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Gagné V, Boucher N, Desgagné-Penix I. Cannabis Roots: Therapeutic, Biotechnological and Environmental Aspects. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:35-48. [PMID: 38252502 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada in 2018, the number of licenses for this crop has increased significantly, resulting in an increase in waste generated. Nevertheless, cannabis roots were once used for their therapeutic properties, indicating that they could be valued today rather than dismissed. This review will focus on both traditional therapeutic aspects and potential use of roots in modern medicine while detailing the main studies on active phytomolecules found in cannabis roots. The environmental impact of cannabis cultivation and current knowledge of the root-associated microbiome are also presented as well as their potential applications in biotechnology and phytoremediation. Thus, several high added-value applications of cannabis roots resulting from scientific advances in recent years can be considered to remove them from discarded residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gagné
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois- Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois- Rivières, Québec, Canada
- Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois- Rivières, Québec, Canada
- Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Hernández‐Martín M, Bocanegra A, Redondo‐Castillejo R, Macho‐González A, Sánchez‐Muniz FJ, Benedí J, Bastida S, García‐Fernández RA, Garcimartín A, López‐Oliva ME. Could Duodenal Molecular Mechanisms be Involved in the Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Silicon Used as Functional Ingredient in Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200104. [PMID: 36213967 PMCID: PMC10078384 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in the late-stage. Consumption of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients would help achieve therapeutic goals for cholesterolemia. Silicon has demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect and the ability to reduce fat digestion. However, it is unclear whether silicon exerts such effect in late-stage T2DM (LD) and the intestinal mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of eight rats were included: early-stage T2DM control (ED), LD, and the LD group treated with silicon (LD-Si) once the rats were diabetic. Morphological alterations of the duodenal mucosa, and levels of markers involve in cholesterol absorption and excretion, beside cholesterolemia, and fecal excretion were assayed. Silicon included as a functional ingredient significantly reduces cholesterolemia in part due to: 1) reducing cholesterol intestinal absorption by decreasing the absorptive area and Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT2) levels; and 2) increasing cholesterol excretion to the lumen by induction of the liver X receptor (LXR) and consequent increase of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABCG5/8). CONCLUSIONS These results provide insight into the intestinal molecular mechanisms by which silicon reduces cholesterolemia and highlights the efficacy of the consumption of silicon-enriched functional foods in late-stage T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hernández‐Martín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo‐Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Adrián Macho‐González
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez‐Muniz
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Rosa A. García‐Fernández
- Animal Medicine and Surgery DepartmentVeterinary SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - M. Elvira López‐Oliva
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
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3
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Turgut R, Kartal M, Akkol EK, Demirbolat İ, Taştan H. Development of Cholesterol-Lowering and Detox Formulations Using Bentonite and Herbal Ingredients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775789. [PMID: 34938189 PMCID: PMC8685422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification enzymes involved in human metabolism works to minimize the potential xenobiotic-induced damage constantly. Studies have revealed that toxin accumulation plays an important role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. This study has been designed to provide evidence of medicinal use of bentonite, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), and psyllium (Plantago ovata L.) as detoxification and cholesterol-lowering agents using a hypercholesterolemic model in mice. The potential hypocholesterolemic effects and detoxification ability of these ingredients were evaluated at the same time: Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, plasma total antioxidant activity, nitric acid, leptin levels and glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase values were measured. It was determined that GBTF group (grape seed extract, bentonite, turmeric, and flaxseed), GBTP group (grape seed extract, bentonite, turmeric, and psyllium), and GBT group (grape seed extract, bentonite, and turmeric) of the tested materials decreased the serum total cholesterol concentration by 64.8, 57.5, and 48.9%, respectively, in mice fed a high cholesterol diet. In addition, it was determined that some detoxification parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were statistically significantly reversed in GBTF, GBTP, and GBT groups. Flaxseed, psyllium, and bentonite clay did not show significant effects in reducing total cholesterol; however, GBTF, GBTP, and GBT groups interventions had a significant effect in reducing total cholesterol levels. Moreover, it was observed that adding flaxseed or psyllium to the GBT group increased the cholesterol-lowering effect. Therefore, it can be thought that this significant effect is due to the synergistic effect of the raw materials. When the results obtained were evaluated, it was seen that the cholesterol-lowering and detoxification effects of the combinations were higher than from the effect of natural material used alone. As a result, combinations of some of these ingredients have a positive effect on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Turgut
