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Ping X, Meyer MJ, Zahn NM, Golani LK, Sharmin D, Pandey KP, Revanian S, Mondal P, Jin X, Arnold LA, Cerne R, Cook JM, Divović B, Savić MM, Lippa A, Smith JL, Witkin JM. Comparative anticonvulsant activity of the GABAkine KRM-II-81 and a deuterated analog. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:527-531. [PMID: 36748904 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of imidazodiazepines has been developed that possess reduced sedative liabilities but retain efficacy in anticonvulsant screening models. The latest of these compounds, (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole known as KRM-II-81) is currently awaiting advancement into the clinic. A deuterated structural analog (D5-KRM-II-81) was made as a potential backup compound and studied here in comparison to KRM-II-81. In the present study, both compounds significantly prevented seizures in mice induced by 6 Hz (44 mA) electrical stimulation without significantly altering motoric function on a rotarod after intraperitoneal administration. Both compounds also significantly prevented clonic seizures, tonic seizures, and lethality induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice when given orally. D5-KRM-II-81 had a slightly longer duration of action against clonic and tonic seizures than KRM-II-81. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of either KRM-II-81 or D5-KRM-II-81 was significantly less disruptive of sensorimotor function in mice than diazepam (5 mg/kg, p.o.). The present report documents that D5-KRM-II-81 represents another in this series of imidazodiazepines with anticonvulsant activity at doses that do not impair sensorimotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michelle J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sepideh Revanian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
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Golani LK, Divović B, Sharmin D, Pandey KP, Mian MY, Cerne R, Zahn NM, Meyer MJ, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Lippa A, Schkeryantz JM, Arnold LA, Cook JM, Savić MM, Witkin JM. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and anticonvulsant activity of a deuterated analog of the α2/3-selective GABAkine KRM-II-81. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:66-75. [PMID: 35194800 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The imidazodiazepine, (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo [f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81) is a new α2/3-selective GABAkine (gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor potentiator) with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and antinociceptive activity in preclinical models. Reducing metabolism was utilized as a means of potentially extending the half-life of KRM-II-81. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate metabolic liabilities. Incubation of KRM-II-81 in hepatocytes revealed sites of potential metabolism on the oxazole and the diazepine rings. These sites were targeted in the design of a deuterated analog (D5-KRM-II-81) that could be evaluated as a potentially longer-acting analog. In contrast to computer predictions, peak plasma concentrations of D5-KRM-II-81 in rats were not significantly greater than those produced by KRM-II-81 after oral administration. Furthermore, brain disposition of KRM-II-81 was higher than that of D5-KRM-II-81. The half-life of the two compounds in either plasma or brain did not statistically differ from one another but the tmax for D5-KRM-II-81 occurred slightly earlier than for KRM-II-81. Non-metabolic considerations might be relevant to the lack of increases in exposure by D5-KRM-II-81. Alternative sites of metabolism on KRM-II-81, not targeted by the current deuteration process, are also possible. Despite its lack of augmented exposure, D5-KRM-II-81, like KRM-II-81, significantly prevented seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol when given orally. The present findings introduce a new orally active anticonvulsant GABAkine, D5-KRM-II-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michelle J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Veera V N P B Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
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Kim DS, Li B, Rhew KY, Oh HW, Lim HD, Lee W, Chae HJ, Kim HR. The regulatory mechanism of 4-phenylbutyric acid against ER stress-induced autophagy in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1269-78. [PMID: 22864750 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely connected to autophagy. When cells are exposed to ER stress, cells exhibit enhanced protein degradation and form autophagosomes. In this study, we demonstrate that the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), regulates ER stressinduced cell death and autophagy in human gingival fibroblasts. We found that 4-PBA protected cells against thapsigargin-induced apoptotic cell death but did not affect the reduced cell proliferation. ER stress induced by thapsigargin was alleviated by 4-PBA through the regulation of several ER stress-inducible, unfolded protein response related proteins including GRP78, GRP94, C/EBP homologous protein, phospho-eIF-2α, eIF-2α, phospho-JNK1 (p46) and phospho-JNK2/3 (p54), JNK1, IRE-1α, PERK, and sXBP-1. Compared with cells treated with thapsigargin alone, cells treated with both 4-PBA and thapsigargin showed lower levels of Beclin-1, LC-3II and autophagic vacuoles, indicating that 4-PBA also inhibited autophagy induced by ER stress. This study suggests that 4-PBA may be a potential therapeutic agent against ER stress-associated pathologic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea
