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Bertoni S, Hasa D, Albertini B, Perissutti B, Grassi M, Voinovich D, Passerini N. Better and greener: sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing technologies for highly bioavailable solid dosage forms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:1843-1858. [PMID: 34988827 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, Green Chemistry has been gaining widespread attention within the pharmaceutical field. It is thus very important to bring more sustainable approaches into the design and manufacture of effective oral drug delivery systems. This review focuses on spray congealing and mechanochemical activation, two technologies endorsing different principles of green chemistry, and at the same time, addressing some of the challenges related to the transformation of poorly water-soluble drugs in highly bioavailable solid dosage forms. We therefore present an overview of the basic principles, equipment, and application of these particle-engineering technologies, with specific attention to case studies carried out by the groups working in Italian Universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
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Statistical optimization of nanostructured gels for enhancement of vinpocetine transnasal and transdermal permeation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bakr MM, Shukr MH, ElMeshad AN. In Situ Hexosomal Gel as a Promising Tool to Ameliorate the Transnasal Brain Delivery of Vinpocetine: Central Composite Optimization and In Vivo Biodistribution. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2213-2223. [PMID: 32259532 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia is a condition characterized by a wretched cerebral circulation which can lead to memory loss. Vinpocetine showed ability to promote the cerebral circulation and depict neuroprotective impacts. However, it suffers from poor bioavailability and requires frequent daily dosing which is not suitable for dementia patients. In our study, these limitations were overcome by the prolonged direct delivery of vinpocetine to the brain utilizing an intranasal in situ hexosomal gel. A central composite design was utilized and the optimum dispersion (consisting of 15% w/w of oleic acid and 5% w/w of pluronic F127) was loaded in an in situ gel system using gellan gum with 1% w/v. The optimized Formulae achieved a controlled drug release over 24 h and the pharmacokinetic data revealed that the Cmax and AUC0-24 in the rats' brain after the intranasal application of the dispersion and in situ gel were significantly higher relative to the vinpocetine solution applied intravenously at the same dose. The potential of both formulae to deliver vinpocetine to the brain directly through the intranasal route was confirmed by the high BTE% of 370.97% and 480.70% and the high DTP% of 73.04% and 79.19% for the dispersion and in situ gel, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mofreh Bakr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, 12654, Egypt
| | - Marwa Hassan Shukr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, 12654, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Nabil ElMeshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Hasa D, Jones W. Screening for new pharmaceutical solid forms using mechanochemistry: A practical guide. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:147-161. [PMID: 28478084 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within the pharmaceutical industry, and elsewhere, the screening for new solid forms is a mandatory exercise for both existing and new chemical entities. This contribution focuses on mechanochemistry as a versatile approach for discovering new and alternative solid forms. Whilst a series of recently published extensive reviews exist which focus on mechanistic aspects and potential areas of development, in this review we focus on particular practical aspects of mechanochemistry in order to allow full optimisation of the approach in searches for new solid forms including polymorphs, salts and cocrystals as well as their solvated/hydrated analogues. As a consequence of the apparent experimental simplicity of the method (compared to more traditional protocols e.g. solvent-based methods), the high efficiency and range of conditions available in a mechanochemical screen, mechanochemistry should not be considered simply as an alternative method when other screening methods are not successful, but rather as a key strategy in any fully effective solid form screen providing reduced effort and time as well as the potential of requiring reduced amounts of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - William Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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An explorative analysis of process and formulation variables affecting comilling in a vibrational mill: The case of praziquantel. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:402-412. [PMID: 28552799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel, a BCS II class anthelmintic drug used for the treatment of schistosome infections, was coground in a vibrational mill with different polymers (linear and crosslinked povidone, copovidone and sodium starch glycolate). An explorative analysis of formulation variables (drug-polymer wt ratio and polymer type) and process parameters (type of grinding media, grinding time and frequency) was carried out with the help of an experimental screening design. The influence of the above mentioned factors on three PZQ characteristics (residual crystallinity, water solubility enhancement and drug recovery) was studied. The variation of carrier amount proved to be by far the most important variable affecting all the experimental responses. A lower impact and, in some cases, rather null effect, had the variation of the process variables. All coground systems were characterized by a high amorphous degree and a solubility significantly higher than the API. A very promising product was obtained by processing at 20Hz for 4h, using 3 spheres of 15mm as grinding media, i.e. a coground having a 50% API content, showing a 4.6-fold greater solubility at 20°C than pure praziquantel. This product maintained the same antischistosomal activity of pure API and was both physically and chemically stable for at least 6 months.
