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Hu J, Lyu Y, Chen H, Li S, Sun W. Suspect and Nontarget Screening Reveal the Underestimated Risks of Antibiotic Transformation Products in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17439-17451. [PMID: 37930269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are anthropogenic contaminants with a global presence and of deep concern in aquatic environments, while less is known about the occurrence and risks of their transformation products (TPs). Herein, we developed a comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening workflow based on high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify unknown antibiotic TPs in wastewater treatment plant effluents. We identified 211 compounds (35 parent antibiotics and 176 TPs) at confidence levels of ≥3 and 107 TPs originated from macrolides. TPs were quantified by 17 TPs standards and semiquantified by the predicted response factors and accounted for 55.6-95.1% (76.7% on average) of the total concentrations of parents and TPs. 22.2%, 63.1%, and 18.8% of the identified TPs were estimated to be more persistent, mobile, and toxic than their parent antibiotics, respectively. Further ecological risk assessment based on concentrations and toxicity to aquatic organisms revealed that the cumulative risks of TPs were generally higher than those of parents. Despite the newly formed N-oxide TPs, the tertiary treatment process (mainly ozonation) could decrease the averaged 20.3% of concentrations and 36.2% of the risks of antibiotic-related compounds. This study highlights the necessity to include antibiotic TPs in environmental scrutiny and risk assessment of antibiotics in different aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Si Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
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Angyal P, Hegedüs K, Mészáros BB, Daru J, Dudás Á, Galambos AR, Essmat N, Al-Khrasani M, Varga S, Soós T. Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303700. [PMID: 37332089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as compared to conventional opioids. Herein, we describe the first enantioselective and scalable total synthesis of this natural product and its epimeric congener, speciogynine pseudoindoxyl. The characteristic spiro-5-5-6-tricyclic system of these alkaloids was formed through a protecting-group-free cascade relay process in which oxidized tryptamine and secologanin analogues were used. Furthermore, we discovered that mitragynine pseudoindoxyl acts not as a single molecular entity but as a dynamic ensemble of stereoisomers in protic environments; thus, it exhibits structural plasticity in biological systems. Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned design of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl analogues, which can guide the development of next-generation analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Balázs Mészáros
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Daru
- Department of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dudás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nariman Essmat
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Lin X, Xu Y, Han R, Luo W, Zheng L. Migration of antibiotic resistance genes and evolution of flora structure in the Xenopus tropicalis intestinal tract with combined exposure to roxithromycin and oxytetracycline. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153176. [PMID: 35063519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal flora is one of the most important environments for antibiotic resistance development, owing to its diverse mix of bacteria. An excellent medicine model organism, Xenopus tropicalis, was selected to investigate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the intestinal bacterial community with single or combined exposure to roxithromycin (ROX) and oxytetracycline (OTC). Seventeen resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetM, tetO, tetS, tetX, ermF, msrA, mefA, ereA, ereB, mphA, mphB, intI1, intI2, intI3) were detected in the intestines of Xenopus tropicalis living in three testing tanks (ROX tanks, OTC tanks, ROX + OTC tanks) and a blank tank for 20 days. The results showed that the relative abundance of total ARGs increased obviously in the tank with single stress but decreased in the tank with combined stress, and the genes encoding the macrolide antibiotic efflux pump (msrA), phosphatase (mphB) and integron (intI2, intI3) were the most sensitive. With the aid of AFM scanning, DNA was found to be scattered short chain in the blank, became extended or curled and then compacted with the stress from a single antibiotic, and was compacted and then fragmented with combined stress, which might be the reason for the variation of the abundance of ARGs with stress. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides related to diseases was increased by ROX and OTC. The very significant correlation between intI2 and intI3 with tetS (p ≤ 0.001) hinted at a high risk of ARG transmission in the intestines. Collectively, our results suggested that the relative abundance of intestinal ARGs could be changed depending on the intestinal microbiome and DNA structures upon exposure to antibiotics at environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Ruiqi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenshi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Lee KM, Gwon MR, Lee HW, Seong SJ, Yoon YR. The possibility of low isomerization of β-lapachone in the human body. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2021; 29:160-170. [PMID: 34621708 PMCID: PMC8492396 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2021.29.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lapachone has been reported to have anticancer and various other therapeutic effects, but is limited in clinical applications by its low bioavailability. pH-Dependent isomerization can be suggested as one plausible factor influencing its low bioavailability. Since it is known that β-lapachone is converted to its isomer, α-lapachone in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, isomerization in the human body may be driven by HCl in the gastric fluid. