1
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Fateixa S, Nogueira HIS, Trindade T. Carbamazepine polymorphism: a re-visitation using Raman imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121632. [PMID: 35245634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Raman imaging methods have appeared in the last years as a powerful approach to monitoring the quality of pharmaceutical compounds. Because polymorphism occurs in many crystalline pharmaceutical compounds, it is essential to monitor polymorphic transformations induced by different external stimulus, such as temperature changes, to which those compounds may be submitted. Raman imaging with k-means cluster analysis (CA) is used here as an essential technique to investigate structural and chemical transformations occurring in carbamazepine p-monoclinic (CBZ III) into carbamazepine triclinic (CBZ I) when submitted to temperatures near the melting point of CBZ III (178 °C) and CBZ I (193°C). CBZ III commercial powder and laboratorial prepared CBZ I were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy with variable temperature. After thermal treatment, the resultant CBZ powder was evaluated by Raman imaging, in which all imaging data was analyzed using CA. Raman imaging allowed the identification of different polymorphs of CBZ (CBZ III and CBZ I) and iminostilbene (IMS), a degradation product of CBZ, in the treated samples, depending on the heating treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fateixa
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Helena I S Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Applications of synchrotron powder X-ray diffractometry in drug substance and drug product characterization. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Influence of Carbamazepine Dihydrate on the Preparation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040379. [PMID: 32326114 PMCID: PMC7238004 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hot melt extrusion (HME) has been employed to prepare ASD based products. However, due to the narrow processing window of HME, ASDs are normally obtained with high processing temperatures and mechanical stress. Interestingly, one-third of pharmaceutical compounds reportedly exist in hydrate forms. In this study, we selected carbamazepine (CBZ) dihydrate to investigate its solid-state changes during the dehydration process and the impact of the dehydration on the preparation of CBZ ASDs using a Leistritz micro-18 extruder. Various characterization techniques were used to study the dehydration kinetics of CBZ dihydrate under different conditions. We designed the extrusion runs and demonstrated that: 1) the dehydration of CBZ dihydrate resulted in a disordered state of the drug molecule; 2) the resulted higher energy state CBZ facilitated the drug solubilization and mixing with the polymer matrix during the HME process, which significantly decreased the required extrusion temperature from 140 to 60 °C for CBZ ASDs manufacturing compared to directly processing anhydrous crystalline CBZ. This work illustrated that the proper utilization of drug hydrates can significantly improve the processability of HME for preparing ASDs.
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4
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Ehiwe TO, Alexander BD, Mitchell JC, Snowden MJ, Waters LJ. Monitoring real time polymorphic transformation of sulfanilamide by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:179-183. [PMID: 29403979 PMCID: PMC5762491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the development of a novel approach to surface characterization of drug polymorphism and the extension of the capabilities of this method to perform ‘real time’ in situ measurements. This was achieved using diffuse reflectance visible (DRV) spectroscopy and dye deposition, using the pH sensitive dye, thymol blue (TB). Two polymorphs, SFN-β and SFN-γ, of the drug substance sulfanilamide (SFN) were examined. The interaction of adsorbed dye with polymorphs showed different behavior, and thus reported different DRV spectra. Consideration of the acid/base properties of the morphological forms of the drug molecule provided a rationalization of the mechanism of differential coloration by indicator dyes. The kinetics of the polymorphic transformation of SFN polymorphs was monitored using treatment with TB dye and DRV spectroscopy. The thermally-induced transformation fitted a first-order solid-state kinetic model (R2=0.992), giving a rate constant of 2.43×10−2 s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy O Ehiwe
- Medway Centre for Formulation Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bruce D Alexander
- Medway Centre for Formulation Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - John C Mitchell
- Medway Centre for Formulation Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Martin J Snowden
- Medway Centre for Formulation Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Laura J Waters
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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5
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Piqueras S, Duponchel L, Tauler R, de Juan A. Monitoring polymorphic transformations by using in situ Raman hyperspectral imaging and image multiset analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 819:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Liu C, Dang L, Bai W, Wei H. Facile Method for the Prediction of Anhydrate/Hydrate Transformation Point. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leping Dang
- School
of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai Bai
- School
