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Ouahed JD, Griffith A, Collen LV, Snapper SB. Breaking Down Barriers: Epithelial Contributors to Monogenic IBD Pathogenesis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:1189-1206. [PMID: 38280053 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Monogenic causes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasingly being discovered. To date, much attention has been placed in those resulting from inborn errors of immunity. Therapeutic efforts have been largely focused on offering personalized immune modulation or curative bone marrow transplant for patients with IBD and underlying immune disorders. To date, less emphasis has been placed on monogenic causes of IBD that pertain to impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of monogenic causes of IBD that result in impaired intestinal epithelial barrier that are categorized into 6 important functions: (1) epithelial cell organization, (2) epithelial cell intrinsic functions, (3) epithelial cell apoptosis and necroptosis, (4) complement activation, (5) epithelial cell signaling, and (6) control of RNA degradation products. We illustrate how impairment of any of these categories can result in IBD. This work reviews the current understanding of the genes involved in maintaining the intestinal barrier, the inheritance patterns that result in dysfunction, features of IBD resulting from these disorders, and pertinent translational work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie D Ouahed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Griffith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren V Collen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Currier R, Puck JM. SCID newborn screening: What we've learned. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:417-426. [PMID: 33551023 PMCID: PMC7874439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency, the most profound form of primary immune system defects, has long been recognized as a measure that would decrease morbidity and improve outcomes by helping patients avoid devastating infections and receive prompt immune-restoring therapy. The T-cell receptor excision circle test, developed in 2005, proved to be successful in pilot studies starting in the period 2008 to 2010, and by 2019 all states in the United States had adopted versions of it in their public health programs. Introduction of newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency, the first immune disorder accepted for population-based screening, has drastically changed the presentation of this disorder while providing important lessons for public health programs, immunologists, and transplanters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Currier
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
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Strand J, Gul KA, Erichsen HC, Lundman E, Berge MC, Trømborg AK, Sørgjerd LK, Ytre-Arne M, Hogner S, Halsne R, Gaup HJ, Osnes LT, Kro GAB, Sorte HS, Mørkrid L, Rowe AD, Tangeraas T, Jørgensen JV, Alme C, Bjørndalen TEH, Rønnestad AE, Lang AM, Rootwelt T, Buechner J, Øverland T, Abrahamsen TG, Pettersen RD, Stray-Pedersen A. Second-Tier Next Generation Sequencing Integrated in Nationwide Newborn Screening Provides Rapid Molecular Diagnostics of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1417. [PMID: 32754152 PMCID: PMC7381310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and other T cell lymphopenias can be detected during newborn screening (NBS) by measuring T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in dried blood spot (DBS) DNA. Second tier next generation sequencing (NGS) with an amplicon based targeted gene panel using the same DBS DNA was introduced as part of our prospective pilot research project in 2015. With written parental consent, 21 000 newborns were TREC-tested in the pilot. Three newborns were identified with SCID, and disease-causing variants in IL2RG, RAG2, and RMRP were confirmed by NGS on the initial DBS DNA. The molecular findings directed follow-up and therapy: the IL2RG-SCID underwent early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) without any complications; the leaky RAG2-SCID received prophylactic antibiotics, antifungals, and immunoglobulin infusions, and underwent HSCT at 1 year of age. The child with RMRP-SCID had complete Hirschsprung disease and died at 1 month of age. Since January 2018, all newborns in Norway have been offered NBS for SCID using 1st tier TRECs and 2nd tier gene panel NGS on DBS DNA. During the first 20 months of nationwide SCID screening an additional 88 000 newborns were TREC tested, and four new SCID cases were identified. Disease-causing variants in DCLRE1C, JAK3, NBN, and IL2RG were molecularly confirmed on day 8, 15, 8 and 6, respectively after birth, using the initial NBS blood spot. Targeted gene panel NGS integrated into the NBS algorithm rapidly delineated the specific molecular diagnoses and provided information useful for management, targeted therapy and follow-up i.e., X rays and CT scans were avoided in the radiosensitive SCID. Second tier targeted NGS on the same DBS DNA as the TREC test provided instant confirmation or exclusion of SCID, and made it possible to use a less stringent TREC cut-off value. This allowed for the detection of leaky SCIDs, and simultaneously reduced the number of control samples, recalls and false positives. Mothers were instructed to stop breastfeeding until maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) status was determined. Our limited data suggest that shorter time-interval from birth to intervention, may prevent breast milk transmitted CMV infection in classical SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Strand
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kiran Aftab Gul
- Paediatric Research Institute, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Christian Erichsen
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Lundman
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona C. Berge
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette K. Trømborg
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda K. Sørgjerd
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Ytre-Arne
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Hogner
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruth Halsne
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Junita Gaup
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv T. Osnes
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete A. B. Kro
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne S. Sorte
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Mørkrid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander D. Rowe
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Tangeraas
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens V. Jørgensen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotte Alme
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arild E. Rønnestad
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astri M. Lang
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Rootwelt
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jochen Buechner
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Øverland
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore G. Abrahamsen
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf D. Pettersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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