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Health Sciences Institute, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kartal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlker Demirbolat
- Bezmialem Center of Education, Practice, and Research in Phytotherapy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Taştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Joyce P, Meola TR, Schultz HB, Prestidge CA. Biomaterials that regulate fat digestion for the treatment of obesity. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Q, Shen J, Mo E, Zhang H, Wang J, Hu X, Zhou J, Bai H, Tang G. A versatile ultrafine and super-absorptive H +-modified montmorillonite: application for metabolic syndrome intervention and gastric mucosal protection. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3370-3380. [PMID: 32374328 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia and is closely related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, involving multiple causative factors. Current drug therapies for intervention and amelioration of MetS are essential in clinical treatment of metabolic disease. In this report, we proposed an H+-modified montmorillonite (H-MMT) using an acid modification method with ultrafine structure and super absorption ability as a potential drug for MetS. Hamsters fed a high-fat diet were orally treated with H-MMT and simvastatin was applied as a control. H-MMT lowered lipids by decreasing intestinal absorption and promoting lipid excretion, subsequently preventing obesity, fatty liver, and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, H-MMT was significantly safer and better tolerated by the liver compared to simvastatin, which was hepatotoxic. In addition, we found that H-MMT had protective effects on gastric mucosal damage. Therefore, this versatile H-MMT provides a potential strategy to effectively improve MetS and provide gastric mucosal protection in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
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Gutman R, Rauch M, Neuman A, Khamaisi H, Jonas-Levi A, Konovalova Y, Rytwo G. Sepiolite Clay Attenuates the Development of Hypercholesterolemia and Obesity in Mice Fed a High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet. J Med Food 2019; 23:289-296. [PMID: 31580748 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity reduces the quality of life and life expectancy, whereas nonoperative interventions have shown poor results so far. Statins effectively combat hypercholesterolemia but are not well tolerated at high doses, raising the need for coprescription with cholesterol sorbents and/or absorption inhibitors. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay was found to attenuate hypercholesterolemia and obesity by reducing cholesterol and fat absorption. However, acicular clay-like sepiolite may offer better results due to its more substantial adsorption of nonpolar molecules. We herein aimed at (1) assessing in vitro the capacity of sepiolite to adsorb edible oil and cholesterol compared with that of MMT and (2) assessing in vivo the effect of continuous feeding on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFD) (53.6% w/w fat and 0.2% cholesterol) supplemented with 5% (w/w) edible sepiolite, on diet-induced obesity rate, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed in vitro that sepiolite adsorption of olive oil and cholesterol was five to eight times greater than that of MMT clay. Sepiolite supplementation to HFD fed to mature mice for 12.5 weeks resulted in lower total blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels and attenuated body weight gain, by reducing fat gain. Sepiolite supplementation did not affect energy intake but increased fecal extraction of sterols and lipids, without notable side effects. These results demonstrate that supplementing a HFD with sepiolite attenuates gastrointestinal absorption of dietary lipids and sterols, thus mitigating obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Further exploration of the efficacy, mechanism of action, and safety of sepiolite as a food supplement for combating the metabolic syndrome is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Gutman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Maayan Rauch
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Annat Neuman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hazem Khamaisi
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Adi Jonas-Levi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yelena Konovalova
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Giora Rytwo
