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Noh K, Chow ECY, Quach HP, Groothuis GMM, Tirona RG, Pang KS. Significance of the Vitamin D Receptor on Crosstalk with Nuclear Receptors and Regulation of Enzymes and Transporters. AAPS J 2022; 24:71. [PMID: 35650371 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), in addition to other nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is involved in the regulation of enzymes, transporters and receptors, and therefore intimately affects drug disposition, tissue health, and the handling of endogenous and exogenous compounds. This review examines the role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol, the natural VDR ligand, on activation of the VDR and its crosstalk with other nuclear receptors towards the regulation of enzymes and transporters, notably many of the cytochrome P450s including CYP3A4 and sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) as well as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Moreover, the VDR upregulates the intestinal channel, TRPV6, for calcium absorption, LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in brain for β-amyloid peptide efflux and influx, the sodium phosphate transporters (NaPi), the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and organic solute transporters (OSTα-OSTβ) for bile acid absorption and efflux, respectively, the renal organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) and several of the ATP-binding cassette protein transporters-the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). Hence, the role of the VDR is increasingly being recognized for its therapeutic potential and pharmacologic activity, giving rise to drug-drug interactions (DDI). Therapeutically, ligand-activated VDR shows anti-inflammatory effects towards the suppression of inflammatory mediators, improves cognition by upregulating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide clearance in brain, and maintains phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) balance and kidney function and bone health, demonstrating the crucial roles of the VDR in disease progression and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Durna Corum D, Uney K. Gender Differences in the Effect of Calcitriol on the Body Disposition and Excretion of Doxorubicin in Mice. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 45:653-664. [PMID: 32613470 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The antitumor activity and toxicity of doxorubicin are potentiated and attenuated by calcitriol, respectively. Potentially, calcitriol can be combined with doxorubicin for clinical benefit in chemotherapy. To gain insight into the interaction between doxorubicin and calcitriol, proposed for combined use in cancer treatment, we studied calcitriol's effect on the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of doxorubicin in female and male mice. METHODS The control and calcitriol-treated groups, including an equal number of both sexes, received corn oil and calcitriol (2.5 μg/kg), respectively, intraperitoneally every other day for 8 days. At day 9, doxorubicin was administered intraperitoneally at a 6 mg/kg dose to each group. Doxorubicin concentrations in biologic specimens were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic-ultraviolet detector and analyzed using a non-compartmental model. RESULTS The plasma pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin were similar in the control and calcitriol-treated groups. While calcitriol did not alter the area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) and peak concentrations (Cmax) of doxorubicin in the small intestine and testis, it significantly reduced the AUCs and Cmax of doxorubicin in the lung, kidney, spleen, liver, stomach and ovaries. However, calcitriol increased the AUCs and Cmax of doxorubicin in the heart of females, brain of males and duodenum content and vitreous humor of female and male mice. The percent cumulative urine and fecal amounts of doxorubicin in calcitriol-treated mice were higher at 89.23% and 29.37% for female mice and 118.57% and 41.65% for male mice than those in the control mice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The tissue concentrations and excretion of doxorubicin in both female and male mice are influenced by calcitriol without changes in the plasma pharmacokinetics. The results from this study can provide insights to help obtain the optimal drug combination effects of doxorubicin with calcitriol in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
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3
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Tuey SM, Atilano-Roque A, Charkoftaki G, Thurman JM, Nolin TD, Joy MS. Influence of vitamin D treatment on functional expression of drug disposition pathways in human kidney proximal tubule cells during simulated uremia. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:657-667. [PMID: 33870862 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1909783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of cholecalciferol (VitD3) and calcitriol (1,25-VitD3), on the expression and function of major vitamin D metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 [CYP]2R1, CYP24A1) and select drug transport pathways (ABCB1/P-gp, SLCO4C1/OATP4C1) were evaluated in human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (hPTECs) under normal and uraemic serum conditions.hPTECs were incubated with 10% normal or uraemic serum for 24 h followed by treatment with 2% ethanol vehicle, or 100 and 240 nM doses of VitD3, or 1,25-VitD3 for 6 days. The effects of treatment on mRNA and protein expression and functional activity of select CYP enzymes and transporters were assessedUnder uraemic serum, treatment with 1,25-VitD3 resulted in increased mRNA but decreased protein expression of CYP2R1. Activity of CYP2R1 was not influenced by serum or VitD analogues. CYP24A1 expression was increased with 1,25-VitD3 under normal as well as uraemic serum, although to a lesser extent. ABCB1/P-gp mRNA expression increased under normal and uraemic serum, with exposure to 1,25-VitD3. SLCO4C1/OATP4C1 exhibited increased mRNA but decreased protein expression, under uraemic serum + 1,25-VitD3. Functional assessments of transport showed no changes regardless of exposure to serum or 1,25-VitD3.Key findings indicate that uraemic serum and VitD treatment led to differential effects on the functional expression of CYPs and transporters in hPTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Tuey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amandla Atilano-Roque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie S Joy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Lee PC, Hsieh YC, Huo TI, Yang UC, Lin CH, Li CP, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee KC. Active Vitamin D 3 Treatment Attenuated Bacterial Translocation via Improving Intestinal Barriers in Cirrhotic Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000937. [PMID: 33258263 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Pathological bacterial translocation from the disrupted intestinal barrier leads to substantial complications and mortality in liver cirrhosis. Vitamin D is reported as beneficial to gut