1
|
Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema PD. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Solvent Diffusion and Film Swelling in Oil Paint Model Systems. Macromolecules 2018; 51:7134-7144. [PMID: 30270940 PMCID: PMC6158679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the restoration of paintings, solvent diffusion and swelling of polymeric oil paint binding media are important factors to consider. Common cleaning methods with organic solvents or aqueous solutions could lead to undesirable physicochemical changes in the paint in the long term, though the extent of this effect is not yet clear. We used tailored nonporous model systems for aged oil paint to measure paint swelling and solvent diffusion for a wide range of relevant solvents. Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the glass transition temperature of our model systems was found to be close to room temperature. Subsequently, with a custom sample cell and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, we were able to accurately track swelling and diffusion processes in the polymer films. To quantify the spectroscopic data, we developed a model that completely describes the solvent migration process, including significant film swelling and non-Fickian solvent diffusion. The relation between solvent properties, the diffusion coefficient, and the swelling capacity proved to be rather complex and could not be explained using a single solvent parameter. However, it was found that strongly swelling solvents generally diffuse faster than weakly swelling solvents and that pigmentation does not significantly influence solvent diffusion. These results contribute to a better understanding of transport phenomena in paintings and support the development of improved paint restoration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema P. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Fatty Acid Diffusion and the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paint Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema P. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Fatty Acid Diffusion and the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paint Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7351-7354. [PMID: 29411920 PMCID: PMC6033171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of metal soaps (metal complexes of saturated fatty acids) is a serious problem affecting the appearance and structural integrity of many oil paintings. Tailored model systems for aged oil paint and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study the diffusion of palmitic acid and subsequent metal soap crystallization. The simultaneous presence of free saturated fatty acids and polymer-bound metal carboxylates leads to rapid metal soap crystallization, following a complex mechanism that involves both acid and metal diffusion. Solvent flow, water, and pigments all enhance metal soap crystallization in the model systems. These results contribute to the development of paint cleaning strategies, a better understanding of oil paint degradation, and highlight the potential of time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for studying dynamic processes in polymer films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis to study drug crystallisation in the stratum corneum. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 111:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Uchida T, Nishioka K, Motoki A, Yakumaru M, Sano T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of Esters on the Permeation of Chemicals with Different Polarities through Synthetic Artificial Membranes Using a High-Throughput Diffusion Cell Array. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1597-1606. [PMID: 27803471 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 25 kinds of esters that are used in cosmetics on the permeation of four model compounds with different polarities (caffeine [CF], aminopyrine [AMP], benzoic acid [BA], and flurbiprofen [FP]). The amount of each model compound that permeated through two types of artificial membrane (silicone and Strat-M®) was measured and correlated with the physicochemical properties of the esters, including their solubility, viscosity, wettability, surface tension, and uptake. The amount of each model compound that permeated through the silicone membrane was not significantly correlated with the solubility of the esters but was significantly correlated with all other measured physical properties of the esters. Similar correlations were observed for the amounts of AMP, BA, and FP that passed through the Strat-M® membrane. However, the amount of CF that permeated through the Strat-M® membrane also correlated with the solubility of the esters. There was a highly significant correlation between the amount permeating through the silicone and Strat-M® membranes because the model compounds had high lipophilicity. These findings demonstrated that to control the permeation of various chemicals through artificial membranes, it is important to consider the uptake of the esters and that the solubility of the esters is also an important consideration when using a more complex membrane.