- Environmental Physical Chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Dening TJ, Joyce P, Kovalainen M, Gustafsson H, Prestidge CA. Spray Dried Smectite Clay Particles as a Novel Treatment against Obesity. Pharm Res 2018; 36:21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ag-carried CMC/functional copolymer/ODA-Mt wLED-treated NC and their responses to brain cancer cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:463-476. [PMID: 30184772 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subject of this work is synthesis and characterization of novel multifunctional nanocomposite (8/2A-NC) consisting (1) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a matrix biopolymer and poly (maleic acid-alt-acrylic acid) as a reactive synthetic partner matrix polymer; (2) octadecyl amine montmorillonite (ODA-MMT) reactive organoclay provide intercalated silicate layers structures and aqueous colloidal dispersing medium, and MMT as carriers and targeting agents for anticancer agents in drug delivery systems, respectively. ODA as a intercalated surfactant finely dispersed 8/2A NC and its compatibility with matrix polymers via the interfacial polarization (complexing) and functionalization of matrix polymers by amine (ODA) and carboxylic acids from both the CMC and copolymer; (3) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as in-situ generated onto matrix polymers with unique nano-size and morphology parameters was synthesized. Important material science and bioengineering aspects of these investigations included (a) novel approach in synthetic pathways; (b) effects of physical and chemical structural rearrangements; (c) effects of Light Emitting Dioda (LED)-treatment on the FT-IR spectra, XRD reflection parameters, SEM-TEM morphology and nano-size and diameter distribution of AgNPs onto matrix polymers; (d) positive effect of LED-treatment of 8/2A nanocomposite and its response to the MIAPaCa-2 and U87 human brain cancer cell lines were evaluated. Novel 8/2A-NC multifunctional drug consisting unique positive, intercalating and encapsulated core-shell morphology structures, nano-size (5.6 nm) and narrow diameter distribution (94%) of AgNPs onto matrix polymers [silver NPs (0.25%) in 8/2A NC (25%)] with highest volume of contact area compared with used cancer micro-cells show lowest cell viability as an excellent anticancer platform. 8/2A-NC is a novel multifunctional drug with intercalating and encapsulated core-shell morphology structures consisting of positively charged, non-randomly distributed AgNPs with a large contact area and low diameters (5-6 nm). The anticancer properties of (This factor is not conformed experimentally in work) this drug can be explained by the following structural factors: 8/2A-NC contains a combination of active sites from protonated hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups; Ag+-cations and ODA-MMT with high physical and chemical surface areas. We suggest this material be further explored for anti-cancer testing.
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Dening TJ, Joyce P, Rao S, Thomas N, Prestidge CA. Nanostructured Montmorillonite Clay for Controlling the Lipase-Mediated Digestion of Medium Chain Triglycerides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32732-32742. [PMID: 27934188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible lipid hybrid particles composed of montmorillonite and medium chain triglycerides were engineered for the first time by spray drying oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by montmorillonite platelets to form montmorillonite-lipid hybrid (MLH) microparticles containing up to 75% w/w lipid. In vitro lipolysis studies under simulated intestinal conditions indicated that the specific porous nanoarchitecture and surface chemistry of MLH particles significantly increased the rate (>10-fold) and extent of lipase-mediated digestion compared to that of coarse and homogenized submicrometer triglyceride emulsions. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies verified the rapid and enhanced production of fatty acids for MLH particles; these are electrostatically repelled by the negatively charged montmorillonite platelet faces and avoid the "interfacial poisoning" caused by incomplete digestion that retards lipid droplet digestion. MLH particles are a novel biomaterial and encapsulation system that optimize lipase enzyme efficiency and have excellent potential as a smart delivery system for lipophilic biomolecules owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biologically active properties. These particles can be readily fabricated with varying lipid loads and thus may be tailored to optimize the solubilization of specific bioactive molecules requiring reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee J Dening
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Shasha Rao
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Superchi P, Saleri R, Ossiprandi MC, Riccardi E, Passaglia E, Cavalli V, Beretti V, Sabbioni A. Natural zeolite (chabazite/phillipsite) dietary supplementation influences faecal microbiota and oxidant status of working dogs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1261008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria C. Ossiprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enzo Riccardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elio Passaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentino Beretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Constantinides PP, Chakraborty S, Shukla D. Considerations and recommendations on traditional and non-traditional uses of excipients in oral drug products. AAPS OPEN 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-016-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Utami HT, Cho JY, Jang BS, Park SH. Evaluation of cholesterol absorption inhibition of Anti-NPC1L1 IgY by [3H]-labeled cholesterol in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-3996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sachs-Barrable K, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. The effect of two novel cholesterol-lowering