2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside promotes the effects of dental pulp stem cells on rebuilding periodontal tissues in experimental periodontal defects

Stem cells in regenerative dentistry: Current understanding and future directions

BACKGROUND

Regenerative dentistry aims to enhance the structure and function of oral tissues and organs. Modern tissue engineering harnesses cell and gene-based therapies to advance traditional treatment approaches. Studies have demonstrated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative dentistry, with some progressing to clinical trials. This review comprehensively examines animal studies that have utilized MSCs for various therapeutic applications. Additionally, it seeks to bridge the gap between related findings and the practical implementation of MSC therapies, offering insights into the challenges and translational aspects involved in transitioning from preclinical research to clinical applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

To achieve this objective, we have focused on the protocols and achievements related to pulp-dentin, alveolar bone, and periodontal regeneration using dental-derived MSCs in both animal and clinical studies. Various types of MSCs, including dental-derived cells, bone-marrow stem cells, and umbilical cord stem cells, have been employed in root canals, periodontal defects, socket preservation, and sinus lift procedures. Results of such include significant hard tissue reconstruction, functional pulp regeneration, root elongation, periodontal ligament formation, and cementum deposition. However, cell-based treatments for tooth and periodontium regeneration are still in early stages. The increasing demand for stem cell therapies in personalized medicine underscores the need for scientists and responsible organizations to develop standardized treatment protocols that adhere to good manufacturing practices, ensuring high reproducibility, safety, and cost-efficiency.

CONCLUSION

Cell therapy in regenerative dentistry represents a growing industry with substantial benefits and unique challenges as it strives to establish sustainable, long-term, and effective oral tissue regeneration solutions.

Comparison of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-b-D-glucoside-induced proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in 2D and 3D culture systems-gene analysis

Background/purpose

Culture environments play a critical role in stem cell expansion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-b-D-glucoside (THSG) on the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems.

Materials and methods

Human DPSCs were seeded in T25 flasks for 2D cultivation. For the 3D culture system, DPSCs were mixed with microcarriers and cultured in spinner flasks. Cells in both culture systems were treated with THSG, and cell proliferation was determined using a cell counter and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. In THSG-treated DPSCs, the genes associated with proliferation, adipogenesis, neurogenesis, osteogenesis, pluripotency, oncogenesis, and apoptosis were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reactions.

Results

The spinner flask time-dependently improved cell numbers, cell viability, and expansion rates in THSG-treated DPSCs. In both the T25 and spinner flasks, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of proliferation, osteogenesis, and pluripotent-related genes had a significant maximum expression with 10 μM THSG treatment. However, 0.1 μM of THSG may be the most suitable condition for triggering neurogenesis and adipogenesis gene expression when DPSCs were cultured in spinner flasks. Furthermore, the number of oncogenes and apoptotic genes decreased considerably in the presence of THSG in both the T25 and spinner flasks.

Conclusion

The spinner flask bioreactor combined with THSG may upregulate proliferation and lineage-specific differentiation in DPSCs. Thus, the combination can be used to mass-produce and cultivate human DPSCs for regenerative dentistry.

Therapeutic applications of dental pulp stem cells in regenerating dental, periodontal and oral-related structures

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have emerged as a promising tool with great potential for use in tissue regeneration and engineering. Some of the main advantages of these cells are their multifaceted differentiation capacity, along with their high proliferation rate, a relative simplicity of extraction and culture that enables obtaining patient-specific cell lines for their use in autologous cell therapy. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant articles related to the use of DPSCs in regeneration of dentin-pulp complex (DPC), periodontal tissues, salivary gland and craniomaxillofacial bone defects. Few studies were found regarding the use of DPSCs for regeneration of DPC. Scaffold-based combined with DPSCs isolated from healthy pulps was the strategy used for DPC regeneration. Studies involved subcutaneous implantation of scaffolds loaded with DPSCs pretreated with odontogenic media, or performed on human tooth root model as a root slice. Most of the studies were related to periodontal tissue regeneration which mainly utilized DPSCs/secretome. For periodontal tissues, DPSCs or their secretome were isolated from healthy or inflamed pulps and they were used either for preclinical or clinical studies. Regarding salivary gland regeneration, the submandibular gland was the only model used for the preclinical studies and DPSCs or their secretome were isolated only from healthy pulps and they were used in preclinical studies. Likewise, DPSCs have been studied for craniomaxillofacial bone defects in the form of mandibular, calvarial and craniofacial bone defects where DPSCs were isolated only from healthy pulps for preclinical and clinical studies. From the previous results, we can conclude that DPSCs is promising candidate for dental and oral tissue regeneration.