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Ling C, Chen G, Chen G, Zhang Z, Cao B, Han K, Yin J, Chu A, Zhao Y, Mao X. A deuterated analog of dasatinib disrupts cell cycle progression and displays anti-non-small cell lung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2411-9. [PMID: 22362357 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pan-Src family kinase inhibitor dasatinib has been approved for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment but displays limited activity in lung cancer patients. In this study, we used a deuterium substitution strategy to develop a class of novel chemicals based on dasatinib and found that these compounds maintain inhibition on c-Src activity and display anti-non-small cell lung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. BRP800, one of these compounds, was chosen for further studies. BRP800 mainly displayed antiproliferative but not proapoptotic activity. Molecularly, BRP800 did not show significant effects on the expression of antiapoptotic genes, such as Bcl-2 and Mcl1, or on the activation of apoptotic enzymes, such as caspase-3, -8 or 9. However, BRP800 decreased expression of cell cycle promoting genes such as cyclins D1, D3, E, A and CDK4 and 6, and increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including p21, p27 and p53. Consistent with these findings, BRP800 arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner, and the G0/G1 fraction was increased from 64% in control to 85% in BRP800-treated cells. We also evaluated the effects of BRP800 on NSCLC xenografts using H460 as a model in nude mice. Compared with the known NSCLC drug docetaxel, BRP800 displayed potent and similar antitumor activity but with less toxicity. These findings suggest that the deuterated analog of dasatinib is antiproliferative by inhibiting c-Src and disrupting cell cycle progression, and could be further developed as a novel drug for non-small lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ling
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Abstract
In addition to a variety of other novel agents, interest in histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) as antineoplastic drugs has recently accelerated and increasing numbers of these compounds have entered clinical trials in humans. HDACIs represent a prototype of molecularly targeted agents that perturb signal transduction, cell cycle-regulatory and survival-related pathways. Newer generation HDACIs have been introduced into the clinical arena that are considerably more potent on a molar basis than their predecessors and are beginning to show early evidence of activity, particularly in hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, there is an increasing appreciation of the fact that HDACIs may act through mechanisms other than induction of histone acetylation and, as in the case of other molecularly-targeted agents, it is conceivable that the ultimate role of HDACIs in cancer therapy will be as modulators of apoptosis induced by other cytotoxic agents. One particularly promising strategy involves attempts to combine HDACIs with other novel agents to promote tumour cell differentiation or apoptosis. The present review focuses on recent insights into the mechanisms by which HDACIs exert their anticancer effects, either alone or in combination with other compounds, as well as attempts to translate these findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Rosato
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Lea MA, Shareef A, Sura M, desBordes C. Induction of histone acetylation and inhibition of growth by phenyl alkanoic acids and structurally related molecules. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54:57-63. [PMID: 15034756 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A structure-activity study was undertaken to determine the influence of side chain length of phenyl alkanoic acids and the degree of unsaturation of phenyl alkenoic acids on the induction of histone acetylation and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies on cell proliferation were performed with DS19 mouse erythroleukemic cells, PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells. Actions on histone deacetylase and the induction of histone acetylation were compared for 4-phenylbutyrate and structurally related molecules. RESULTS Increasing inhibition of cell proliferation by phenyl alkanoic acids together with a decrease in cells in S phase and an increase in apoptotic cells was observed with increased chain length between four and ten carbons. Introduction of double bonds into the side chain was associated with increased growth inhibition. In contrast, 4-phenylbutyrate was a more potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase and inducer of histone acetylation than the other phenyl alkanoic acids examined. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with the action of 4-phenylbutyrate, actions other than inhibition of histone deacetylase appear to be more important for growth inhibition by longer chain phenyl alkanoic and phenyl alkenoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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