agents, disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (DAPP) and nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) on the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein within Caco-2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:153. [PMID: 25273894 PMCID: PMC4195884 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many drugs are substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and interactions involving P-gp may be relevant to clinical practice. Co-administration with P-gp inhibitors or inducers changes the absorption profile as well as the risk for drug toxicity, therefore it is important to evaluate possible P-gp alterations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two novel cholesterol-lowering agents, disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (DAPP) and nanostructured aluminium silicate (NSAS), a protonated montmorillonite clay, on mdr-1 gene expression and its protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) within Caco-2 cells. Methods The effects of DAPP and NSAS on the regulation of mdr-1 gene, P-gp protein expression and activity within Caco-2 cells, were determined using cell viability and cytotoxicity tests, RT-PCR, Western Blot analysis and bi-directional transport studies. Results We observed a significant down-regulation of mdr-1 mRNA (e.g. 38.5 ± 17% decrease vs. control at 5 μM DAPP and 61.2 ± 25% versus control at 10 μM DAPP; n = 6, P* < 0.05) within Caco-2 cells. Western Blot analysis of P-gp expression showed that changes in mdr-1 gene expression lead to correlating changes in P-gp protein expression. This down-regulation of P-glycoprotein also resulted in decreased activity of P-glycoprotein compared to untreated control. In contrast, when Caco-2 cells were treated with NSAS, no changes in mdr-1 gene expression, P-gp protein expression nor P-gp activity were observed. Conclusions DAPP but not NSAS decreases P-gp mediated drug efflux through decreased mdr-1 gene expression and consequently decreased P-gp protein expression. These findings have to be taken into consideration when DAPP is concurrently given with other drugs that are substrates for P-gp since drug-drug interactions harbour a safety issue and alter bioavailability profiles. NSAS does not have any P-gp altering properties and therefore might not affect drug-drug interactions. We conclude from this study that NSAS might make a safer drug candidate compared to DAPP for lowering LDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kishor M Wasan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.
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Impact of co-administration of protonated nanostructured aluminum silicate (cholesterol absorption inhibitor) on the absorption of lipid soluble vitamins D3 and K1: An assessment of pharmacokinetic and in vitro intraluminal processing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractMale and female rats were fed diets supplemented with cholesterol and palm fat at 10 and 50 g/kg, respectively; serum, hepatic tissue and faeces were analysed. Cholesterol supplementation significantly increased serum and hepatic cholesterol both in male and female rats. Male and female rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet differed significantly in serum cholesterol concentration (2.48 µmol/mL vs 2.92 µmol/mL), concentration of serum triacylglycerols, but not in hepatic cholesterol concentration. The serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations correlated non-significantly in male rats (r=0.491; P=0.063) and significantly in female rats (r=0.818; P<0.001). Cholesterol supplementation non-significantly decreased relative expression of the hepatic LDL receptor gene and significantly increased relative expression of the hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene in rats of both genders. The faeces of control rats contained similar amounts of cholesterol and bile acids. Cholesterol supplementation increased cholesterol concentration 10 times in the faeces of male rats and 12 times in faeces of female rats. The corresponding increases of bile acid concentration were much lower (83% in male rats and 108% in female rats). It can be concluded that the effects of cholesterol supplementation were more pronounced in female than in male rats.
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Inhibition of cholesterol absorption: targeting the intestine. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3235-50. [PMID: 22923351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the gradual formation of a lipid-rich plaque in the arterial wall is the primary cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated circulating cholesterol, was identified as a key risk factor for CAD in epidemiological studies. Since the approval of Mevacor in 1987, the primary therapeutic intervention for hypercholesterolemia has been statins, drugs that inhibit the biosynthesis of cholesterol. With improved understanding of the risks associated with elevated cholesterol levels, health agencies are recommending reductions in cholesterol that are not achievable in every patient with statins alone, underlying the need for improved combination therapies. The whole body cholesterol pool is derived from two sources, biosynthesis and diet. Although statins are effective at reducing the biosynthesis of cholesterol, they do not inhibit the absorption of cholesterol, making this an attractive target for adjunct therapies. This report summarizes the efforts to target the gastrointestinal absorption of cholesterol, with emphasis on specifically targeting the gastrointestinal tract to avoid the off-target effects sometimes associated with systemic exposure.