of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Wei
- School
of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Khoo JY, Shah UV, Schaepertoens M, Williams DR, Heng JY. Process-induced phase transformation of carbamazepine dihydrate to its polymorphic anhydrates. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Ali HRH, Edwards HGM, Hargreaves MD, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Telford RJ. Vibrational spectroscopic characterisation of salmeterol xinafoate polymorphs and a preliminary investigation of their transformation using simultaneous in situ portable Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:103-12. [PMID: 18558130 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and control of the polymorphic phases of chemical compounds are important aspects of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. Salmeterol xinafoate, a long acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, exists in two polymorphic Forms, I and II. Raman and near infrared spectra were obtained of these polymorphs at selected wavelengths in the range of 488-1064 nm; significant differences in the Raman and near-infrared spectra were apparent and key spectral marker bands have been identified for the vibrational spectroscopic characterisation of the individual polymorphs which were also characterised with X ray diffractometry. The solid-state transition of salmeterol xinafoate polymorphs was studied using simultaneous in situ portable Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry isothermally between transitions. This method assisted in the unambiguous characterisation of the two polymorphic forms by providing a simultaneous probe of both the thermal and vibrational data. The study demonstrates the value of a rapid in situ analysis of a drug polymorph which can be of potential value for at-line in-process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Refat H Ali
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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9
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Li Y, Chow PS, Tan RBH, Black SN. Effect of Water Activity on the Transformation between Hydrate and Anhydrate of Carbamazepine. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op7001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, and AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, England
| | - Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, and AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, England
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, and AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, England
| | - Simon N. Black
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, and AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, England
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10
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Zeitler JA, Taday PF, Gordon KC, Pepper M, Rades T. Solid-State Transition Mechanism in Carbamazepine Polymorphs by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1924-7. [PMID: 17647253 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Axel Zeitler
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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11
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Shekunov BY, Chattopadhyay P, Tong HHY, Chow AHL, Grossmann JG. Structure and Drug Release in a Crosslinked Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Hydrogel. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1320-30. [PMID: 17455363 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a continuously expanding class of pharmaceutical polymers designed for sustained or controlled drug release. The structure and intermolecular interactions in such systems define their macroscopic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of swelling, drug impregnation, and drug release from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) gel crosslinked by urethane bonds. A combination of SAXS/WAXS/SANS techniques enabled us to determine the phase transition between lamellar and extended gel network, and to apply different descriptions of crystallinity, based on lamellar and crystal lattice structures. It is shown that even low (1-7% w/w) loading of model drugs acetaminophen and caffeine, produced significant disorder in the polymer matrix. This effect was particularly pronounced for acetaminophen due to its specific ability to form complexes with PEO. The drug-release profiles were analyzed using a general cubic equation, proposed for this work, which allowed us to determine the gel hydration velocity. The results indicate that the release profiles correlate inversely with the polymer crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Y Shekunov
- Ferro Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technologies, Independence, Ohio 44131, USA.
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12
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Fabbiani FPA, Byrne LT, McKinnon JJ, Spackman MA. Solvent inclusion in the structural voids of form II carbamazepine: single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and Hirshfeld surface analysis. CrystEngComm 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b708303n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Cruz Cabeza AJ, Day GM, Motherwell WDS, Jones W. Solvent inclusion in form II carbamazepine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1600-2. [PMID: 17530072 DOI: 10.1039/b701299c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on experimental and theoretical evidence for solvent inclusion in form II carbamazepine (R3) and discuss the implications for the formation and stability of this form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora J Cruz Cabeza
