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Abiona O, Wyatt D, Koner J, Mohammed A. The Optimisation of Carrier Selection in Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation and the Role of Surface Energetics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2707. [PMID: 36359226 PMCID: PMC9687551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the effects of particle properties on drug-carrier interactions in the preparation of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation, including appropriate mixing technology. The interactive effects of carrier properties on DPI formulation performance make it difficult to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between any one carrier property and its effect on the performance of a DPI formulation. Alpha lactose monohydrate remains the most widely used carrier for DPI formulations. The physicochemical properties of α-lactose monohydrate particles, such as particle size, shape and solid form, are profoundly influenced by the method of production. Therefore, wide variations in these properties are inevitable. In this review, the role of surface energetics in the optimisation of dry powder inhaler formulations is considered in lactose carrier selection. Several useful lactose particle modification methods are discussed as well as the use of fine lactose and force control agents in formulation development. It is concluded that where these have been investigated, the empirical nature of the studies does not permit early formulation prediction of product performance, rather they only allow the evaluation of final formulation quality. The potential to leverage particle interaction dynamics through the use of an experimental design utilising quantifiable lactose particle properties and critical quality attributes, e.g., surface energetics, is explored, particularly with respect to when a Quality-by-Design approach has been used in optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Abiona
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - David Wyatt
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Jasdip Koner
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Afzal Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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2
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Mahar R, Chakraborty A, Nainwal N. The influence of carrier type, physical characteristics, and blending techniques on the performance of dry powder inhalers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Hebbink GA, Jaspers M, Peters HJW, Dickhoff BHJ. Recent developments in lactose blend formulations for carrier-based dry powder inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114527. [PMID: 36070848 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is the most commonly used excipient in carrier-based dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations. Numerous inhalation therapies have been developed using lactose as a carrier material. Several theories have described the role of carriers in DPI formulations. Although these theories are valuable, each DPI formulation is unique and are not described by any single theory. For each new formulation, a specific development trajectory is required, and the versatility of lactose can be exploited to optimize each formulation. In this review, recent developments in lactose-based DPI formulations are discussed. The effects of varying the material properties of lactose carrier particles, such as particle size, shape, and morphology are reviewed. Owing to the complex interactions between the particles in a formulation, processing adhesive mixtures of lactose with the active ingredient is crucial. Therefore, blending and filling processes for DPI formulations are also reviewed. While the role of ternary agents, such as magnesium stearate, has increased, lactose remains the excipient of choice in carrier-based DPI formulations. Therefore, new developments in lactose-based DPI formulations are crucial in the optimization of inhalable medicine performance.
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Owen MJ, Celik U, Chaudhary SK, Yik JHN, Patton JS, Kuo MC, Haudenschild DR, Liu GY. Production of Inhalable Ultra-Small Particles for Delivery of Anti-Inflammation Medicine via a Table-Top Microdevice. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1382. [PMID: 36144005 PMCID: PMC9501338 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A table-top microdevice was introduced in this work to produce ultrasmall particles for drug delivery via inhalation. The design and operation are similar to that of spray-drying equipment used in industry, but the device itself is much smaller and more portable in size, simpler to operate and more economical. More importantly, the device enables more accurate control over particle size. Using Flavopiridol, an anti-inflammation medication, formulations have been developed to produce inhalable particles for pulmonary delivery. A solution containing the desired components forms droplets by passing through an array of micro-apertures that vibrate via a piezo-electrical driver. High-purity nitrogen gas was introduced and flew through the designed path, which included the funnel collection and cyclone chamber, and finally was pumped away. The gas carried and dried the micronized liquid droplets along the pathway, leading to the precipitation of dry solid microparticles. The formation of the cyclone was essential to assure the sufficient travel path length of the liquid droplets to allow drying. Synthesis parameters were optimized to produce microparticles, whose morphology, size, physio-chemical properties, and release profiles met the criteria for inhalation. Bioactivity assays have revealed a high degree of anti-inflammation. The above-mentioned approach enabled the production of inhalable particles in research laboratories in general, using the simple table-top microdevice. The microparticles enable the inhalable delivery of anti-inflammation medicine to the lungs, thus providing treatment for diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Umit Celik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Jasper H. N. Yik
- Tesio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Spray freeze drying to solidify Nanosuspension of Cefixime into inhalable microparticles. Daru 2022; 30:17-27. [PMID: 34997567 PMCID: PMC9114214 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spray-freeze drying (SFD) incorporating diverse carbohydrates and leucine was employed to obtain dried nanosuspension of cefixime with improved dissolution profile, good dispersibility, and excellent inhalation performance. METHODS Nanoprecipitation was utilized to prepare nanoparticles (NPs). Nanosuspensions of cefixime were solidified via SFD to access inhalable microparticles. The aerosolization efficiencies were evaluated through twin stage impinger (TSI). Laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided assistance to determine the particle size/size distribution and morphology, respectively. Amorphous/ crystalline states of materials were examined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Release profiles of candidate preparations were evaluated. RESULTS The fine particle fraction (FPF) ranged from 18.96 ± 0.76 to 79.28 ± 0.45%. The highest value resulted from trehalose with NP/carrier ratio of 1:1 and leucine 20%. The particle size varied from 5.24 ± 0.97 to 10.17 ± 1.01 μm. The most and the least size distribution were achieved in mannitol and trehalose containing formulations, respectively. The majority of samples demonstrated ideally spherical morphology with diverse degrees of porosity and without needle-shaped structure. Percentages of release in F7 and F8 were 89.33 ± 0.88% and 93.54 ± 1.02%, respectively, via first 10 min. CONCLUSION SFD of nanosuspensions can be established as a platform for the pulmonary delivery of poorly water-soluble molecules of cefixime. Trehalose and raffinose with a lower ratio of NP to the carrier and higher level of leucine could be introduced as favorable formulations for further respiratory delivery of cefixime.
