1
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Tatsumi Y, Shimoyama Y, Kazarian SG. Analysis of the Dissolution Behavior of Theophylline and Its Cocrystal Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3233-3239. [PMID: 38804156 PMCID: PMC11220746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging is a powerful tool to visualize the distribution of components, and it has been used to analyze drug release from tablets. In this work, ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was applied for observing the dissolution of molecular crystals from tablet compacts. The IR spectra provided chemically specific information about the transformation of crystal structures during the dissolution experiments. Theophylline (TPL) anhydrate and its cocrystals were used as model systems of molecular crystals. The IR spectra during the dissolution of TPL revealed information about the crystal structure of TPL, which transformed from anhydrate to monohydrate in water. During a dissolution test of a model cocrystal system, it was suggested that an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a coformer were dissolved in water simultaneously. The IR spectra that were acquired during the dissolution of a cocrystal tablet showed new spectral bands attributed to the API after 5 min. This suggested that the precipitation of API was observed during the dissolution experiment. Measurements from ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging can visualize the drug release from the tablet and determine the transformation of molecular crystals during their dissolution. These results will have an impact on clarifying the dissolution mechanism of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Tatsumi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, S1-33 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1528550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimoyama
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, S1-33 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1528550, Japan
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
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2
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Sarwar AR, Iqbal FM, Jamil MA, Abbas K. Nanocrystals of Mangiferin Using Design Expert: Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:5918. [PMID: 37570887 PMCID: PMC10420877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Making nanoscale drug carriers could boost the bioavailability of medications that are slightly water soluble. One of the most promising approaches for enhancing the chemical stability and bioavailability of a variety of therapeutic medicines is liquid nanocrystal technology. This study aimed to prepare nanocrystals of mangiferin for sustained drug delivery and enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. The fractional factorial design (FFD) was used via a selection of independent and dependent variables. The selected factors were the concentration of mangiferin (A), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) (B), pluronic acid (C), tween 80 (D), and the ratio of antisolvent to solvent (E). The selected responses were the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The nanocrystals were further evaluated for mangiferin release, release kinetics, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stability studies of developed nanocrystals were performed for 6 months and pharmacokinetics on albino rabbits. The value of entrapment efficiencies ranged from 23.98% to 86.23%. The percentage release of mangiferin varied from 62.45 to 99.02%. FTIR and DSC studies showed the stability of mangiferin in the nanocrystals. The particle size of the optimized formulation was almost 100 nm and -12 mV the value of the zeta potential. The results of stability studies showed that the nanocrystals of mangiferin were stable for a period of six months. The peak plasma concentration of mangiferin from nanocrystals and suspension of mangiferin were 412 and 367 ng/mL, respectively. The value of AUC0-t of nanocrystals and suspension of mangiferin was 23,567.45 ± 10.876 and 18,976.12 ± 9.765 µg×h/mL, respectively, indicating that the nanocrystals of mangiferin showed greater availability of mangiferin compared to the suspension of the formulation. The developed nanocrystals showed a good release pattern of mangiferin, better stability studies, and enhanced the pharmacokinetics of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Furqan Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Muhammad Anjum Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Khizar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
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3
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Assessing the Synergistic Activity of Clarithromycin and Therapeutic Oils Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Based Floating Microbeads. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061171. [PMID: 35744690 PMCID: PMC9230626 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed alginate-based floating microbeads of clarithromycin with therapeutic oils for the possible eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections by enhancing the residence time of the carrier at the site of infection. In pursuit of this endeavor, the alginate was blended with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as an interpenetrating polymer to develop beads by ionotropic gelation using calcium carbonate as a gas generating agent. The developed microbeads remained buoyant under gastric conditions for 24 h. These microbeads initially swelled and afterwards decreased in size, possibly due to the erosion of the polymer. Furthermore, swelling was also affected by the type of encapsulated oil, i.e., swelling decreased with increasing concentrations of eucalyptus oil and increased with increasing concentrations of oleic acid. Antibacterial assays of the formulations showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli); these assays also showed synergistic activity between clarithromycin and therapeutic oils as evident from the higher zone of inhibition of the microbeads as compared to the pure drug and oils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a smoother surface for oleic acid containing the formulation as compared to eucalyptus oil containing the formulation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the development of a stable formulation, while Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) studies did not reveal any interaction between the polymers and the active ingredients. Optimized formulations (CLM3 and CLM6) were designed to release the drug in a controlled manner in gastric media by Fickian diffusion. Conclusively, the developed microbeads are a promising carrier to overcome the narrow therapeutic index and low bioavailability of clarithromycin, while the presence of therapeutic oils will produce synergistic effects with the drug to eradicate infection effectively.