- The Pfizer Institute for Pharmaceutical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB2 1EW
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14
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Surana R, Pyne A, Suryanarayanan R. Solid-vapor interactions: influence of environmental conditions on the dehydration of carbamazepine dihydrate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004; 4:E68. [PMID: 15198563 PMCID: PMC2750661 DOI: 10.1208/pt040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was a phenomenological study of the effect of environmental factors on the dehydration behavior of carbamazepine dihydrate. Dehydration experiments were performed in an automated vapor sorption apparatus under a variety of conditions, and weight loss was monitored as a function of time. In addition to lattice water, carbamazepine dihydrate contained a significant amount of physically bound water. Based on the kinetics of water loss, it was possible to differentiate between the removal of physically bound water and the lattice water. The activation energy for the 2 processes was 44 and 88 kJ/mol, respectively. As expected, the dehydration rate of carbamazepine dihydrate decreased with an increase in water vapor pressure. While dehydration at 0% relative humidity (RH) resulted in an amorphous anhydrate, the crystallinity of the anhydrate increased as a function of the RH of dehydration. A method was developed for in situ crystallinity determination of the anhydrate formed. Dehydration in the presence of the ethanol vapor was a 2-step process, and the fraction dehydrated at each step was a function of the ethanol vapor pressure. We hypothesize the formation of an intermediate lower hydrate phase with unknown water stoichiometry. An increase in the ethanol vapor pressure first led to a decrease in the dehydration rate followed by an increase. In summary, the dehydration behavior of carbamazepine dihydrate was evaluated at different vapor pressures of water and ethanol. Using the water sorption apparatus, it was possible to (1) differentiate between the removal of physically bound and lattice water, and (2) develop a method for quantifying, in situ, the crystallinity of the product (anhydrate) phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Surana
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 9-127 WDH, 55455 Minneapolis, MN
| | - Abira Pyne
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 9-127 WDH, 55455 Minneapolis, MN
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, 9-127 WDH, 55455 Minneapolis, MN
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15
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O'Brien LE, Timmins P, Williams AC, York P. Use of in situ FT-Raman spectroscopy to study the kinetics of the transformation of carbamazepine polymorphs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:335-40. [PMID: 15496326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Revised: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state transformation of carbamazepine from form III to form I was examined by Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy. Using a novel environmental chamber, the isothermal conversion was monitored in situ at 130 degrees C, 138 degrees C, 140 degrees C and 150 degrees C. The rate of transformation was monitored by taking the relative intensities of peaks arising from two CH bending modes; this approach minimised errors due to thermal artefacts and variations in power intensities or scattering efficiencies from the samples in which crystal habit changed from a characteristic prism morphology (form III) to whiskers (form I). The solid-state transformation at the different temperatures was fitted to various solid-state kinetic models of which four gave good fits, thus indicating the complexity of the process which is known to occur via a solid-gas-solid mechanism. Arrhenius plots from the kinetic models yielded activation energies from 344 kJ mol(-1) to 368 kJ mol(-1) for the transformation. The study demonstrates the value of a rapid in situ analysis of drug polymorphic type which can be of value for at-line in-process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E O'Brien
- Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD71DP, UK
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16
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Brittain HG. Fluorescence studies of the transformation of carbamazepine anhydrate form III to its dihydrate phase. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:375-83. [PMID: 14705194 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that both the anhydrous Form III and dihydrate phases of carbamazepine exhibit fluorescence in the solid state. The fluorescence intensity associated with the dihydrate phase was determined to be significantly more intense than that associated with the anhydrate phase, and this difference was exploited to develop a method for study of the kinetics of the aqueous solution-mediated phase transformation between these forms. Studies were conducted at temperatures over the range 18-40 degrees C, and it was found that the phase transformation was adequately characterized by first-order reaction kinetics. The temperature dependence in the calculated rate constants was used to calculate an activation energy of 11.2 kcal/mol (47.4 cal/g) for the anhydrate-to-dihydrate phase conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Brittain
- Center for Pharmaceutical Physics, 10 Charles Road, Milford, NJ 08848, USA.