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Zhao J, Gershkovich P, Wasan KM. Evaluation of the effect of plant sterols on the intestinal processing of cholesterol using an in vitro lipolysis model. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:707-10. [PMID: 22850295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro lipolysis model was utilized to study the effect of stigmastanol (lipophilic phytosterol) and disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (DAPP) (modified hydrophilic phytostanol) on intestinal processing of cholesterol to gain further understanding of their cholesterol lowering mechanism. Lipolysis results showed that stigmastanol, if given in powder alone, had no effect on cholesterol processing probably due to its poor solubility. Stigmastanol suspension formulation re-distributed cholesterol from aqueous phase to oil and sediment phases. The water soluble DAPP has changed cholesterol distribution even more significantly by transferring cholesterol from aqueous phase to sediment phase. Moreover, the results provided evidence that DAPP inhibited triglyceride digestion in vitro. Considering DAPP as a surfactant with the same lipophilic sterol ring as bile salt, its ability to inhibit triglyceride lipolysis may be due to its competition with bile salt for the substrate surface, thereby hindering the lipolysis of triglyceride and inhibiting cholesterol solubilization with the lipolysis products. It can be speculated that the cholesterol lowering mechanism of DAPP during intestinal digestion is related to its ability to act as a surfactant closely resembling bile salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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Mori Y, Hirano T. Ezetimibe alone or in combination with pitavastatin prevents kidney dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized rats fed high-cholesterol. Metabolism 2012; 61:379-88. [PMID: 21868047 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We attempted to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol absorption and kidney damage by investigating the renoprotective effect of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, in 5/6 nephrectomized rats (Nx). The Nx or sham-operated rats (Sham) were fed 1% high-cholesterol diet (HC) containing ezetimibe (10 mg/[kg d]), pitavastatin (3 mg/[kg d]), or both for 8 weeks. Pathological changes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) messenger RNA (mRNA), and oxidative stress were assessed in the kidney. The Sham fed HC exhibited hypercholesterolemia and glomerulosclerosis with macrophage infiltration in the kidney, and ezetimibe attenuated these changes. The Nx exhibited hypercholesterolemia, increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), glomerulosclerosis with macrophage infiltration and interstitial fibrosis, and downregulation of eNOS mRNA. The HC increased cholesterol further and worsened the kidney damage with increased 8-OHdG. Ezetimibe attenuated the hypercholesterolemia, kidney dysfunction, and pathological changes. The beneficial effects of ezetimibe were significantly associated with reduced 8-OHdG (P < .01). Pitavastatin did not reduce cholesterol or 8-OHdG, but it did significantly suppress the kidney damage with upregulated eNOS mRNA by 2.5-fold (P < .02). The combination of ezetimibe and pitavastatin synergistically ameliorated the kidney damage. The kidney dysfunction and pathological changes were significantly associated with cholesterol, markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and cholestanol), and 8-OHdG (P < .001-.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the markers of cholesterol absorption were independently associated with the kidney damage. Ezetimibe confers renoprotective effects by inhibiting cholesterol absorption, which in turn reduces oxidative stress; and pitavastatin additively ameliorates kidney damage by increasing NO production via mechanisms independent of cholesterol reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Mori
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Gershkovich P, Sivak O, Contreras-Whitney S, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. Assessment of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors Nanostructured Aluminosilicate and Cholestyramine Using In Vitro Lipolysis Model. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:291-300. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sivak O, Darlington J, Gershkovich P, Constantinides PP, Wasan KM. Protonated nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations and atherosclerotic lesions in Apolipoprotein E deficient mice fed a high cholesterol and high fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:30. [PMID: 19638223 PMCID: PMC2727508 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of chronic administration of protonated nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) on the plasma cholesterol levels and development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apolipoprotein (ApoE) deficient mice fed a high cholesterol and high fat diet. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice were divided into the following treatment groups: protonated NSAS 1.4% (w/w), untreated control and 2% (w/w) stigmastanol mixed with high-cholesterol/high-fat diet. Animals were treated for 12 weeks, blood samples were withdrawn every 4 weeks for determination of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. At the end of the study the aortic roots were harvested for assessment of atherosclerotic lesions. NSAS at 1.4% (w/w) and stigmastanol at 2% (w/w) treatment groups showed significant decreases in plasma cholesterol concentrations at all time points relative to the control animals. The lesion sum area in 1.4% (w/w) NSAS and 2% (w/w) stigmastanol groups were significantly less from the control animals. In conclusion, in this study, the effectiveness of chronic administration of protonated NSAS material in the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels and decrease in development of atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated in Apo-E deficient mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Sivak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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