellular matrix proteins COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB in synovial/capsule specimens from patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. Possible associations between the measured mRNA levels and clinical parameters were also investigated. METHODS We obtained glenohumeral joint synovium/capsule specimens from 9 patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis who had not shown improvement in symptoms after 5 months of physiotherapy. Adhesive capsulitis was confirmed in all patients by magnetic resonance imaging. We also obtained specimens from 8 control patients who had underwent surgery for acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation and who had radiological indication of glenohumeral capsule alteration based on arthroscopic evaluation. mRNA expression in the synovium/capsule specimens was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The B2M and HPRT1 genes were used as references to normalize target gene expression in the shoulder tissue samples. RESULTS The synovium/capsule samples from the patients with adhesive capsulitis had significantly higher TNC and FN1 expression than those from the controls. Additionally, symptom duration directly correlated with expression of TGFβ1 receptor I. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of TNC and FN1 expression may be a marker of capsule injury. Upregulation of TGFβ1 receptor I seems to be dependent on symptom duration; therefore, TGFβ signaling may be involved in adhesive capsulitis. As such, TNC, FN1 and TGFβ1 receptor I may also play roles in adhesive capsulitis by contributing to capsule inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Cohen
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
- #contributed equally to this work
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Genética, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moises Cohen
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
| | - Flávio Faloppa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
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