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Brokešová J, Slámová M, Zámostný P, Kuentz M, Koktan J, Krejčík L, Vraníková B, Svačinová P, Šklubalová Z. Mechanistic study of dissolution enhancement by interactive mixtures of chitosan with meloxicam as model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106087. [PMID: 34863871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To enhance dissolution rate of meloxicam (MX), a poorly soluble model drug, a natural polysaccharide excipient chitosan (CH) is employed in this work as a carrier to prepare binary interactive mixtures by either mixing or co-milling techniques. The MX-CH mixtures of three different drug loads were characterized for morphological, granulometric, and thermal properties as well as drug crystallinity. The relative dissolution rate of MX was determined in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 using the USP-4 apparatus; a significant increase in MX dissolution rate was observed for both mixed and co-milled mixtures comparing to the raw drug. Higher dissolution rate of MX was evidently connected to surface activation by mixing or milling, which was pronounced by the higher specific surface energy as detected by inverse gas chromatography. In addition to the particle size reduction, the carrier effect of the CH was confirmed for co-milling by linear regression between the MX maximum relative dissolution rate and the total surface area of the mixture (R2 = 0.863). No MX amorphization or crystalline structure change were detected. The work of adhesion/cohesion ratio of 0.9 supports the existence of preferential adherence of MX to the coarse particles of CH to form stable interactive mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Brokešová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Slámová
- Department of Organic Technology, UCT Prague, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, Dejvice, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zámostný
- Department of Organic Technology, UCT Prague, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, Dejvice, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Koktan
- Zentiva, K.S., U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10 102 37, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Krejčík
- Zentiva, K.S., U Kabelovny 130, Prague 10 102 37, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vraníková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Svačinová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Šklubalová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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7
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Improving acid resistance and characteristics of microencapsulated Lactobacillus brevis RK03 using top fluid bed drying technology. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Gajjar P, Nguyen TTH, Sun J, Styliari ID, Bale H, McDonald SA, Burnett TL, Tordoff B, Lauridsen E, Hammond RB, Murnane D, Withers PJ, Roberts KJ. Crystallographic tomography and molecular modelling of structured organic polycrystalline powders. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01712d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel combination of crystallographic tomography and molecular modelling is used to examine the powder packing behaviour and crystal interactions for an organic polycrystalline powder bed.
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9
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Sun Y, Cui Z, Sun Y, Qin L, Zhang X, Liu Q, Shen X, Yu D, Mao S. Exploring the potential influence of drug charge on downstream deposition behaviour of DPI powders. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119798. [PMID: 32828976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) development is limited by the time- and labor-consuming in vitro lung deposition test. It's highly desirable to find an easy tool for DPI formulation screening. Dynamic powder rheological properties seem to present many advantages, however, the adoptability needs to be verified. Drug charge is an important parameter especially for DPI formulation design but how it affects the process of pulmonary drug delivery is unavailable. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the influence of drug charge on DPI powders, further testing the potentials of powder properties for downstream deposition behavior prediction. Taking five differently charged drugs as model, influence of drug charge on uniformity, rheological and aerodynamic properties of the mixtures were investigated systemically. It was found that mometasone furoate with near neutral charge presented better content homogeneity, while significantly decreased recovery was noted for charged drugs, such as positively charged drug (salbutamol sulphate and indacaterol maleate) mixtures and negatively charged drug (budesonide and fluticasone propionate) mixtures. Moreover, drug charge also influenced flowability and cohesion of their admixture with lactose. As for the downstream deposition, neutral drugs presented higher fine particle fraction (FPF), followed by positively charged drugs and negatively charged drugs. Good correlations between basic flowability energy, aeration energy, Permeability and FPF were established irrespective of different drugs. Principal component analysis results suggested flowability had a greater influence on FPF when mixtures were less cohesive. In conclusion, this study demonstrated drug charge can influence physicochemical, rheological and aerodynamic properties of the admixture, and DPIs' dynamic properties could be used as potential tools to predict downstream deposition with good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhixiang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Duo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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10
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Milani S, Faghihi H, Roulholamini Najafabadi A, Amini M, Montazeri H, Vatanara A. Hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin: a water-replacement agent or a surfactant upon spray freeze-drying of IgG with enhanced stability and aerosolization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:403-411. [PMID: 32064950 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1724131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The great potential of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPßCD), as a dried-protein stabilizer, has been attributed to various mechanisms namely water-replacement, vitrification and surfactant-like effects. Highlighting the best result in our previous study (weight ratio IgG: HPßCD of 1:0.4), herein we designed to evaluate the efficacy of upper (1:2) and lower (1:0.05) ratios of HPßCD in stabilization and aerosol properties of spray freeze-dried IgG. The protective effect of HPβCD, as measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) was most pronounced at C3' and C3″, IgG:trehalose:HPβCD ratios of 1:2:0.25 and 1:2:0.05 with aggregation rate constants of 0.46 ± 0.02 and 0.58 ± 0.01 (1/month), respectively. The secondary conformations were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and all powders well-preserved with the lack of any visible fragments qualified through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PPAGE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and twin stage impinger (TSI) were employed to characterize the suitability of particles for further inhalation therapy of antibodies and the highest values of fine particle fraction (FPF) were achieved by C3' and C3″, 56.43 and 48.12%. The powders produced at the current ratio 1:2:0.25 and 1:2:0.05 are superior to our previous examination with regards to manifesting lower aggregation and comparable FPF values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Milani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Faghihi
