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Iyer J, Brunsteiner M, Modhave D, Paudel A. Role of Crystal Disorder and Mechanoactivation in Solid-State Stability of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1539-1565. [PMID: 36842482 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Common energy-intensive processes applied in oral solid dosage development, such as milling, sieving, blending, compaction, etc. generate particles with surface and bulk crystal disorder. An intriguing aspect of the generated crystal disorder is its evolution and repercussion on the physical- and chemical stabilities of drugs. In this review, we firstly examine the existing literature on crystal disorder and its implications on solid-state stability of pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we discuss the key aspects related to the generation and evolution of crystal disorder, dynamics of the disordered/amorphous phase, analytical techniques to measure/quantify them, and approaches to model the disordering propensity from first principles. The main objective of this compilation is to provide special impetus to predict or model the chemical degradation(s) resulting from processing-induced manifestation in bulk solid manufacturing. Finally, a generic workflow is proposed that can be useful to investigate the relevance of crystal disorder on the degradation of pharmaceuticals during stability studies. The present review will cater to the requirements for developing physically- and chemically stable drugs, thereby enabling early and rational decision-making during candidate screening and in assessing degradation risks associated with formulations and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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2
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Indomethacin: Effect of Diffusionless Crystal Growth on Thermal Stability during Long-Term Storage. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041568. [PMID: 36838556 PMCID: PMC9963031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization behavior of amorphous indomethacin powders (with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 1000 µm) and their dependence on long-term storage conditions, either 0-100 days stored freely at laboratory ambient temperatures and humidity or placed in a desiccator at 10 °C. Whereas the γ-form polymorph always dominated, the accelerated formation of the α-form was observed in situations of heightened mobility (higher temperature and heating rate), increased amounts of mechanically induced defects, and prolonged free-surface nucleation. A complex crystallization behavior with two separated crystal growth modes (originating from either the mechanical defects or the free surface) was identified both isothermally and nonisothermally. The diffusionless glass-crystal (GC) crystal growth was found to proceed during the long-term storage at 10 °C and zero humidity, at the rate of ~100 µm of the γ-form surface crystalline layer being formed in 100 days. Storage at the laboratory temperature (still below the glass transition temperature) and humidity led only to a negligible/nondetectable GC growth for the fine indomethacin powders (particle size below ~150 µm), indicating a marked suppression of GC growth by the high density of mechanical defects under these conditions. The freely stored bulk material with no mechanical damage and a smooth surface exhibited zero traces of GC growth (as confirmed by microscopy) after >150 days of storage. The accuracy of the kinetic predictions of the indomethacin crystallization behavior was rather poor due to the combined influences of the mechanical defects, competing nucleation, and crystal growth processes of the two polymorphic phases as well as the GC growth complex dependence on the storage conditions within the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. Performing paired isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic measurements is thus highly recommended in macroscopic crystallization studies of drugs with similarly complicated crystal growth behaviors.
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Svoboda R, Košťálová D, Krbal M, Komersová A. Indomethacin: The Interplay between Structural Relaxation, Viscous Flow and Crystal Growth. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175668. [PMID: 36080433 PMCID: PMC9458118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the influences of particle size (daver) and heating rate (q+) on the structural relaxation, crystal growth and decomposition kinetics of amorphous indomethacin. The structural relaxation and decomposition processes exhibited daver-independent kinetics, with the q+ dependences based on the apparent activation energies of 342 and 106 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The DSC-measured crystal growth kinetics played a dominant role in the nucleation throughout the total macroscopic amorphous-to-crystalline transformation: the change from the zero-order to the autocatalytic mechanism with increasing q+, the significant alteration of kinetics, with the storage below the glass transition temperature, and the accelerated crystallization due to mechanically induced defects. Whereas slow q+ led to the formation of the thermodynamically stable γ polymorph, fast q+ produced a significant amount of the metastable α polymorph. Mutual correlations between the macroscopic and microscopic crystal growth processes, and between the viscous flow and structural relaxation motions, were discussed based on the values of the corresponding activation energies. Notably, this approach helped us to distinguish between particular crystal growth modes in the case of the powdered indomethacin materials. Ediger's decoupling parameter was used to quantify the relationship between the viscosity and crystal growth. The link between the cooperativity of structural domains, parameters of the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan relaxation model and microscopic crystal growth was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-466-037-420
| | - Daniela Košťálová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Krbal