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of isomerization of β-lapachone in the human body. Chemical reactions were conducted using simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.5) at 37°C. β-Lapachone was observed in SGF at 37°C for 1 hour and SIF for 3 hours. In addition, biofluid analysis was performed on plasma samples 1 hour and 4 hours, and on urine sample 12 hours after oral administration of 100 mg MB12066, a synthetic β-lapachone, in healthy adult male. All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Only β-lapachone peaks existed in the spectra obtained from SGF and SIF. No isomerization of β-lapachone was observed in the analysis of any of the human samples. In the current study, the possibility of pH-dependent isomerization of β-lapachone in the human body was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Mi-Ri Gwon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,Clinical Omics Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,Clinical Omics Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Wei Z, Chen S, Fang Y, Wang Z, Liang K, Amakanjaha AC, Zhong Y. How anatase TiO 2 with {101} {001} and {100} surfaces affect the photooxidation process of roxithromycin. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:2877-2888. [PMID: 33341778 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 crystals are widely used in photocatalytic processes due to their low cost and fabulous catalytic performance. As described in our previous study, three types of TiO2 with the main surfaces of {101}, {001} and {100} were synthesized. In this study, the three types of TiO2 are used to investigate roxithromycin (ROX) photocatalytic degradation kinetics and the pH effect. For photocatalytic degradation, the obtained data have shown that the overall order of optimal degradation is shown as {101} > {001} > {100}. The photooxidation kinetics for {101} facet conforms to first-order kinetics at from pH 5 to pH 10, and most of the photooxidation kinetics for {001} and {100} facets are fitted well with the zero-order and second-order kinetics, respectively. The pH effects are varied to the three types of TiO2, of which {101} has the best degradation effect at pH values 4, 7 and 8, while {001} works best at pH 5 or pH 6, and {100} has a relatively obvious effect at pH 4 and pH 9. The relation between adsorption and oxidation has been tested and proved that the strong adsorption corresponds to the fast oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Shiyun Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Yangfei Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Zhenrui Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Kai Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Anselem C Amakanjaha
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Yuanhui Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China E-mail:
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Inukai K, Noguchi S, Kimura SI, Itai S, Iwao Y. Stabilization Mechanism of Roxithromycin Tablets Under Gastric pH Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2514-2518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe behavior of dispersible tablets containing enteric-coated pellets and oral suspension, both containing roxithromycin, was investigated using dissolution tests in different media. The dissolution test was performed under different pH conditions. For both dosage forms investigated, the test was conducted at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. Additionally, for dispersible tablets, the test involving increasing pH was performed at pH 1.2 (acid stage) and afterwards at pH 6.8 (buffer stage). The extent of dissolution was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In all cases tested, roxithromycin underwent rapid degradation at pH 1.2. Dispersible tablets displayed the features of modified release preparations with a non-complete dissolution during the test times in all media. Conversely, the oral suspension behaved as an immediate release preparation, with degradation at pH 1.2. However, the dissolution of the oral suspension at pH 4.5 and 6.8 was rapid and complete. The role of enteric-coated pellets is to mask the bitter taste of the active substance upon administration. However, the coating showed lack of resistance to media at pH 1.2. Therefore, dispersible tablets containing enteric-coated pellets are not pharmaceutically equivalent to the immediate-release oral suspension.
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Leonard S, Ferraro M, Adams E, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Application of liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry to the characterization of the related substances of clarithromycin. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3101-10. [PMID: 16991103 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A selective reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) method was developed for the characterization of components of the semi-synthetic macrolide clarithromycin. Mass spectral data were acquired online on a LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ion mode. One unknown compound was structurally elucidated and two other unknowns were characterized using the MS/MS and MS(n) collision-induced dissociation spectra of reference substances as interpretative templates, combined with knowledge of the nature of functional group fragmentation behaviour. Given the importance attached to the identification of impurities of unknown identity in pharmaceutical substances, this study is useful for companies producing clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Leonard
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Analyse, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N 2, Herestraat 49, PB 923, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Sun J, Zhang T, Qiu F, Liu Y, Tang J, Huang H, He Z. Impact of pharmaceutical dosage forms on the pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin in healthy human volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:796-9. [PMID: 15761061 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of two different pharmaceutical preparations on the pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin was investigated in healthy human volunteers. METHODS The degradation kinetics and products of roxithromycin were investigated in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. Two oral dosage forms of roxithromycin were employed: enteric-coated pellets and dispersible tablets. RESULTS The degradation half-time of roxithromycin in simulated gastric fluid was 0.23 h, and three main degradation products were characterized. In contrast, roxithromycin was stable in simulated intestinal fluid and remained unchanged after a 1.00 h incubation. The roxithromycin enteric-coated pellets exhibited higher bioavailability and a more potent serum antibacterial activity than the dispersible tablets. CONCLUSIONS The type of oral dosage forms of roxithromycin altered its pharmacokinetics. Whether or not this affects the in vivo antibacterial efficacy requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
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