- School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Montazeri
- School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Vatanara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nguyen TTH, Hammond RB, Styliari ID, Murnane D, Roberts KJ. A digital workflow from crystallographic structure to single crystal particle attributes for predicting the formulation properties of terbutaline sulfate. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A detailed inter-molecular (synthonic) analysis of terbutaline sulfate, an ionic addition salt for inhalation drug formulation, is related to its crystal morphology, the surface chemistry of the habit faces and hence to its crystal surface energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai T. H. Nguyen
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Robert B. Hammond
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | - Darragh Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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12
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Deng X, Zheng K, Davé RN. Discrete element method based analysis of mixing and collision dynamics in adhesive mixing process. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Towards quantitative prediction of the performance of dry powder inhalers by multi-scale simulations and experiments. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Pouya MA, Daneshmand B, Aghababaie S, Faghihi H, Vatanara A. Spray-Freeze Drying: a Suitable Method for Aerosol Delivery of Antibodies in the Presence of Trehalose and Cyclodextrins. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2247-2254. [PMID: 29740758 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to prepare spray-freeze-dried powder of IgG considering physicochemical stability and aerodynamic aspects. Spray-freeze drying (SFD) exposes proteins to various stresses which should be compensated by suitable stabilizers. The competence of cyclodextrins (CDs), namely beta-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl βCD (HPβCD), at very low concentrations, was investigated in the presence of separate mannitol- and trehalose-based formulations. Spray-freeze-dried preparations were quantified in terms of monomer recovery and conformation by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were employed to identify the thermal characteristics of powders. Particle morphology was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aerodynamic behavior of powders was checked through an Anderson cascade impactor (ACI). Although all formulations protected antibody from aggregation during the SFD process (aggregation < 1%), mannitol-containing ones failed upon the storage (19.54% in the worst case). Trehalose-HPβCD incomparably preserved the formulation with fine particle fraction (FPF) of 51.29%. Crystallization of mannitol resulted in IgG destabilization upon storage. Although employed concentration of CDs is too low (less than 50:1 molar ratio to protein), they successfully served as stabilizing agents in SFD with perfect improvement in aerosol functionality. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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15
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Sarkar S, Minatovicz B, Thalberg K, Chaudhuri B. Mechanistic investigation of mixing and segregation of ordered mixtures: experiments and numerical simulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1677-1685. [PMID: 28574733 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1338719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of cohesive and micronized drugs through dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is traditionally achieved through the formation of ordered mixtures. In order to improve the mechanistic understanding of formation of ordered mixtures, the system consisting of micronized lactose (AZFL, representative of an active pharmaceutical ingredient) and a coarse particle carrier (LH100) is investigated as a function of different process and material variables in a high shear mixer (HSM) and in a low shear double cone (DCN) blender, using both experimental and numerical methods. Process insight is developed using a Discrete Element Method (DEM) based numerical model which could predict the formation of ordered mixtures in the two blenders and was verified against experimental determinations. Spatial and temporal evolution of granular flow are visualized and quantified in silico to reveal distinguishing features of both blenders to aid in rational selection of blenders and process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sarkar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Bruna Minatovicz
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Kyrre Thalberg
- b Astra Zeneca, Research & Development , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA.,c Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
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16
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Ramezani V, Vatanara A, Seyedabadi M, Nabi Meibodi M, Fanaei H. Application of cyclodextrins in antibody microparticles: potentials for antibody protection in spray drying. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1103-1111. [PMID: 28276783 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1293679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dry powder formulations are extensively used to improve the stability of antibodies. Spray drying is one of important methods for protein drying. This study investigated the effects of trehalose, hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and beta cyclodextrin (BCD) on the stability and particle properties of spray-dried IgG. METHODS D-optimal design was employed for both experimental design and analysis and optimization of the variables. The size and aerodynamic behavior of particles were determined using laser light scattering and glass twin impinger, respectively. In addition, stability, ratio of beta sheets and morphology of antibody were analyzed using size exclusion chromatography, IR spectroscopy and electron microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Particle properties and antibody stability were significantly improved in the presence of HPBCD. In addition, particle aerodynamic behavior, in terms of fine-particle fraction (FPF), enhanced up to 52.23%. Furthermore, antibody was better preserved not only during spray drying, but also during long-term storage. In contrast, application of BCD resulted in the formation of larger particles. Although trehalose caused inappropriate aerodynamic property, it efficiently decreased antibody aggregation. CONCLUSION HPBCD is an efficient excipient for the development of inhalable protein formulations. In this regard, optimal particle property and antibody stability was obtained with proper combination of cyclodextrins and simple sugars, such as trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ramezani