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies (CEMNAT), Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nam. Cs legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Komersová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Muljajew I, Chi M, Vollrath A, Weber C, Beringer-Siemers B, Stumpf S, Hoeppener S, Sierka M, Schubert US. A combined experimental and in silico approach to determine the compatibility of poly(ester amide)s and indomethacin in polymer nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Aleandri S, Schönenberger M, Niederquell A, Kuentz M. Temperature-Induced Surface Effects on Drug Nanosuspensions. Pharm Res 2018; 35:69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Influence of particle properties on powder bulk behaviour and processability. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:138-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Cares-Pacheco M, Calvet R, Vaca-Medina G, Rouilly A, Espitalier F. Inverse gas chromatography a tool to follow physicochemical modifications of pharmaceutical solids: Crystal habit and particles size surface effects. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:113-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Solubility of crystalline organic compounds in high and low molecular weight amorphous matrices above and below the glass transition by zero enthalpy extrapolation. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Decoupling the Contribution of Surface Energy and Surface Area on the Cohesion of Pharmaceutical Powders. Pharm Res 2014; 32:248-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaminska E, Adrjanowicz K, Zakowiecki D, Milanowski B, Tarnacka M, Hawelek L, Dulski M, Pilch J, Smolka W, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Kaminski K. Enhancement of the physical stability of amorphous indomethacin by mixing it with octaacetylmaltose. inter and intra molecular studies. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2887-903. [PMID: 24831310 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate a very effective and easy way of stabilization of amorphous indomethacin (IMC) by preparing binary mixtures with octaacetylmaltose (acMAL). In order to understand the origin of increased stability of amorphous system inter- and intramolecular interactions between IMC and acMAL were studied. METHODS The amorphous IMC, acMAL and binary mixtures (IMC-acMAL) with different weight ratios were analyzed by using Dielectric Spectroscopy (DS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR). RESULTS Our studies have revealed that indomethacin mixed with acetylated saccharide forms homogeneous mixture. Interestingly, even a small amount of modified maltose prevents from recrystallization of amorphous indomethacin. FTIR measurements and QSAR calculations have shown that octaacetylmaltose significantly affects the concentration of indomethacin dimers. Moreover, with increasing the amount of acMAL in the amorphous solid dispersion molecular interactions between matrix and API become more dominant than IMC-IMC ones. Structural investigations with the use of X-ray diffraction technique have demonstrated that binary mixture of indomethacin with acMAL does not recrystallize upon storage at room temperature for more than 1.5 year. Finally, it was shown that acMAL can be used to improve solubility of IMC. CONCLUSIONS Acetylated derivative of maltose might be very effective agent to improve physical stability of amorphous indomethacin as well as to enhance its solubility. Intermolecular interactions between modified carbohydrate and IMC are likely to be responsible for increased stability effect in the glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaminska
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland,
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Petzoldt C, Bley O, Byard SJ, Andert D, Baumgartner B, Nagel N, Tappertzhofen C, Feth MP. An example of how to handle amorphous fractions in API during early pharmaceutical development: SAR114137--a successful approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:337-50. [PMID: 24075979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The so-called pharmaceutical solid chain, which encompasses drug substance micronisation to the final tablet production, at pilot plant scale is presented as a case study for a novel, highly potent, pharmaceutical compound: SAR114137. Various solid-state analytical methods, such as solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Water Vapour Sorption Gravimetry (DWVSG), hot-stage Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) were applied and evaluated to characterise and quantify amorphous content during the course of the physical treatment of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). DSC was successfully used to monitor the changes in amorphous content during micronisation of the API, as well as during stability studies. (19)F solid-state NMR was found to be the method of choice for the detection and quantification of low levels of amorphous API, even in the final drug product (DP), since compaction during tablet manufacture was identified as a further source for the formation of amorphous API. The application of different jet milling techniques was a critical factor with respect to amorphous content formation. In the present case, the change from spiral jet milling to loop jet milling led to a decrease in amorphous API content from 20-30 w/w% to nearly 0 w/w% respectively. The use of loop jet milling also improved the processability of the API. Stability investigations on both the milled API and the DP showed a marked tendency for recrystallisation of the amorphous API content on exposure to elevated levels of relative humidity. No significant impact of amorphous API on either the chemical stability or the dissolution rate of the API in drug formulation was observed. Therefore, the presence of amorphous content in the oral formulation was of no consequence for the clinical trial phases I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Petzoldt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Oliver Bley
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Pharmaceutical Operations, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen J Byard
- Covance Laboratories, Alnwick, Northumberland, United Kingdom.