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4
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Ruhil S, Dahiya M, Kaur H, Singh J. New insights into the disintegration mechanism and disintegration profiling of rapidly disintegrating tablets (RDTs) by thermal imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121283. [PMID: 34775042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In current studies, the disintegration process of tablets has been studied by thermal imaging. The study covers two major aspects; first, new revelations in the mechanism of tablet disintegration, and second, the development of disintegration test as a multi-point test by new thermometric and non-thermometric methods. The study has been carried out on fexofenadine rapidly disintegrating tablets (FEX RDTs) in a dark room cabinet fitted with a Fluke thermal imager and using water as the disintegration medium. The studies exhibit the existence of endothermic peaks during the early penetration of water in FEX RDTs. These endotherms are prominent at the starting point when the disintegration has just started, or the tablet has been just exposed to the water. Such endotherms have not been reported earlier for tablets and can be considered as a part of the wicking mechanism during disintegration. In later stages, when the water has completely wet the tablet, the endotherms are superimposed by exotherms. The endotherms or exotherms have also been used as a measurement of disintegration in the form of a new thermometric parameter, "area under temperature curve" (AUTC). Non-thermometric disintegration profiling by residual and subtraction methods is also performed. Among these, disintegration by the residual method, i.e., disintegration (residual) is newly introduced. In the end, the principal component analysis (PCA) describes the relationship between various disintegration methods, particle size distribution, and dissolution. PCA reveals that AUTC is the best method for studying the disintegration behavior of FEX RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarda Ruhil
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Dahiya
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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5
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Rudd ND, Helmy R, Dormer PG, Williamson RT, Wuelfing WP, Walsh PL, Reibarkh M, Forrest WP. Probing in Vitro Release Kinetics of Long-Acting Injectable Nanosuspensions via Flow-NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:530-540. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Rudd
- Analytical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roy Helmy
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter G. Dormer
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - R. Thomas Williamson
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - W. Peter Wuelfing
- Analytical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul L. Walsh
- Analytical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William P. Forrest
- Sterile Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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6
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Akhlaq M, Maryam F, Elaissari A, Ullah H, Adeel M, Hussain A, Ramzan M, Ullah O, Zeeshan Danish M, Iftikhar S, Aziz N. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of quetiapine fumarate controlled release hybrid hydrogel: a healthier treatment of schizophrenia. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:916-927. [PMID: 29649903 PMCID: PMC6058488 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1458922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to rationally develop and characterize pH-sensitive controlled release hydrogels by graft polymerization of gelatin (Gel) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in the presence of glutaraldehyde (GA) using quetiapine fumarate for the treatment of schizophrenia. The prepared hydrogels discs were subjected to various physicochemical studies including: swelling, diffusion, porosity, sol-gel analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Three different pH values (1.2, 6.8 and 7.4) were used to determine shape, transition, and controlled release behavior of prepared hydrogels. Various kinetic models including zero order, first order, Higuchi model and Power Law equation were applied on drug release data. The optimized hydrogels were subjected to in vivo studies using albino rabbits. Swelling and release results were found to be insignificant (p < .05) evidencing that there was no significant difference in swelling and drug release rate of hydrogels in different pH mediums. Swelling, porosity, gel-fraction, and drug released (%) were found to be dependent on concentrations of Gel, HPMC, and GA. Kinetic models revealed that QTP-F release followed non-Fickian diffusion. In-vivo studies contributed significantly higher plasma QTP-F concentration (Cmax), time for maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC0-inf) and half-life (t1/2) as 18.32 ± 0.50 µg/ml, 8.00 ± 0.01 hrs, 6021.2 ± 5.09 µg.hrs/ml and 10.06 ± 0.43 hrs, respectively, for test-hydrogels when compared to reference market brand (Qusel® 200 mg, Hilton Pharma, Karachi, Pakistan) QTP-F tablets. It might be concluded that QTP-F loaded pH-sensitive hydrogels were developed successfully with reduced dosing frequency for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhlaq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Maryam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Hashmat Ullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Abid Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Ullah
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Danish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nighat Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gomal Medical College, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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7
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Practical guidelines for the characterization and quality control of pure drug nanoparticles and nano-cocrystals in the pharmaceutical industry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:101-115. [PMID: 29920294 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The number of poorly soluble drug candidates is increasing, and this is also seen in the research interest towards drug nanoparticles and (nano-)cocrystals; improved solubility is the most important application of these nanosystems. In order to confirm the functionality of these nanoparticles throughout their lifecycle, repeatability of the formulation processes, functional performance of the formed systems in pre-determined way and system stability, a thorough physicochemical understanding with the aid of necessary analytical techniques is needed. Even very minor deviations in for example particle size or size deviation in nanoscale can alter the product bioavailability, and the effect is even more dramatic with the smallest particle size fractions. Also, small particle size sets special requirements for the analytical techniques. In this review most important physicochemical properties of drug nanocrystals and nano-cocrystals are presented, suitable analytical techniques, their pros and cons, are described with the extra input on practical point of view.