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Alireza Vatanara
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Seyedabadi
- c Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi Meibodi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Hamed Fanaei
- d Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
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17
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Sarkar S, Minatovicz B, Thalberg K, Chaudhuri B. Development of a Rational Design Space for Optimizing Mixing Conditions for Formation of Adhesive Mixtures for Dry-Powder Inhaler Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kaialy W. On the effects of blending, physicochemical properties, and their interactions on the performance of carrier-based dry powders for inhalation - A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 235:70-89. [PMID: 27291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blending drug and carrier powders to produce homogeneous drug-carrier adhesive mixtures is a key step in the production of dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. Although the blending conditions can result in different conclusions or probably change the outcome of a study entirely if being selected differently, there is a scarcity of data on the influence of blending processes on the physicochemical properties of bulk powder formulations and the follow-on effects on DPI performance. This paper provides an overview of the interactions between variables related to blending conditions (e.g. blending equipment, time, speed and sequence as well as environmental humidity) and powder physicochemical properties (e.g. size distribution, shape distribution, density, anomeric composition, electrostatic charge, surface, and bulk properties), and their effects on the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in terms of drug content homogeneity, drug-carrier adhesion, and drug aerosolisation behaviour. The relevance of carrier payload, batch size and segregation was also discussed. Challenges and future directions were identified. This review therefore contributes towards a better understanding of the blending process, powder physicochemical properties, and their interlinked effects on the fundamental understanding of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. The knowledge gained is essential to ensure optimum blending and thereby controlled functionality of DPIs.
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Jones MD, Buckton G. Comparison of the cohesion-adhesion balance approach to colloidal probe atomic force microscopy and the measurement of Hansen partial solubility parameters by inverse gas chromatography for the prediction of dry powder inhalation performance. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:419-430. [PMID: 27265314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of the cohesive-adhesive balance approach to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the measurement of Hansen partial solubility parameters by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) to predict the performance of carrier-based dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations were compared. Five model drugs (beclometasone dipropionate, budesonide, salbutamol sulphate, terbutaline sulphate and triamcinolone acetonide) and three model carriers (erythritol, α-lactose monohydrate and d-mannitol) were chosen, giving fifteen drug-carrier combinations. Comparison of the AFM and IGC interparticulate adhesion data suggested that they did not produce equivalent results. Comparison of the AFM data with the in vitro fine particle delivery of appropriate DPI formulations normalised to account for particle size differences revealed a previously observed pattern for the AFM measurements, with a slightly cohesive AFM CAB ratio being associated with the highest fine particle fraction. However, no consistent relationship between formulation performance and the IGC data was observed. The results as a whole highlight the complexity of the many interacting variables that can affect the behaviour of DPIs and suggest that the prediction of their performance from a single measurement is unlikely to be successful in every case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham Buckton
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Wang Z, Shah UV, Olusanmi D, Narang AS, Hussain MA, Gamble JF, Tobyn MJ, Heng JYY. Measuring the sticking of mefenamic acid powders on stainless steel surface. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:407-13. [PMID: 26456293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes an approach for quantifying the amount of pharmaceutical powder adhering (quality attribute) to the metals surfaces. The effect of surface roughness (detrimental attribute) on the amount of powder sticking to a stainless steel surface for a model pharmaceutical material is also qualitatively determined. Methodology to quantify powder adhesion to surfaces utilises a texture analyser and HPLC. The approach was validated to qualitatively investigate effect of metal surface roughness on adhesion of mefenamic acid. An increase in metal surface roughness resulted in an increase in cohesion. By increasing the average roughness from 289nm to 407nm, a 2.5 fold increase in amount adhering to metal was observed, highlighting the role of surface roughness on adhesion. The simplicity in experimental design with no requirement of specialised equipment and operational ease makes the approach very easy to adopt. Further, ease in interpreting results makes this methodology very attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Wang
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK(1)
| | - Umang V Shah
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK(1)
| | - Dolapo Olusanmi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Ajit S Narang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Munir A Hussain
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - John F Gamble
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral CH46 1QW, UK
| | - Michael J Tobyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral CH46 1QW, UK
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK(1).
