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Ferraris D, Duvall B, Delahanty G, Mistry B, Alt J, Rojas C, Rowbottom C, Sanders K, Schuck E, Huang KC, Redkar S, Slusher BB, Tsukamoto T. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorinated Tetrahydrouridine Derivatives as Inhibitors of Cytidine Deaminase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2582-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401856k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ferraris
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Bridget Duvall
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Greg Delahanty
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Bipin Mistry
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jesse Alt
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | | | - Edgar Schuck
- Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | | | - Sanjeev Redkar
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dublin, California 94568, United States
| | - Barbara B. Slusher
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Brain
Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 231, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Guo D, Myrdal PB, Karlage KL, O'Connell SP, Wissinger TJ, Tabibi SE, Yalkowsky SH. Stability of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and tetrahydrouridine in combination. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:247-52. [PMID: 20151336 PMCID: PMC2850501 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd, NSC-48006), is rapidly converted to its unwanted metabolites. Tetrahydrouridine (THU, NSC-112907), a cytidine deaminase inhibitor can block the first metabolic step in FdCyd catabolism. Clinical studies have shown that co-administration with THU can inhibit the metabolism of FdCyd. The National Cancer Institute is particularly interested in a 1:5 FdCyd/THU formulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro pH stability of FdCyd and THU individually and in combination. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of both compounds and their degradants was developed using a ZIC(R)-HILIC column. The effect of THU and FdCyd on the in vitro degradation of each other was studied as a function of pH from 1.0 to 7.4 in aqueous solutions at 37 degrees C. The degradation of FdCyd appears to be first-order and acid-catalyzed. THU equilibrates with at least one of its degradants. The combination of FdCyd and THU in solution does not affect the stability of either compound. The stability and compatibility of FdCyd and THU in the solid state at increased relative humidity and at various temperatures are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoli Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Ciccolini J, Dahan L, André N, Evrard A, Duluc M, Blesius A, Yang C, Giacometti S, Brunet C, Raynal C, Ortiz A, Frances N, Iliadis A, Duffaud F, Seitz JF, Mercier C. Cytidine deaminase residual activity in serum is a predictive marker of early severe toxicities in adults after gemcitabine-based chemotherapies. J Clin Oncol 2009; 28:160-5. [PMID: 19933910 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anticipating toxicities with gemcitabine is an ongoing story, and deregulation in cytidine deaminase (CDA) could be associated with increased risk of developing early severe toxicities on drug exposure. PATIENTS AND METHODS A simple test to evaluate CDA phenotypic status was first validated in an animal model investigating relationships between CDA activity and gemcitabine-related toxicities. Next, relevance of this test as a marker for toxicities was retrospectively tested in a first subset of 64 adult patients treated with gemcitabine alone, then it was tested in a larger group of 130 patients who received gemcitabine either alone or combined with other drugs and in 20 children. Additionally, search for the 435 T>C, 208 G>A and 79 A>C mutations on the CDA gene was performed. Results In mice, CDA deficiency impacted on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics and had subsequent lethal toxicities. In human, 12% of adult patients experienced early severe toxicities after gemcitabine administration. A significant difference in CDA activities was observed between patients with and without toxicities (1.2 +/- 0.8 U/mg v 4 +/- 2.6 U/mg; P < .01). Conversely, no genotype-to-phenotype relationships were found. Of note, the patients who displayed particularly reduced CDA activity all experienced strong toxicities. Gemcitabine was well tolerated in children, and no CDA deficiency was evidenced. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CDA functional testing could be a simple and easy marker to discriminate adult patients at risk of developing severe toxicities with gemcitabine. Particularly, this study demonstrates that CDA deficiency, found in 7% of adult patients, is associated with a maximum risk of developing early severe toxicities with gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ciccolini
- Md, Medical Oncology Unit, La Timone University Hospital, 205 Rue St Pierre, 13385, Marseille, cedex 05, France
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Beumer JH, Eiseman JL, Parise RA, Joseph E, Covey JM, Egorin MJ. Modulation of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability in mice by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3529-35. [PMID: 18519786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo, 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFdC) is rapidly inactivated by gut and liver cytidine deaminase (CD) to 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (dFdU). Consequently, dFdC has poor oral bioavailability and is administered i.v., with associated costs and limitations in administration schedules. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine (THU) is a potent CD inhibitor with a 20% oral bioavailability. We investigated the ability of THU to decrease elimination and first-pass effect by CD, thereby enabling oral dosing of dFdC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for plasma dFdC and dFdU. Mice were dosed with 100 mg/kg dFdC i.v. or orally with or without 100 mg/kg THU i.v. or orally. At specified times between 5 and 1,440 min, mice (n = 3) were euthanized. dFdC, dFdU, and THU concentrations were quantitated in plasma and urine. RESULTS THU i.v. and orally produced concentrations >4 microg/mL for 3 and 2 h, respectively, whereas concentrations of >1 microg/mL have been associated with near-complete inhibition of CD in vitro. THU i.v. decreased plasma dFdU concentrations but had no effect on dFdC plasma area under the plasma concentration versus time curve after i.v. dFdC dosing. Both THU i.v. and orally substantially increased oral bioavailability of dFdC. Absorption of dFdC orally was 59%, but only 10% passed liver and gut CD and eventually reached the systemic circulation. Coadministration of THU orally increased dFdC oral bioavailability from 10% to 40%. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of THU enables oral dosing of dFdC and warrants clinical testing. Oral dFdC treatment would be easier and cheaper, potentially prolong dFdC exposure, and enable exploration of administration schedules considered impractical by the i.v. route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Beumer
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Room G.27d, Hillman Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA.