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8
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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9
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Markl D, Zeitler JA. A Review of Disintegration Mechanisms and Measurement Techniques. Pharm Res 2017; 34:890-917. [PMID: 28251425 PMCID: PMC5382187 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical solid dosage forms (tablets or capsules) are the predominant form to administer active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the patient. Tablets are typically powder compacts consisting of several different excipients in addition to the API. Excipients are added to a formulation in order to achieve the desired fill weight of a dosage form, to improve the processability or to affect the drug release behaviour in the body. These complex porous systems undergo different mechanisms when they come in contact with physiological fluids. The performance of a drug is primarily influenced by the disintegration and dissolution behaviour of the powder compact. The disintegration process is specifically critical for immediate-release dosage forms. Its mechanisms and the factors impacting disintegration are discussed and methods used to study the disintegration in-situ are presented. This review further summarises mathematical models used to simulate disintegration phenomena and to predict drug release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
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10
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Near infrared spectroscopy to monitor drug release in-situ during dissolution tests. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Sun Y, Østergaard J. Application of UV Imaging in Formulation Development. Pharm Res 2016; 34:929-940. [PMID: 27766463 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery is dependent on the drug substance dissolving in the body fluids, being released from dosage forms and transported to the site of action. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of the active compound and pharmaceutical excipients defining formulation behavior after exposure to the aqueous environments and pharmaceutical performance is critical in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality control of drugs. UV imaging has been explored as a tool for qualitative and quantitative characterization of drug dissolution and release with the characteristic feature of providing real-time visualization of the solution phase drug transport in the vicinity of the formulation. Events occurring during drug dissolution and release, such as polymer swelling, drug precipitation/recrystallization, or solvent-mediated phase transitions related to the structural properties of the drug substance or formulation can be monitored. UV imaging is a non-intrusive and simple-to-operate analytical technique which holds potential for providing a mechanistic foundation for formulation development. This review aims to cover applications of UV imaging in the early and late phase pharmaceutical development with a special focus on the relation between structural properties and performance. Potential areas of future advancement and application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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12
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Ewing AV, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of pharmaceuticals in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024125. [PMID: 27158293 PMCID: PMC4841796 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients presents challenges for effective drug delivery. In this study, the combination of attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopic imaging with specifically designed polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices to study drug release from pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. First, the high-throughput analysis of the dissolution of micro-formulations studied under flowing conditions has been introduced using a model formulation of ibuprofen and polyethylene glycol. The behaviour and release of the drug was monitored in situ under different pH conditions. In contrast to the neutral solution, where both the drug and excipient dissolved at a similar rate, structural change from the molecularly dispersed to a crystalline form of ibuprofen was characterised in the obtained spectroscopic images and the corresponding ATR-FTIR spectra for the experiments carried out in the acidic medium. Further investigations into the behaviour of the drug after its release from formulations (i.e., dissolved drug) were also undertaken. Different solutions of sodium ibuprofen dissolved in a neutral medium were studied upon contact with acidic conditions. The phase transition from a dissolved species of sodium ibuprofen to the formation of solid crystalline ibuprofen was revealed in the microfluidic channels. This innovative approach could offer a promising platform for high-throughput analysis of a range of micro-formulations, which are of current interest due to the advent of 3D printed pharmaceutical and microparticulate delivery systems. Furthermore, the ability to study dissolved drug in solution under flowing conditions can be useful for the studies of the diffusion of drugs into tissues or live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Clarke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, Merseyside CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Comparison of pharmaceutical formulations: ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to study drug-carrier interactions. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:112-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Yassin S, Goodwin DJ, Anderson A, Sibik J, Wilson DI, Gladden LF, Zeitler JA. The Disintegration Process in Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Tablets, Part 1: Influence of Temperature, Porosity and Superdisintegrants. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3440-50. [PMID: 26073446 PMCID: PMC4647644 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disintegration performance was measured by analysing both water ingress and tablet swelling of pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and in mixture with croscarmellose sodium using terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI). Tablets made from pure MCC with porosities of 10% and 15% showed similar swelling and transport kinetics: within the first 15 s, tablets had swollen by up to 33% of their original thickness and water had fully penetrated the tablet following Darcy flow kinetics. In contrast, MCC tablets with a porosity of 5% exhibited much slower transport kinetics, with swelling to only 17% of their original thickness and full water penetration reached after 100 s, dominated by case II transport kinetics. The effect of adding superdisintegrant to the formulation and varying the temperature of the dissolution medium between 20°C and 37°C on the swelling and transport process was quantified. We have demonstrated that TPI can be used to non-invasively analyse the complex disintegration kinetics of formulations that take place on timescales of seconds and is a promising tool to better understand the effect of dosage form microstructure on its performance. By relating immediate-release formulations to mathematical models used to describe controlled release formulations, it becomes possible to use this data for formulation design. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3440-3450, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Yassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Andrew Anderson