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21
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Mathematical approach for understanding deagglomeration behaviour of drug powder in formulations with coarse carrier. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Weiss C, McLoughlin P, Cathcart H. Characterisation of dry powder inhaler formulations using atomic force microscopy. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:393-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Shur J, Saluja B, Lee S, Tibbatts J, Price R. Effect of Device Design and Formulation on the In Vitro Comparability for Multi-Unit Dose Dry Powder Inhalers. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1105-16. [PMID: 25956383 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this investigation was to understand the design space to achieve comparable in vitro performance of two multi-unit dose dry powder inhalers (DPIs)—Flixotide® Accuhaler® (reference product) and MultiHaler® (test product). Flow field, pressure drop and particle trajectories within the test and reference DPI devices were modelled via computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Micronized fluticasone propionate (FP) was characterized to determine particle size distribution (PSD), specific surface area (SSA) and surface interfacial properties using cohesive-adhesive balance (CAB). CFD simulations suggested that the pressure drop and airflow velocity in the MultiHaler® were greater than Accuhaler®. Two modified test devices (MOD MH 1 and MOD MH 2) were manufactured with the introduction of by-pass channels in the airflow path, which achieved comparable specific resistance and airflow path between the test and reference devices. Assessment of reference product formulation in modified test devices suggested that MOD MH 2 achieved comparable in vitro performance to the reference product. CAB analysis suggested that adhesion of all FP batches to lactose was different, with batch D showing greatest and batch A least adhesion to lactose. Test DPI formulations were manufactured using four different batches of FP with milled or sieved lactose, and showed that batch A FP formulated with sieved lactose in MOD MH 2 device demonstrated the highest degree of similarity to the Accuhaler® in vitro deposition. Application of CFD modelling and material characterization of formulation raw materials enabled the modification of device and formulation critical material attributes to create an in vitro comparable device/formulation system to the reference product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Shur
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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24
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Kim YJ, Kim B, Hyun DC, Kim JW, Shim HE, Kang SW, Jeong U. Photocrosslinkable Poly(ε-caprolactone)-b
-Hyperbranched Polyglycerol (PCL-b
-hbPG) with Improved Biocompatibility and Stability for Drug Delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 South Korea
| | - Bongsoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 South Korea
| | - Dong Choon Hyun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Kyoungbook National University; Daegu 702-701 South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Bionano Technology; Hanyang University; Ansan 426-791 South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Next-Generation Pharmaceutical Research Center; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Daejeon 305-343 South Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-Generation Pharmaceutical Research Center; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Daejeon 305-343 South Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology Program; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon South Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Gyeongbuk South Korea
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25
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Ticehurst MD, Marziano I. Integration of active pharmaceutical ingredient solid form selection and particle engineering into drug product design. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:782-802. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review seeks to offer a broad perspective that encompasses an understanding of the drug product attributes affected by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) physical properties, their link to solid form selection and the role of particle engineering. While the crucial role of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solid form selection is universally acknowledged in the pharmaceutical industry, the value of increasing effort to understanding the link between solid form, API physical properties and drug product formulation and manufacture is now also being recognised.
A truly holistic strategy for drug product development should focus on connecting solid form selection, particle engineering and formulation design to both exploit opportunities to access simpler manufacturing operations and prevent failures. Modelling and predictive tools that assist in establishing these links early in product development are discussed. In addition, the potential for differences between the ingoing API physical properties and those in the final product caused by drug product processing is considered. The focus of this review is on oral solid dosage forms and dry powder inhaler products for lung delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn David Ticehurst
- Materials Science, Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Worldwide R & D, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Ivan Marziano
- Chemical R & D, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Worldwide R & D, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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26
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Ramachandran V, Murnane D, Hammond RB, Pickering J, Roberts KJ, Soufian M, Forbes B, Jaffari S, Martin GP, Collins E, Pencheva K. Formulation Pre-screening of Inhalation Powders Using Computational Atom–Atom Systematic Search Method. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:18-33. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500335w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasuki Ramachandran
- Institute
of Particle Science and Engineering, Institute of Process Research
and Development, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Darragh Murnane
- School
of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, U.K
| | - Robert B. Hammond
- Institute
of Particle Science and Engineering, Institute of Process Research
and Development, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jonathan Pickering
- Institute
of Particle Science and Engineering, Institute of Process Research
and Development, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kevin J. Roberts
- Institute
of Particle Science and Engineering, Institute of Process Research
and Development, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Majeed Soufian
- Institute
of Particle Science and Engineering, Institute of Process Research