| | - Doris Andert
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bruno Baumgartner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Norbert Nagel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Analytical Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Tappertzhofen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Philipp Feth
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Chemical and Biotechnological Development (C&BD) Frankfurt Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Methods of amorphization and investigation of the amorphous state. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2013; 63:305-34. [PMID: 24152894 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2013-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The amorphous form of pharmaceutical materials represents the most energetic solid state of a material. It provides advantages in terms of dissolution rate and bioavailability. This review presents the methods of solid- -state amorphization described in literature (supercooling of liquids, milling, lyophilization, spray drying, dehydration of crystalline hydrates), with the emphasis on milling. Furthermore, we describe how amorphous state of pharmaceuticals differ depending on the method of preparation and how these differences can be screened by a variety of spectroscopic (X-ray powder diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic pairwise distribution, infrared spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy) and calorimetry methods.
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Ikeuchi-Takahashi Y, Sasatsu M, Onishi H. Evaluation of matrix type mucoadhesive tablets containing indomethacin for buccal application. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lim RTY, Ng WK, Widjaja E, Tan RB. Comparison of the physical stability and physicochemical properties of amorphous indomethacin prepared by co-milling and supercritical anti-solvent co-precipitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Burnett DJ, Khoo J, Naderi M, Heng JYY, Wang GD, Thielmann F. Effect of processing route on the surface properties of amorphous indomethacin measured by inverse gas chromatography. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1511-7. [PMID: 23135965 PMCID: PMC3513430 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of processing route (i.e., quench cooling and ball milling) on the surface energy heterogeneity and surface chemistry of indomethacin (IMC). Recently developed inverse gas chromatography (IGC) methodology at finite concentrations was employed to determine the surface energy distributions of crystalline, quench cooled and milled IMC samples. Surface properties of crystalline and processed IMC were measurably different as determined by the IGC and other conventional characterization techniques: differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. Quench cooled IMC was in fully amorphous form. Milled IMC showed no amorphous character by calorimetric or X-ray diffraction studies. It was demonstrated that both processed IMC samples were energetically more active than the crystalline IMC. In particular, milled IMC exhibited a relatively higher dispersive surface energy and higher surface basicity (electron donor capability). This may be attributed to the creation of surface defect sites or exposure of higher energy crystal facets during the milling process. This study confirms that processing route has notable influence on the surface energy distribution and surface acid-base character. IGC was demonstrated as a powerful technique for investigating surface properties of real-world, heterogeneous pharmaceutical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burnett
- Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd, 2125 28th Street SW, Suite 1, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18103, USA.
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El-Gendy N, Selvam P, Soni P, Berkland C. Development of Budesonide Nanocluster Dry Powder Aerosols: Processing. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3425-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bøtker JP, Karmwar P, Strachan CJ, Cornett C, Tian F, Zujovic Z, Rantanen J, Rades T. Assessment of crystalline disorder in cryo-milled samples of indomethacin using atomic pair-wise distribution functions. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kogermann K, Veski P, Rantanen J, Naelapää K. X-ray powder diffractometry in combination with principal component analysis – A tool for monitoring solid state changes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:278-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Otte A, Carvajal MT. Assessment of Milling-Induced Disorder of Two Pharmaceutical Compounds. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1793-804. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Hellrup J, Mahlin D. Pharmaceutical micro-particles give amorphous sucrose higher physical stability. Int J Pharm 2011; 409:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Furuyama N, Hasegawa S, Yada S, Hamaura T, Wakiyama N, Yonemochi E, Terada K, Buckton G. Do Amorphous Troglitazones Prepared from Two Diastereomer-Pairs Have the Same Molecular Mobility and Crystallization Rate at the Surface? Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1452-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naho Furuyama
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Susumu Hasegawa
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Shuichi Yada
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takeshi Hamaura
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Naoki Wakiyama
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Graham Buckton
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of London
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