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Juraj Sibik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - D Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Lynn F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
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15
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Wray PS, Sinclair WE, Jones JW, Clarke GS, Both D. The use of in situ near infrared imaging and Raman mapping to study the disproportionation of a drug HCl salt during dissolution. Int J Pharm 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Evaluating drug delivery with salt formation: Drug disproportionation studied in situ by ATR-FTIR imaging and Raman mapping. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Tres F, Patient JD, Williams PM, Treacher K, Booth J, Hughes LP, Wren SAC, Aylott JW, Burley JC. Monitoring the Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Bicalutamide Solid Dispersions via Real-Time Raman Mapping. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1512-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500829v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tres
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie D. Patient
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Williams
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Treacher
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie P. Hughes
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. C. Wren
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W. Aylott
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Burley
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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18
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Punčochová K, Ewing AV, Gajdošová M, Sarvašová N, Kazarian SG, Beránek J, Štěpánek F. Identifying the mechanisms of drug release from amorphous solid dispersions using MRI and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Int J Pharm 2015; 483:256-67. [PMID: 25686660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution mechanism of a poorly aqueous soluble drug from amorphous solid dispersions was investigated using a combination of two imaging methods: attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The rates of elementary processes such as water penetration, polymer swelling, growth and erosion of gel layer, and the diffusion, release and in some cases precipitation of drug were evaluated by image analysis. The results from the imaging methods were compared with drug release profiles obtained by classical dissolution tests. The study was conducted using three polymeric excipients (soluplus, polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP K30, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose - HPMC 100M) alone and in combination with a poorly soluble drug, aprepitant. The imaging methods were complementary: ATR-FTIR imaging enabled a qualitative observation of all three components during the dissolution experiments, water, polymer and drug, including identifying structural changes from the amorphous form of drug to the crystalline form. The comparison of quantitative MRI data with drug release profiles enabled the different processes during dissolution to be established and the rate-limiting step to be identified, which - for the drug-polymer combinations investigated in this work - was the drug diffusion through the gel layer rather than water penetration into the tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Punčochová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Zentiva, k.s., U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Gajdošová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Sarvašová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Josef Beránek
- Zentiva, k.s., U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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19
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Klaewklod A, Tantishaiyakul V, Hirun N, Sangfai T, Li L. Characterization of supramolecular gels based on β-cyclodextrin and polyethyleneglycol and their potential use for topical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:242-50. [PMID: 25746267 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel gels were prepared by blending β-cyclodextrin and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) in the presence of K2CO3. The objective of this study was thus to characterize the gels using rheology, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), turbidity measurements, and hot stage microscopy, and then investigate the potential use of the gel for topical drug delivery. Two types of supramolecular gels, GelL and GelH were prepared at a low temperature (below 50 °C) and at a high temperature (above 70 °C), respectively. Both gels were thermo-reversible. Upon heating, GelL could turn to GelH. Nevertheless, upon cooling, GelH that was more stable than GelL precipitated and GelL could not be reformed. GelL may form through simple complexation of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) with β-cyclodextrin in the presence of K2CO3. However, GelH may form a specific complex or a pseudopolyrotaxane gel. For pharmaceutical application, GelL was investigated instead of GelH because the forming temperature of this gel was close to the human body temperature. The interactions among diclofenac sodium (DS), a model drug, and the components of the gel were examined using FTIR. These interactions may include ionic attraction and hydrogen bonds between the carboxylate groups of DS and the hydroxyl groups of PEG or β-cyclodextrin and probably also the inclusion of the aromatic ring of DS into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. Furthermore, the release and permeation of diclofenac from GelL were significantly greater than those from a commercial gel. Therefore, GelL may be useful for the topical delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornrat Klaewklod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Vimon Tantishaiyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand; Nanotec, PSU Center of Excellence for Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand.