Collapse
|
6
|
Uchida T, Yakumaru M, Nishioka K, Higashi Y, Sano T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Evaluation of a Silicone Membrane as an Alternative to Human Skin for Determining Skin Permeation Parameters of Chemical Compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1338-46. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uchida
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boateng JS, Pawar HV, Tetteh J. Evaluation of in vitro wound adhesion characteristics of composite film and wafer based dressings using texture analysis and FTIR spectroscopy: a chemometrics factor analysis approach. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20787h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing adhesion of film and wafer based dressings using texture analysis and FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics target factor analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Boateng
- Department of Pharmaceutical
- Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich at Medway
- Kent
| | - H. V. Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical
- Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich at Medway
- Kent
| | - J. Tetteh
- Department of Pharmaceutical
- Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering and Science
- University of Greenwich at Medway
- Kent
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The effects of esterified solvents on the diffusion of a model compound across human skin: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopic study. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Oliveira G, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. The role of vehicle interactions on permeation of an active through model membranes and human skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:536-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutics; UCL School of Pharmacy; 29-39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - J. Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics; UCL School of Pharmacy; 29-39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - M. E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics; UCL School of Pharmacy; 29-39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simultaneous monitoring of drug and solvent diffusion across a model membrane using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:378-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Andanson JM, Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. High-throughput spectroscopic imaging applied to permeation through the skin. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:512-7. [PMID: 19470207 DOI: 10.1366/000370209788347011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the permeation of substances through human skin in a high-throughput manner. The sample of skin was placed on the measuring surface of an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal and was divided into several areas. These areas were separated using a specially designed grid created on the surface of the skin and each area was subjected to a different combination of permeant and enhancer. ATR Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging was applied to measure the permeation of 12 liquid samples through a piece of skin smaller than 5 cm(2). This work demonstrated that, using the ATR-FT-IR imaging method, it is possible to measure and directly compare the transdermal processes of several permeants under identical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Andanson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tetteh J, Mader K, Andanson JM, McAuley W, Lane M, Hadgraft J, Kazarian S, Mitchell J. Local examination of skin diffusion using FTIR spectroscopic imaging and multivariate target factor analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 642:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
13
|
Herkenne C, Alberti I, Naik A, Kalia YN, Mathy FX, Préat V, Guy RH. In vivo methods for the assessment of topical drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 2008; 25:87-103. [PMID: 17985216 PMCID: PMC2217624 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews some current methods for the in vivo assessment of local cutaneous bioavailability in humans after topical drug application. After an introduction discussing the importance of local drug bioavailability assessment and the limitations of model-based predictions, the focus turns to the relevance of experimental studies. The available techniques are then reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the tape stripping and microdialysis methodologies. Other less developed techniques, including the skin biopsy, suction blister, follicle removal and confocal Raman spectroscopy techniques are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Herkenne
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Route du Levant 146, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Alberti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Antares Pharma AG, Gewerbestrasse 18, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Naik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - François-Xavier Mathy
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- UCB SA, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard H. Guy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY Allschwil, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
O'Neill MAA, Beezer AE, Tetteh J, Gaisford S, Dhuna M. Application of Chemometric Analysis to Complexity in Isothermal Calorimetric Data. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:8145-9. [PMID: 17585795 DOI: 10.1021/jp0700985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of complexity in isothermal calorimetric data is demanding. The observed power signal is a composite of the powers arising from each of the individual events occurring (which can involve physical, as well as chemical, change). The challenge, therefore, lies in deconvoluting the observed data into their component parts. Here, we discuss the potential use of chemometric analysis, because it offers the significant advantage of being model-free, using principal component analysis to deconvolute data. Using model data, we discovered that the software required a minimum trivariate data matrix to be constructed. Two variables, power and time, were available from the raw data. Selection of a third variable was more problematic, but it was found that by running multiple experiments the small variation in the number of moles of compound in each experiment was sufficient to allow a successful analysis. In general we noted that it required a minimum 2n + 2 repeat experiments to allow analysis (where n is the number of reaction processes). The data outputted from the chemometric software were of the form intensity (arbitrary units) versus time, reflecting the fact that the software was written for analysis of spectroscopic data. We provide a mathematical treatment of the data that allows recovery of both reaction enthalpy and rate constants. The study demonstrates that chemometric analysis is a promising approach for the interpretation of complex calorimetric data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A A O'Neill
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Over the past 30 or so years there has been a considerable advance in our knowledge of the mechanisms of skin permeation. This has largely been brought about by the development of sophisticated biophysical techniques and increased computing powers. The advanced technology has clearly provided indications, at a molecular level, about routes of permeation and how the barrier function can be modulated by excipients with which actives are formulated. This publication reviews some of the advances that have been made and mathematical models that have been constructed to predict percutaneous penetration and transdermal delivery. The models also indicate the various enhancement strategies that can be used in dermal penetration. In the past, it has been difficult to identify precise mechanisms of action of the different classes of enhancer but a combination of appropriate biophysical techniques, mathematical modelling and chemometric analysis can help identify the contributing processes. The models can also be used to indicate rate control in transdermal delivery, whether it is in the applied delivery device or in the skin.
Collapse
|