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Powner MW, Anastasi C, Crowe MA, Parkes AL, Raftery J, Sutherland JD. On the prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleotides: photoanomerisation of cytosine nucleosides and nucleotides revisited. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1170-9. [PMID: 17549787 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has emphasised the importance of D-ribose aminooxazoline 1 in the synthesis of cytidine ribonucleosides under potentially prebiotic conditions. Upon treatment with cyanoacetylene, 1 is transformed into alpha-D-cytidine (alpha-2), and if an efficient means of anomerising this nucleoside or a derivative thereof were to be found, then the synthesis of one of the key beta-D-nucleosides required to make RNA would be realised. Photoanomerisation of alpha-2 has previously been described, but the yield was extremely low. Therefore, the present study was initiated to determine whether this low yield was the result of a low conversion or competing reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Powner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Beumer JH, Eiseman JL, Parise RA, Joseph E, Holleran JL, Covey JM, Egorin MJ. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Oral Bioavailability of the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5-Fluoro-2′-Deoxycytidine in Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:7483-91. [PMID: 17138702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) is rapidly and sequentially converted to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorouridine. The i.v. combination of FdCyd and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine (THU), a cytidine deaminase (CD) inhibitor that blocks the first metabolic step in FdCyd catabolism, is being investigated clinically for its ability to inhibit DNA methyltransferase. However, the full effects of THU on FdCyd metabolism and pharmacokinetics are unknown. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability of FdCyd with and without THU in mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantitate FdCyd and metabolites in mouse plasma. Mice were dosed i.v. or p.o. with 25 mg/kg FdCyd with or without coadministration of 100 mg/kg THU p.o. or i.v. RESULTS The oral bioavailability of FdCyd alone was approximately 4%. Coadministration with THU increased exposure to FdCyd and decreased exposure to its metabolites; i.v. and p.o. coadministration of THU increased exposure to p.o. FdCyd by 87- and 58-fold, respectively. FdCyd exposure after p.o. FdCyd with p.o. THU was as much as 54% that of i.v. FdCyd with i.v. THU. CONCLUSIONS FdCyd is well absorbed but undergoes substantial first-pass catabolism by CD to potentially toxic metabolites that do not inhibit DNA methyltransferase. THU is sufficiently bioavailable to reduce the first-pass effect of CD on FdCyd. Oral coadministration of THU and FdCyd is a promising approach that warrants clinical testing because it may allow maintaining effective FdCyd concentrations on a chronic basis, which would be an advantage over other DNA methyltransferase inhibitors that are currently approved or in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Beumer
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA 15213-1863, USA.
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Teh AH, Kimura M, Yamamoto M, Tanaka N, Yamaguchi I, Kumasaka T. The 1.48 A resolution crystal structure of the homotetrameric cytidine deaminase from mouse. Biochemistry 2006; 45:7825-33. [PMID: 16784234 DOI: 10.1021/bi060345f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine deaminase (CDA) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine or deoxycytidine to form uridine or deoxyuridine. Here we present the crystal structure of mouse CDA (MmCDA), complexed with either tetrahydrouridine (THU), 3-deazauridine (DAU), or cytidine. In the MmCDA-DAU complex, it clearly demonstrates that cytidine is distinguished from uridine by its 4-NH(2) group that acts as a hydrogen bond donor. In the MmCDA-cytidine complex, cytidine, unexpectedly, binds as the substrate instead of the deaminated product in three of the four subunits, and in the remaining subunit it binds as the product uridine. Furthermore, the charge-neutralizing Arg68 of MmCDA has also exhibited two alternate conformations, I and II. In conformation I, the only conformation observed in the other structurally known homotetrameric CDAs, Arg68 hydrogen bonds Cys65 and Cys102 to modulate part of their negative charges. However, in conformation II the side chain of Arg68 rotates about 130 degrees around the Cgamma-Cdelta bond and abolishes these hydrogen bonds. The lack of hydrogen bonding may indirectly weaken the zinc-product interaction by increased electron donation from cysteine to the zinc ion, suggesting a novel product-expelling mechanism. On the basis of known structures, structural analysis further reveals two subclasses of homotetrameric CDAs that can be identified according to the position of the charge-neutralizing arginine residue. Implications for CDA-RNA interaction have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik-Hong Teh
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-6 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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