and Development, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Sara Jaffari
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Gary P. Martin
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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27
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28
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Rahimpour Y, Kouhsoltani M, Hamishehkar H. Alternative carriers in dry powder inhaler formulations. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:618-26. [PMID: 24269834 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aerosolization efficiency of a powder is highly dependent on carrier characteristics, such as particle size distribution, shape and surface properties. The main objective in the inhalation field is to achieve a high and reproducible pulmonary deposition. This can be provided by successful carrier selection and careful process optimization for carrier modification. Lactose is the most common and frequently used carrier in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. But lactose shows some limitations in formulation with certain drugs and peptides that prohibit its usage as a carrier in DPI formulations. Here, we criticality review the most important alternative carriers to lactose with merits, demerits and applications in DPI formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Rahimpour
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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29
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Overcoming the undesirable properties of dry-powder inhalers with novel engineered mannitol particles. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:879-82. [PMID: 23919464 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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30
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Grasmeijer F, Hagedoorn P, Frijlink HW, de Boer AH. Drug content effects on the dispersion performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71339. [PMID: 23967195 PMCID: PMC3743805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug content in adhesive mixtures for inhalation is known to influence their dispersion performance, but the direction and magnitude of this influence depends on other variables. In the past decades several mechanisms have been postulated to explain this finding and a number of possible interacting variables have been identified. Still, the role of drug content in the formulation of adhesive mixtures for inhalation, which includes its significance as an interacting variable to other parameters, is poorly understood. Therefore, the results from a series of drug detachment experiments are presented in which the effect of drug content and its dependence on flow rate, the mixing time and the type of drug is studied. Furthermore, it is investigated whether the effect depends on the range within which the drug content is changed. Quantitative and qualitative multiple order interactions are observed between these variables, which may be explained by a shifting balance between three different mechanisms. The results therefore demonstrate that accounting for (multiple order) interactions between variables has to be part of quality by design activities and the rational design of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Grasmeijer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Kubavat HA, Shur J, Ruecroft G, Hipkiss D, Price R. Influence of primary crystallisation conditions on the mechanical and interfacial properties of micronised budesonide for dry powder inhalation. Int J Pharm 2012; 430:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Odziomek M, Sosnowski TR, Gradoń L. Conception, preparation and properties of functional carrier particles for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2012; 433:51-9. [PMID: 22580211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of aerosol therapy is significantly reduced by the mucus layer covering the airways of the tracheobronchial tree. According to the present concept, drug particles are delivered to the lung together with the functional carrier particle that facilitates both the drug transport into the lungs and the penetration of deposited particles through the mucus. The approach of manufacturing multi-component powders with mucoactive compounds and anti-asthmatic medicines (DSCG) bound together in a single particle is additionally considered. METHODS Powders were produced with the spray-drying technique from aqueous precursor solutions containing pure low molecular weight dextran, pure mannitol and dextran/mannitol-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) mixtures (4:1 and 1:1). NAC has been selected for this purpose as a compound, which is known to be mucolytic. Dextran and mannitol are potentially applicable in the field of inhalation drug delivery. They have been used as stabilizers of functional carrier particles. Powders were characterized for their yield and physicochemical properties including: morphology (SEM), moisture content and thermal properties (DSC). Aerosol performance was determined with NGI impactor after standardized aerosolization of the produced powders in a commercial DPI. RESULTS Particle size distributions of dextran-NAC powders were characterized by high fine particle fraction (45-62%), which assures good particle deposition in the lower airways. The thermodynamic properties of the powders based on the temperature of the glass transition T(g) (50-63 °C) suggest the required stability during storage at moderate humidity. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary examination of the required properties of these particles confirms their potential as functional carriers for pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Odziomek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 1 Waryńskiego Street, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Advanced microscopy techniques to assess solid-state properties of inhalation medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:369-82. [PMID: 22120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control and characterisation of the physico-chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients for orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are critical to successful product development. Control and reduction of risk require the introduction of a material science based approach to product development and the use of advanced analytical tools in understanding how the solid-state properties of the input materials influence structure and product functionality. The key issues to be addressed, at a microscopic scale, are understanding how the critical quality attributes of input materials influence surface, interfacial and particulate interactions within OIDPs. This review offers an in-depth discussion on the use of advanced microscopy techniques in characterising of the solid-state properties of particulate materials for OIDPs. The review covers the fundamental principles of the techniques, instrumentation types, data interpretation and specific applications in relation to the product development of OIDPs.