| | - Namon Hirun
- Theoretical and Computational Modeling Research Group and School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Tanatchaporn Sangfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Lin Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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20
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Yassin S, Su K, Lin H, Gladden LF, Zeitler JA. Diffusion and swelling measurements in pharmaceutical powder compacts using terahertz pulsed imaging. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1658-67. [PMID: 25645509 PMCID: PMC4415463 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tablet dissolution is strongly affected by swelling and solvent penetration into its matrix. A terahertz-pulsed imaging (TPI) technique, in reflection mode, is introduced as a new tool to measure one-dimensional swelling and solvent ingress in flat-faced pharmaceutical compacts exposed to dissolution medium from one face of the tablet. The technique was demonstrated on three tableting excipients: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Eudragit RSPO, and lactose. Upon contact with water, HPMC initially shrinks to up to 13% of its original thickness before undergoing expansion. HPMC and lactose were shown to expand to up to 20% and 47% of their original size in 24 h and 13 min, respectively, whereas Eudragit does not undergo dimensional change. The TPI technique was used to measure the ingress of water into HPMC tablets over a period of 24 h and it was observed that water penetrates into the tablet by anomalous diffusion. X-ray microtomography was used to measure tablet porosity alongside helium pycnometry and was linked to the results obtained by TPI. Our results highlight a new application area of TPI in the pharmaceutical sciences that could be of interest in the development and quality testing of advanced drug delivery systems as well as immediate release formulations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:1658–1667, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Yassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
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21
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Ewing AV, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Stability of indomethacin with relevance to the release from amorphous solid dispersions studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 60:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Wray P, Li J, Li LQ, Kazarian SG. Combined Study of Biphasic and Zero-Order Release Formulations with Dissolution Tests and ATR–FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1995-2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Kuentz M. Analytical technologies for real-time drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a small scale. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:143-59. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review focuses on real-time analytics of drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a comparatively small scale.
Key findings
Miniaturisation of test equipment is an important trend in pharmaceutics, and several small-scale experiments have been reported for drug dissolution and precipitation testing. Such tests typically employ analytics in real-time. Fibre optic ultraviolet (UV) analytics has become a well-established method in this field. Novel imaging techniques are emerging that use visible or UV light; also promising is Fourier transform infrared imaging based on attenuated total reflection. More information than just a rate constant is obtained from these methods. The early phase of a dissolution process can be assessed and drug precipitation may eventually be observed. Some real-time techniques are particularly well suited to studying drug precipitation during formulation dispersion; for example, turbidity, focused beam reflectance measurement and Raman spectroscopy.
Summary
Small-scale dissolution tests equipped with real-time analytics have become important to screen drug candidates as well as to study prototype formulations in early development. Future approaches are likely to combine different analytical techniques including imaging. Miniaturisation started with mini-vessels or small vials and future assays of dissolution research will probably more often reach the level of parallel well plates and microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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24
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Coombes SR, Hughes LP, Phillips AR, Wren SAC. Proton NMR: a new tool for understanding dissolution. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2474-80. [PMID: 24471686 DOI: 10.1021/ac403418w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the use of (1)H NMR as a new measurement approach for improving understanding of the dissolution of pharmaceutical tablets. NMR has benefits over the conventional UV measurement approach in respect to much greater analyte selectivity and the ability to detect non-UV-absorbing species such as sugars. We used an in-line flow cell and water suppression experiments to determine the release profiles of three drug substances and lactose from the same tablet. Dissolution was performed in a pharmacopieal dissolution system with a standard protic buffer. NMR was shown to give high selectivity with each analyte having a well-resolved signal and sufficient sensitivity to determine the full release profile of even a compound present at only 5 mg in the tablet. The in-line flow cell gives excellent quality NMR spectra having little impact on peak shape. Dissolution of all the drug substances and lactose were determined to proceed at the same relative rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca , Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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25