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Golob S, Perry M, Lusi M, Chierotti MR, Grabnar I, Lassiani L, Voinovich D, Zaworotko MJ. Improving Biopharmaceutical Properties of Vinpocetine Through Cocrystallization. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3626-3633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hasa D, Giacobbe C, Perissutti B, Voinovich D, Grassi M, Cervellino A, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A. Nanostructured Drugs Embedded into a Polymeric Matrix: Vinpocetine/PVP Hybrids Investigated by Debye Function Analysis. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3034-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giacobbe
- Department
of Sciences and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department
of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Cervellino
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Department
of Sciences and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Istituto
di Cristallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 22100 Como, Italy
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El-Dahmy RM, Elsayed I, Elshafeey AH, Gawad NAAE, El-Gazayerly ON. Optimization of long circulating mixed polymeric micelles containing vinpocetine using simple lattice mixture design, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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ElKasabgy NA, Elsayed I, Elshafeey AH. Design of lipotomes as a novel dual functioning nanocarrier for bioavailability enhancement of lacidipine: in-vitro and in-vivo characterization. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:369-79. [PMID: 24979531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipotomes were designed to enhance lacidipine's oral bioavailability by improving its solubility and enhancing the oral lymphatic uptake. Lipotomes were prepared using cetyl alcohol and Tween(®) 80 using a thin film hydration technique. Cetyl alcohol was chosen for imparting a lipophilic environment that would enforce the lymphatic uptake while Tween(®) 80 would improve drug solubility within the lipotomes. Lipotomes were characterized by analyzing their particle size, solubilization efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Central composite design was applied to statistically optimize the formulations using Design-Expert(®) software. The optimum formula (OLT) was made up of excipients:drug ratio of 36.59:1 w/w and Tween(®) 80:cetyl alcohol ratio of 4:1 w/w. OLT was lyophilized and filled into Eudragit(®) L100 enteric coated capsules. Mannitol (10% w/v) was the ideal cryoprotectant to retain the physicochemical characteristics of the OLT formulation after lyophilization. In conclusion, the selected lyophilized formula (L3) succeeded in enhancing drug's oral bioavailability in human volunteers compared to the commercial product confirming the success of lipotomes as a novel oral nanocarrier for insoluble drugs having extensive first pass metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Adel ElKasabgy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Grassi M, Grassi G. Application of mathematical modeling in sustained release delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1299-321. [PMID: 24938598 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.924497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review, presenting as starting point the concept of the mathematical modeling, is aimed at the physical and mathematical description of the most important mechanisms regulating drug delivery from matrix systems. The precise knowledge of the delivery mechanisms allows us to set up powerful mathematical models which, in turn, are essential for the design and optimization of appropriate drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED The fundamental mechanisms for drug delivery from matrices are represented by drug diffusion, matrix swelling, matrix erosion, drug dissolution with possible recrystallization (e.g., as in the case of amorphous and nanocrystalline drugs), initial drug distribution inside the matrix, matrix geometry, matrix size distribution (in the case of spherical matrices of different diameter) and osmotic pressure. Depending on matrix characteristics, the above-reported variables may play a different role in drug delivery; thus the mathematical model needs to be built solely on the most relevant mechanisms of the particular matrix considered. EXPERT OPINION Despite the somewhat diffident behavior of the industrial world, in the light of the most recent findings, we believe that mathematical modeling may have a tremendous potential impact in the pharmaceutical field. We do believe that mathematical modeling will be more and more important in the future especially in the light of the rapid advent of personalized medicine, a novel therapeutic approach intended to treat each single patient instead of the 'average' patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grassi
- University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture , Via Valerio 6/A, I - 34127, Trieste , Italy +39 040 558 3435 ; +39 040 569823 ;
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Solid-state NMR in the analysis of drugs and naturally occurring materials. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 93:27-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gaglioti K, Chierotti MR, Grifasi F, Gobetto R, Griesser UJ, Hasa D, Voinovich D. Improvement of the water solubility of tolfenamic acid by new multiple-component crystals produced by mechanochemical methods. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (HTA) is a drug characterized by very poor solubility in water. By mechanochemical methods, new solid-state forms of HTA were obtained, showing better thermal stability than pure HTA and an improved dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gaglioti
- Dip. di chimica
- Fisica d dei materiali
- Via P. Giuria
- Torino
- Italy
| | - M. R. Chierotti
- Dip. di chimica
- Fisica d dei materiali
- Via P. Giuria
- Torino
- Italy
| | - F. Grifasi
- Dip. di chimica
- Fisica d dei materiali
- Via P. Giuria
- Torino
- Italy
| | - R. Gobetto
- Dip. di chimica
- Fisica d dei materiali
- Via P. Giuria
- Torino
- Italy
| | - U. J. Griesser
- Institute of Pharmacy
- Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Innsbruck
- Josef-Moeller-Haus Innrain 52c
- Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D. Hasa
- Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Voinovich
- Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- Trieste, Italy
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Mechanochemical activation of vincamine mediated by linear polymers: Assessment of some “critical” steps. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hasa D, Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Grassi G, Fiorentino S, Farra R, Abrami M, Colombo I, Grassi M. Reduction of melting temperature and enthalpy of drug crystals: Theoretical aspects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hasa D, Perissutti B, Dall'Acqua S, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R, Grabnar I, Cepek C, Voinovich D. Rationale of using Vinca minor Linne dry extract phytocomplex as a vincamine's oral bioavailability enhancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 84:138-44. [PMID: 23238273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vincamine is a poorly soluble potent neuroprotector and cerebral vasodilator, used for the treatment for CNS disorders. In some cases, the bioavailability of pure compounds is strongly influenced by the co-administration of other constituents, and in some cases, the so called 'phytocomplex' may act as enhancer of absorption of selected phytochemicals. In this paper, the oral bioavailability of vincamine when administered as a standardised Vinca minor L. leaf dry extract rather than pure indole alkaloid is demonstrated to be higher. The chosen alkaloid-enriched and standardised dry extract was widely characterised by means of HPLC-MS, PXRD, DSC, XPS, (13)C and (15)N solid-state NMR (SSNMR) using pure vincamine as a matter of comparison. Then, the in vitro dissolution performances of the two products and their in vivo bioavailability in rats were evaluated. The sevenfold improvement in oral bioavailability of the dry extract with respect to the pure vincamine was ascribed to interactions between the indole alkaloid and the corollary of ingredients of the dry extract, giving rise to the protonation of the alkaloid vincamine, thus enhancing its dissolution in physiological fluids. Present data demonstrate that alkaloid vincamine administered as a whole plant extract has a higher bioavailability compared to the pure chemical compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Mechanochemically induced disordered structures of vincamine: The different mediation of two cross-linked polymers. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:41-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Passerini N, Perissutti B, Albertini B, Franceschinis E, Lenaz D, Hasa D, Locatelli I, Voinovich D. A new approach to enhance oral bioavailability of Silybum Marianum dry extract: association of mechanochemical activation and spray congealing. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:160-8. [PMID: 21802925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to produce a delivery system for Silybum Marianum dry extract with enhanced oral bioavailability by combining two technologies (mechanochemical activation and spray congealing). Initially, the active was coground with sodium croscarmellose in a planetary mill in order to reach an activated state more prone to dissolution. DSC, XRD, FT-IR and LD analyses showed the formation of nanosized particles of dry extract, with reduced degree of crystallinity of the main crystalline flavolignans (silybine A and B). Then, microparticles containing the activated coground and, as comparison, the corresponding physical mixture of extract and polymer and the dry extract alone were produced by spray congealing technology using Gelucire(®) 50/13 as a hydrophilic low m.p. carrier. Microparticles containing the activated coground were produced spherical in shape, achieved satisfactory yield and high encapsulation efficiency. These microparticles, in addition to a favourable in vitro solubilisation kinetic, in a preliminary in vivo study in five rats demonstrated their ability to improve very significantly the oral bioavailability of the main flavolignans of Silybum Marianum dry extract (silybin A and B). These results suggested that the association of mechanochemical activation and spray congealing could be considered an innovative and very useful approach to the oral delivery of Silybum Marianum. Furthermore, for the first time the possibility of successfully applying the spray congealing technology for the preparation of a herbal drug delivery system was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Passerini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hasa D, Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Grassi M, Bonifacio A, Sergo V, Cepek C, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R, Dall'Acqua S, Invernizzi S. Enhanced oral bioavailability of vinpocetine through mechanochemical salt formation: physico-chemical characterization and in vivo studies. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1870-83. [PMID: 21424156 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhancing oral bioavailability of vinpocetine by forming its amorphous citrate salt through a solvent-free mechanochemical process, in presence of micronised crospovidone and citric acid. METHODS The impact of formulation and process variables (amount of polymer and citric acid, and milling time) on vinpocetine solubilization kinetics from the coground was studied through an experimental design. The best performing samples were characterized by employing a multidisciplinary approach, involving Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Raman imaging/spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, porosimetry and in vivo studies on rats to ascertain the salt formation, their solid-state characteristics and oral bioavailability in comparison to vinpocetine citrate salt (Oxopocetine(®)). RESULTS The analyses attested that the mechanochemical process is a viable way to produce in absence of solvents vinpocetine citrate salt in an amorphous state. CONCLUSION From the in vivo studies on rats the obtained salt was four times more bioavailable than its physical mixture and bioequivalent to the commercial salt produced by conventional synthetic process implying the use of solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P. le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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