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17
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Koester LS, Mayorga P, Pereira VP, Petzhold CL, Bassani VL. Carbamazepine/betaCD/HPMC solid dispersions. II. Physical characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:145-54. [PMID: 12648011 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120016722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions containing carbamazepine (CBZ) associated with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) and/or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were prepared by two different methods, spray-drying or physical mixture, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and x-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD) studies. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed that spray-drying produced a mixture of hollow, spherical, and partially shrunken microparticles of homogeneous materials, whereas the physical mixtures yielded heterogeneous systems in which all individual components could be identified. Thermal and IR analyses suggest the existence of a strong interaction between CBZ and excipients in spray-dried solid dispersions, but no CBZ polymorphic transition was detected by either IR spectroscopy or XRPD analysis after the spray-drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Koester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Anquetil PA, Brenan CJH, Marcolli C, Hunter IW. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis of polymorphic forms in microliter fluid volumes. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:149-60. [PMID: 12486691 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and control of the polymorphic phase of chemical compounds are important aspects of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. We report herein in situ and real-time Raman spectroscopic polymorphic analysis of optically trapped microcrystals in a microliter volume format. The system studied in particular was the recrystallization of carbamazepine (CBZ) in methanol. Raman spectrometry enabled noninvasive measurement of the amount of dissolved CBZ in a sample as well as polymorphic characterization, whereas exclusive recrystallization of either CBZ form I or CBZ form III from saturated solutions was achieved by specific selection of sample cell cooling profiles. Additionally, using a microcell versus a macroscopic volume gives the advantage of reaching equilibrium much faster while using little compound quantity. We demonstrate that laser Raman spectral polymorphic analysis in a microliter cell is a potentially viable screening platform for polymorphic analysis and could lead to a new high throughput method for polymorph screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Anquetil
- BioInstrumentation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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19
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Murphy D, Rodríguez-Cintrón F, Langevin B, Kelly RC, Rodríguez-Hornedo N. Solution-mediated phase transformation of anhydrous to dihydrate carbamazepine and the effect of lattice disorder. Int J Pharm 2002; 246:121-34. [PMID: 12270615 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the kinetics of the solution-mediated phase transformation of the anhydrous monoclinic polymorph of carbamazepine (CBZ(A)) to the dihydrate crystal form (CBZ(D)). Monitoring both solution concentration and solid phase composition identified the steps and mechanisms that control the kinetic processes, and regulate the concentration of drug achieved during dissolution of the metastable solid phase, CBZ(A). The results show that the kinetics and the rate-controlling step for the transformation depend on grinding and storage conditions of CBZ(A). Grinding CBZ(A) shortened the transformation times and changed the rate-controlling step from crystallization of CBZ(D) to dissolution of CBZ(A). Grinding may cause various degrees of disorder in the form of lattice defects and/or amorphous regions. These disordered regions promote the anhydrous to dihydrate transformation by facilitating the surface nucleation of CBZ(D) on freshly ground CBZ(A) and on amorphous CBZ. The concentration-time profiles revealed aging effects on the solution-mediated transformation of ground CBZ(A) that were undetectable by diffraction and thermal analysis. These results have significant consequences on the concentration-time profiles of active pharmaceutical ingredients during dissolution of metastable solid phases, crystalline or amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Murphy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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20
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Ono M, Tozuka Y, Oguchi T, Yamamura S, Yamamoto K. Effects of dehydration temperature on water vapor adsorption and dissolution behavior of carbamazepine. Int J Pharm 2002; 239:1-12. [PMID: 12052686 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrous carbamazepine was prepared by heating carbamazepine dihydrate at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 degrees C and used to investigate the effects of dehydration temperature on water vapor adsorption and dissolution behavior. The hydration rate of anhydrous carbamazepine at 75, 83, and 95% relative humidity and 25 degrees C decreased with increasing heating temperature. From the dissolution study by the rotating disk method, the calculated solubility of anhydrous carbamazepine was about 2.5 times higher than that of the dihydrate. The rate of phase transformation from the anhydrous form into the dihydrate during the dissolution process decreased with an increase in sample preparation temperature. These phenomena were further studied by thermal analysis, specific surface area measurement, density measurement, small-angle X-ray scattering, and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction. As the heating temperature was raised, the specific surface area was reduced and the density was increased; furthermore, the average of the solid part calculated by the Debye method with small-angle X-ray scattering increased. The anhydrous carbamazepine prepared at lower heating temperatures was found to have a more porous structure and was seen by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction to comprise both anhydrous forms I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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21
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Edwards AD, Shekunov BY, Kordikowski A, Forbes RT, York P. Crystallization of pure anhydrous polymorphs of carbamazepine by solution enhanced dispersion with supercritical fluids (SEDS). J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:1115-24. [PMID: 11536216 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pure anhydrous polymorphs of carbamazepine were prepared by solution-enhanced dispersion with supercritical fluids (SEDS). Crystallization of the polymorphs was studied. Mechanisms are proposed that consider the thermodynamics of carbamazepine, supersaturation in the SEDS process, and the binary phase equilibria of organic solvents and the carbon dioxide antisolvent. alpha-Carbamazepine was crystallized at high supersaturations and low temperatures, beta-carbamazepine crystallized from a methanol-carbon dioxide phase split, and gamma-carbamazepine crystallized via nucleation at high temperatures and low supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Edwards
- Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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