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Østergaard J, Wu JX, Naelapää K, Boetker JP, Jensen H, Rantanen J. Simultaneous UV imaging and raman spectroscopy for the measurement of solvent-mediated phase transformations during dissolution testing. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1149-56. [PMID: 24496995 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current work reports the simultaneous use of UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy for detailed characterization of drug dissolution behavior including solid-state phase transformations during dissolution. The dissolution of drug substances from compacts of sodium naproxen in 0.1 HCl as well as theophylline anhydrate and monohydrate in water was studied utilizing a flow-through setup. The decreases in dissolution rates with time observed by UV imaging were associated with concomitant solid form changes detected by Raman spectroscopy. Sodium naproxen and theophylline anhydrate were observed to convert to the more stable forms (naproxen, and theophylline monohydrate) within approximately 5 min. Interestingly, the new approach revealed that three intermediate forms are involved in the dissolution process prior to the appearance of the neutral naproxen during dissolution in an acidic medium. The combination of UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy offers a detailed characterization of drug dissolution behavior in a time-effective and sample-sparing manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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26
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Sarnes A, Østergaard J, Jensen SS, Aaltonen J, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Dissolution study of nanocrystal powders of a poorly soluble drug by UV imaging and channel flow methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Maity D, Mollick MMR, Mondal D, Bhowmick B, Neogi SK, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay D. Synthesis of HPMC stabilized nickel nanoparticles and investigation of their magnetic and catalytic properties. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Gaunø MH, Vilhelmsen T, Larsen CC, Boetker JP, Wittendorff J, Rantanen J, Østergaard J. Real-time in vitro dissolution of 5-aminosalicylic acid from single ethyl cellulose coated extrudates studied by UV imaging. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Kazarian SG, Ewing AV. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging to tablet dissolution and drug release. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1207-21. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.801452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Torger B, Müller M. In situ-ATR-FTIR analysis on the uptake and release of streptomycin from polyelectrolyte complex layers. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 104:546-553. [PMID: 23353580 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In-situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and line shape analysis of the diagnostic spectral region was used to quantify the bound amount and release of the antibiotic streptomycin (STRP) at polyelectrolyte (PEL) multilayers (PEM) of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or PEI and sodium alginate (ALG). Unlike common concepts based on the drug enrichment of the release medium, this analytical concept allowed to measure quantitatively the drug depletion in the delivery matrix. The measured kinetic in situ ATR-FTIR data were analysed by a modified Korsmeyer-Peppas equation based on two characteristic release parameters k and n. As main experimental parameters the number of PEL layers (adsorption steps) z and the STRP/PEL ratio were varied. For z=8 the STRP/PEL ratio showed the most significant influence on release kinetics, whereby for STRP/PEL=1:25 slowest (n=0.77) and lowest (k=21.4%) and for STRP/PEL=1:5 most rapid (n=0.30) and highest (k=58.6%) drug releases were found. PEM-PEI/ALG-8 (STRP/PEL=1:5) revealed slower release rates (n=0.58) and lower released STRP amounts (k=17.1%) compared to PEI/PAA. UV-VIS data on time dependent STRP enrichment of the release medium showed a similar trend compared to respective ATR-FTIR data on STRP depletion in PEM. Released amounts of around 1-2mg from the herein introduced PEM films could be determined. The introduced analytical concept will be used as screening tool for other drugs, drug eluting films and bone substituting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Torger
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Department Polyelectrolytes and Dispersions, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Dissolution of tablet-in-tablet formulations studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:748-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Gordon S, Naelapää K, Rantanen J, Selen A, Müllertz A, Østergaard J. Real-time dissolution behavior of furosemide in biorelevant media as determined by UV imaging. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:1407-16. [PMID: 23136844 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.737808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of UV imaging as a new small scale flow-through dissolution testing platform and its ability to incorporate biorelevant media was tested. Furosemide was utilized as a model poorly soluble drug, and dissolution media simulating conditions in the small intestine (5/1.25 mM and 40/10 mM bile salt/phospholipid, pH 6.5) together with corresponding blank buffer were employed. Dissolution rates as a function of flow rate (0.2-1.0 mL/min) were determined directly from UV images, and by analysis of collected effluent using UV spectrophotometry. A good agreement in dissolution rates was observed, however repeatability of data based on measurement of collected effluent was superior to that obtained by UV imaging in the utilized prototypic flow cell. Both methods indicated that biorelevant media did not markedly increase the dissolution rate of furosemide as compared to buffer. Qualitatively, UV images indicated that uncontrolled swelling/precipitation of furosemide on the compact surface was occurring in some samples. In situ Raman spectroscopy together with X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the observations were not due to a solid form transformation of furosemide. The presented results highlight the complementary features of the utilized techniques and, in particular, the detailed information related to dissolution behavior which can be achieved by UV imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gordon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Kimber JA, Kazarian SG, Štěpánek F. Modelling of pharmaceutical tablet swelling and dissolution using discrete element method. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Greco K, Bogner R. Solution-mediated phase transformation: significance during dissolution and implications for bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:2996-3018. [PMID: 22213419 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Solubility improvement of poorly soluble drug compounds is a key approach to ensuring the successful development of many new drugs. Methods used to improve the solubility of drug compounds include forming a salt, cocrystal, or amorphous solid. These methods of improving solubility can often lead to a phenomenon called solution-mediated phase transformation, a phase change that is facilitated through exposure to solution. Solution-mediated phase transformation occurs in three steps: dissolution to create a supersaturated solution followed by nucleation of less soluble phase and the growth of that phase. When the growth of the less soluble phase occurs on the surface of the metastable solid, this phenomenon can cause a marked decrease in dissolution rate during in vitro dissolution evaluation, and ultimately in vivo. Therefore, transformation to a less soluble solid during dissolution is an important aspect to consider when evaluating approaches to increase the solubility of a poorly soluble drug. Identification of solution-mediated phase transformation during dissolution is reviewed for powder dissolution, rotating disk method, and channel flow-through apparatus. Types of solution-mediated phase transformation are described in this report, including those involving salts, polymorphs, amorphous solids, and cocrystals. Many experimental examples are provided. Evidence of potential solution-mediated phase transformation in vivo is discussed to better understand the relationship between in vitro dissolution evaluation and in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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35
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Wray PS, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Application of FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging to Study the Effects of Modifying the pH Microenvironment on the Dissolution of Ibuprofen from HPMC Matrices. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Taylor LS. Application of mid-IR spectroscopy for the characterization of pharmaceutical systems. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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38
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Ye F, Yaghmur A, Jensen H, Larsen SW, Larsen C, Østergaard J. Real-time UV imaging of drug diffusion and release from Pluronic F127 hydrogels. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Østergaard J, Ye F, Rantanen J, Yaghmur A, Larsen SW, Larsen C, Jensen H. Monitoring lidocaine single-crystal dissolution by ultraviolet imaging. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3405-3410. [PMID: 21387316 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution critically affects the bioavailability of Biopharmaceutics Classification System class 2 compounds. When unexpected dissolution behaviour occurs, detailed studies using high information content technologies are warranted. In the present study, an evaluation of real-time ultraviolet (UV) imaging for conducting single-crystal dissolution studies was performed. Using lidocaine as a model compound, the aim was to develop a setup capable of monitoring and quantifying the dissolution of lidocaine into a phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, under stagnant conditions. A single crystal of lidocaine was placed in the quartz dissolution cell and UV imaging was performed at 254 nm. Spatially and temporally resolved mapping of lidocaine concentration during the dissolution process was achieved from the recorded images. UV imaging facilitated the monitoring of lidocaine concentrations in the dissolution media adjacent to the single crystals. The concentration maps revealed the effects of natural convection due to density gradients on the dissolution process of lidocaine. UV imaging has great potential for in vitro drug dissolution testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Fengbin Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Weng Larsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Larsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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pH-sensitive polymer hydrogels derived from morpholine to prevent the crystallization of ibuprofen. J Control Release 2011; 149:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an in situ technique for dissolution studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Amigo JM. Practical issues of hyperspectral imaging analysis of solid dosage forms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:93-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:135A-152A. [PMID: 20482963 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, England
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Palombo F, Danoux CB, Weinberg PD, Kazarian SG. Measurement of drug and macromolecule diffusion across atherosclerotic rabbit aorta ex vivo by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044008. [PMID: 19725720 DOI: 10.1117/1.3174395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of two model drugs-benzyl nicotinate and ibuprofen-and the plasma macromolecule albumin across atherosclerotic rabbit aorta was studied ex vivo by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging. Solutions of these molecules were applied to the endothelial surface of histological sections of the aortic wall that were sandwiched between two impermeable surfaces. An array of spectra, each corresponding to a specific location in the section, was obtained at various times during solute diffusion into the wall and revealed the distribution of the solutes within the tissue. Benzyl nicotinate in Ringer's solution showed higher affinity for atherosclerotic plaque than for apparently healthy tissue. Transmural concentration profiles for albumin demonstrated its permeation across the section and were consistent with a relatively low distribution volume for the macromolecule in the middle of the wall. The ability of albumin to act as a drug carrier for ibuprofen, otherwise undetected within the tissue, was demonstrated by multivariate subtraction image analysis. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR imaging can be used to study transport processes in tissue samples with high spatial and temporal resolution and without the need to label the solutes under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palombo
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Windbergs M, Jurna M, Offerhaus HL, Herek JL, Kleinebudde P, Strachan CJ. Chemical Imaging of Oral Solid Dosage Forms and Changes upon Dissolution Using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2085-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Martin Jurna
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Herman L. Offerhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Herek