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34
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Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
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35
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de Boer AH, Chan HK, Price R. A critical view on lactose-based drug formulation and device studies for dry powder inhalation: which are relevant and what interactions to expect? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:257-74. [PMID: 21565232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many years of research have not led to a profound knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the formulation and dispersion of carrier based mixtures for inhalation. Although it is well understood that the mixing is a key process in DPI carrier based formulation, there remains a limited understanding of how blending processes affect in-process material properties and the resulting distribution of the drug in the final dosage form. A great number of variables are considered relevant to the interfacial forces in adhesive mixtures, but their effects have mostly been investigated individually, without taking account of the influence they may have on each other. Interactions may be expected and without proper choices made and definitions given for all the variables involved, conclusions from studies on adhesive mixtures are of less relevance. By varying any of the variables that are not subject of the study, an opposite effect may be obtained. Currently, there is a strong focus on exploring techniques for the characterisation of drug and carrier surface properties that are believed to have an influence on the interparticulate forces in adhesive mixtures. For a number of surface properties it may be questioned whether they are really the key parameters to investigate however. Their orders of magnitude are subordinate to the effects they are supposed to have on the drug-to-carrier forces. Therefore, they seem rather indicators of other variability and their influence may be dominated by other effects. Finally, the relevance of inhaler design is often ignored. By using powerful inhalers, the effect of many variables of current concern may become less relevant. Carrier properties that are considered disadvantageous at present may even become desirable when a more appropriate type of dispersion force is applied. This can be shown for the effect of carrier surface rugosity when inertial separation forces are applied instead of the more widely applied lift and drag forces. Therefore, inhaler design should be taken into consideration when evaluating studies on adhesive mixtures. It should also become an integral part of powder formulation for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H de Boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Investigation into the Influence of Primary Crystallization Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Secondary Processing Behaviour of Fluticasone Propionate for Carrier Based Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations. Pharm Res 2011; 29:994-1006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Dry powder inhalers are a diverse family of devices that have emerged as a rapidly growing segment of the respiratory therapeutics area. The forces that these devices must impart into dry powder formulations for effective dispersion performance and reproducibility of delivery are relatively large, and multiple mechanisms have been developed in attempts to improve the efficiency of these systems. In this review, we address the reasons for the proliferation of dry powder inhalers, beginning with an abbreviated introduction on the basic inter-particulate forces that need to be disrupted to achieve successful powder dispersion and effective lung delivery. From this background, we survey the diversity of inhaler designs, starting from marketed devices, before introducing some of the novel device designs under development, both patient driven (passive) and device driven (active), as we attempt to link the themes of the device design features to the present understanding of the dynamics governing powder dispersion. Finally, we conclude by providing some assessment on the future of the wide range of device designs and mechanisms that have evolved by considering technical, regulatory and market forces.
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38
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Suspension versus solution metered dose inhalers: different products, different particles? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Xu Z, Mansour HM, Mulder T, McLean R, Langridge J, Hickey AJ. Heterogeneous particle deaggregation and its implication for therapeutic aerosol performance. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3442-61. [PMID: 20232454 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aerosolization performance of dry powder blends of drugs for the treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases have been reported in three previous articles. In vitro aerosolization was performed at defined shear stresses (0.624-13.143 N/m(2)). Formulations were characterized aerodynamically and powder aerosol deaggregation equations (PADE) and corresponding linear regression analyses for pharmaceutical aerosolization were applied. Particle deaggregation is the result of overcoming fundamental forces acting at the particle interface. A new method, PADE, describing dry powder formulation performance in a shear stress range has been developed which may allow a fundamental understanding of interparticulate and surface forces. The application of PADE predicts performance efficiency and reproducibility and supports rational design of dry powder formulations. The analogy of aerosol performance with surface molecular adsorption has important implications. Expressions describing surface adsorption were intended to allow elucidation of mechanisms involving surface heterogeneity, lateral interaction, and multilayer adsorption of a variety of materials. By using a similar expression for drug aerosolization performance, it is conceivable that an analogous mechanistic approach to the evaluation of particulate systems would be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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40
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Pitchayajittipong C, Price R, Shur J, Kaerger JS, Edge S. Characterisation and functionality of inhalation anhydrous lactose. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Onoue S, Yamamoto K, Kawabata Y, Hirose M, Mizumoto T, Yamada S. Novel dry powder inhaler formulation of glucagon with addition of citric acid for enhanced pulmonary delivery. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:144-50. [PMID: 19703531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon, a gut hormone, is one of the key regulatory elements in glucose homeostasis, and is clinically used for treatment of hypoglycemia and premedication in peroral endoscopy. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) form of glucagon is believed to be a promising new dosage form, and the present study aimed to develop a novel glucagon-DPI using absorption enhancer for improved pharmacological effects. The cytotoxicity of citric and capric acids, the potential absorption enhancers, at 1 and 10 mM was assessed by monitoring extracellular LDH levels in rat alveolar L2 cells, and a concentration- and time-dependent release of LDH was observed in capric acid, but not in citric acid-treated cells. DPI form of glucagon containing citric acid was prepared with a jet mill, and laser diffraction and cascade impactor analyses of the newly developed glucagon-DPI suggested high dispersion and deposition in the respiratory organs with an emitted dose and fine particle fraction of 99.5 and 25%, respectively. Addition of citric acid in glucagon-DPI improved the dissolution behavior, and did not impair the solid-state stability of glucagon-DPI. Intratracheal administration of glucagon-DPI (50 microg-glucagon/kg body weight of rat) containing citric acid led to 2.9-fold more potent hyperglycemic effect in rats, as compared to inhaled glucagon-DPI without citric acid. Based on these physicochemical and pharmacological characterization, the dry powder inhaler of glucagon with addition of citric acid would be of use as an alternative to injection form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Begat P, Morton DA, Shur J, Kippax P, Staniforth JN, Price R. The Role of Force Control Agents in High-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2770-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Murnane D, Martin GP, Marriott C. Dry powder formulations for inhalation of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate microcrystals. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:503-15. [PMID: 18506819 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Direct crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles in the inhalable size range of 1-6 microm may overcome surface energization resulting from micronization. The aerosolization of fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol xinafoate (SX) microcrystals produced by aqueous crystallization from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions was investigated using a twin stage impinger following blending with lactose. Fine particle fractions from SX formulations ranged from 15.98 +/- 2.20% from SX crystallized from PEG 6000 to 26.26 +/- 1.51% for SX crystallized from PEG 400. The FPF of microcrystal formulations increased as the particle size of microcrystals was increased. The aerosolization of SX from DPI blends was equivalent for the microcrystals and the micronized material. FP microcrystals, which had a needlelike morphology, produced similar FPFs (PEG 400: 17.15 +/- 0.68% and PEG 6000: 15.46 +/- 0.97%) to micronized FP (mFP; 14.21 +/- 0.54). The highest FPF (25.66 +/- 1.51%) resulted from the formulation of FP microcrystals with the largest median diameter (FP PEG 400B: 6.14 +/- 0.17 microm). Microcrystallization of SX and FP from PEG solvents offers the potential for improving control of particulate solid state properties and was shown to represent a viable alternative to micronization for the production of particles for inclusion in dry powder inhalation formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh Murnane
- King's College London, Drug Delivery Research Group, Pharmaceutical Science Division, London, United Kingdom
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Hooton JC, Jones MD, Harris H, Shur J, Price R. The Influence of Crystal Habit on the Prediction of Dry Powder Inhalation Formulation Performance Using the Cohesive–Adhesive Force Balance Approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:974-83. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802149087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Hooton
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Haggis Harris
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jagdeep Shur
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robert Price
- Pharmaceutical Surface Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Jones MD, Harris H, Hooton JC, Shur J, King GS, Mathoulin CA, Nichol K, Smith TL, Dawson ML, Ferrie AR, Price R. An investigation into the relationship between carrier-based dry powder inhalation performance and formulation cohesive–adhesive force balances. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:496-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Buttini F, Colombo P, Wenger MPE, Mesquida P, Marriott C, Jones SA. Back to basics: the development of a simple, homogenous, two-component dry-powder inhaler formulation for the delivery of budesonide using miscible vinyl polymers. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1257-67. [PMID: 17680663 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesised that formulating a dry-powder inhaler (DPI) using a refined, smooth grade of lactose, without fines and a polymer coated drug microparticle should produce an homogeneous formulation in which aerosolization behaviour could be modified. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a simple two component polymer coated-budesonide/lactose blend in which the drug microparticle adhesive forces could be optimised by modifying the drug coating in order to improve aerosolization from a DPI. Budesonide microparticles (1.83 +/- 0.03 microm) were coated with the vinyl polymers by adsorption and then spray-dried. The drug was blended with three different types of lactose, checked for uniformity of mixing and loaded into Pulvinal devices. The median volume particle size of all but one of the polymer coated microparticles remained below 4 microm after spray-drying and the content uniformity for all the blends >96%. Coating the budesonide with 0.01% poly(vinyl alcohol) increased the fine particle fraction (FPF) in the next generation impactor (NGI) from 29.1 +/- 0.7% to 52.8 +/- 1.0% and reduced the force of adhesion from 410 +/- 182 to 241 +/- 82 nN with smooth lactose. This illustrates that vinyl polymers could effectively modify adhesive interactions without the need for ternary components such as fines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buttini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Area delle Scienze, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Onoue S, Hashimoto N, Yamada S. Dry powder inhalation systems for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mohamed F, van der Walle CF. Engineering biodegradable polyester particles with specific drug targeting and drug release properties. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:71-87. [PMID: 17722085 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and nanoparticles remain the focus of intensive research effort directed to the controlled release and in vivo localization of drugs. In recent years engineering approaches have been devised to create novel micro- and nano-particles which provide greater control over the drug release profile and present opportunities for drug targeting at the tissue and cellular levels. This has been possible with better understanding and manipulation of the fabrication and degradation processes, particularly emulsion-solvent extraction, and conjugation of polyesters with ligands or other polymers before or after particle formation. As a result, particle surface and internal porosity have been designed to meet criteria-facilitating passive targeting (e.g., for pulmonary delivery), modification of the drug release profile (e.g., attenuation of the burst release) and active targeting via ligand binding to specific cell receptors. It is now possible to envisage adventurous applications for polyester microparticles beyond their inherent role as biodegradable, controlled drug delivery vehicles. These may include drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of cerebral disease and tumor targeting, and co-delivery of drugs in a pulsatile and/or time-delayed fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahidah Mohamed
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, UK
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The effect of spray drying solvent on in vitro deposition profiles and pulmonary absorption of rifampicin microparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(08)50037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Jones MD, Hooton JC, Dawson ML, Ferrie AR, Price R. An Investigation into the Dispersion Mechanisms of Ternary Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations by the Quantification of Interparticulate Forces. Pharm Res 2007; 25:337-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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