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Clare J. Strachan
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland, Optical Sciences Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, and School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Chan KLA, Tay FH, Poulter G, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging with variable angles of incidence using a diamond attenuated total reflection accessory. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:1102-1107. [PMID: 18926019 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786049222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new development in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging using a diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging accessory in a novel manner that allows the angle of incidence to be varied in order to obtain images from subsurface layers of different thickness is introduced. Chemical images of samples from the same area but with different depths of penetration are obtained by changing the angle of incidence as well as using different spectral bands at different wavenumbers. Changes in the angle of incidence with this accessory were made possible by taking advantage of the relatively large numerical aperture employed by the original imaging optics. This arrangement allowed us to introduce an additional movable aperture in the optical design to restrict the angle of incidence to certain values. Two samples have been studied, one for the calibration of the angle of incidence while the other demonstrates the capability of obtaining three-dimensional (3D) information using this approach. Advantages of this new approach include the relatively high spatial resolution (it can spatially resolve features as small as 12 mum without a microscope) and no change in the imaging area and sampling area during manipulation of the angle of incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Pharmaceutical applications of vibrational chemical imaging and chemometrics: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:533-53. [PMID: 18819769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of chemical imaging (CI) has gifted spectroscopy an additional dimension. Chemical imaging systems complement chemical identification by acquiring spatially located spectra that enable visualization of chemical compound distributions. Such techniques are highly relevant to pharmaceutics in that the distribution of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient informs not only a product's behavior during manufacture but also its physical attributes (dissolution properties, stability, etc.). The rapid image acquisition made possible by the emergence of focal plane array detectors, combined with publication of the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for process analytical technology in 2001, has heightened interest in the pharmaceutical applications of CI, notably as a tool for enhancing drug quality and understanding process. Papers on the pharmaceutical applications of CI have been appearing in steadily increasing numbers since 2000. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of infrared, near-infrared and Raman imaging in pharmaceutics. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the theory, device set-ups, mode of acquisition and processing techniques used to extract information of interest. Section 4 addresses the pharmaceutical applications.
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Drug Release Phenomena Within a Hydrophobic Starch Acetate Matrix: FTIR Mapping of Tablets After In Vitro Dissolution Testing. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3367-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Goodall RA, Hall J, Sharer RJ, Traxler L, Rintoul L, Fredericks PM. Micro-attenuated total reflection spectral imaging in archaeology: application to Maya paint and plaster wall decorations. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:10-16. [PMID: 18230201 DOI: 10.1366/000370208783412627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging has been successfully used to identify individual mineral components of ancient Maya paint. The high spatial resolution of a micro FT-IR-ATR system in combination with a focal plane array detector has allowed individual particles in the paint to be resolved and identified from their spectra. This system has been used in combination with micro-Raman spectroscopy to characterize the paint, which was found to be a mixture of hematite and silicate particles with minor amounts of calcite, carbon, and magnetite particles in a sub-micrometer hematite and calcite matrix. The underlying stucco was also investigated and found to be a combination of calcite with fine carbon particles, making a dark sub-ground for the paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Goodall
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
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Kazarian SG, van der Weerd J. Simultaneous FTIR spectroscopic imaging and visible photography to monitor tablet dissolution and drug release. Pharm Res 2007; 25:853-60. [PMID: 17612794 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based tablet during exposure to water showed a number of 'fronts' moving into the tablet but led to contradictory interpretations. These fronts are related to water penetration into and dissolution of the tablet, but the exact nature can not be derived from visible photographic evidence. A method to study tablet dissolution simultaneously by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) imaging and macro-photography can assist in providing correct interpretation of the observed fronts. METHODS Therefore, the combination of macro-photography and FTIR-ATR spectroscopic imaging was developed and used to interpret the physical changes leading to the observed fronts. Buflomedyl pyridoxal phosphate (BPP), a coloured drug, was used as a model drug. RESULTS The quantitative results obtained by FTIR-ATR imaging enabled the attribution of the three observed fronts (inside to outside) to: (1) true water penetration, possibly combined with (partial) dissolution of buflomedyl pyridoxal phosphate (BPP); (2) total gellification of HPMC; (3) erosion front. CONCLUSIONS The method to study dissolution of a tablet simultaneously by FTIR-ATR imaging and macro-photography has been developed and used to obtain reliable interpretation of the fronts observed during tablet dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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