barriers in some animal models. However, its effect on cirrhotic bacterial translocation is unknown. The authors aim to investigate the effects of calcitriol on bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Cirrhotic rats are administrated with a 2-week course of active vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 0.1 μg kg-1 per day) or vehicle by oral gavage after thioacetamide (TAA) injection for 16 weeks. Bacterial translocation, gut permeability, gut microbiota, and associated mechanisms are investigated. Calcitriol treatment significantly attenuates bacterial translocation and reduces intestinal permeability in TAA-induced cirrhotic rats. It upregulates the expressions of occludin in the small intestine and claudin-1 in the colon of cirrhotic rats directly independent of intrahepatic status. Even when a short period of calcitriol treatment do not reduce intestinal bacterial overgrowth, it induces a remarkable change of bacterial diversities and enrichment of Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidales, Allobaculum, Anaerovorax, and Ruminococcaceae. CONCLUSION Calcitriol treatment attenuates intestinal permeability, reduces bacterial translocation, and enriches potentially beneficial gut microbiota in cirrhotic rats that may enable it as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cirrhotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ueng-Cheng Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
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Effects of vitamin D on drugs: Response and disposal. Nutrition 2020; 74:110734. [PMID: 32179384 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D deficiency are common in clinical experience and in daily life. Vitamin D not only promotes calcium absorption and immune regulation, but also changes drug effects (pharmacodynamics and adverse reactions) and drug disposal in vivo when combined with various commonly used clinical drugs. The extensive physiological effects of vitamin D may cause synergism effects or alleviation of adverse reactions, and vitamin D's affect on drugs in vivo disposal through drug transporters or metabolic enzymes may also lead to changes in drug effects. Herein, the effects of vitamin D combined with commonly used drugs were reviewed from the perspective of drug efficacy and adverse reactions. The effects of vitamin D on drug transport and metabolism were summarized and analyzed. Hopefully, more attention will be paid to vitamin D supplementation and deficiency in clinical treatment and drug research and development.
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:21-56. [PMID: 31853951 PMCID: PMC7171925 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal reclamation of bile acids is crucial for the maintenance of their enterohepatic circulation. The majority of bile acids are actively absorbed via specific transport proteins that are highly expressed in the distal ileum. The uptake of bile acids by intestinal epithelial cells modulates the activation of cytosolic and membrane receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), which has a profound effect on hepatic synthesis of bile acids as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Extensive research has focused on delineating the processes of bile acid absorption and determining the contribution of dysregulated ileal signaling in the development of intestinal and hepatic disorders. For example, a decrease in the levels of the bile acid-induced ileal hormone FGF15/19 is implicated in bile acid-induced diarrhea (BAD). Conversely, the increase in bile acid absorption with subsequent overload of bile acids could be involved in the pathophysiology of liver and metabolic disorders such as fatty liver diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review article will attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal handling of bile acids, the pathological implications of disrupted intestinal bile acid homeostasis, and the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bile acid-related disorders. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:21-56, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Role of vitamin D receptor in the regulation of CYP3A gene expression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1087-1098. [PMID: 31867158 PMCID: PMC6900549 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a multifunctional nutrient which can be either synthesized or absorbed from the diet. It plays a pivotal role in systemic calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as in various physiological and pathological processes. VD3 is converted to the active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), by cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1)/CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 sequentially, and deactivated by multiple enzymes including CYP3A4. On the other hand, 1,25-D3 is capable of activating the transcription of CYP3A genes in humans, mice and rats. The vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transactivation of human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 resembles that known for pregnane X receptor (PXR). Activated VDR forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), recruits co-activators, translocates to the cell nucleus, binds to the specific vitamin D responsive elements (VDRE), and activates the gene transcription. In mice, intestinal Cyp3a11 mRNA levels, but not those of hepatic CYP3As, were induced by in vivo administration of VDR and PXR agonists. In rats, intestinal Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a2 mRNAs were induced by 1,25-D3 or lithocholic acid (LCA), whereas hepatic Cyp3a2, but not Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a9, was modulated to 1,25-D3 treatment. In general, the VDR-mediated regulation of CYP3A presents species and organ specificity.
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8
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Upregulation of reduced folate carrier by vitamin D enhances brain folate uptake in mice lacking folate receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17531-17540. [PMID: 31405972 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907077116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are critical for central nervous system function. Folate transport is mediated by 3 major pathways, reduced folate carrier (RFC), proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), and folate receptor alpha (FRα/Folr1), known to be regulated by ligand-activated nuclear receptors. Cerebral folate delivery primarily occurs at the choroid plexus through FRα and PCFT; inactivation of these transport systems can result in very low folate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid causing childhood neurodegenerative disorders. These disorders have devastating effects in young children, and current therapeutic approaches are not sufficiently effective. Our group has previously reported in vitro that functional expression of RFC at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its upregulation by the vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) could provide an alternative route for brain folate uptake. In this study, we further demonstrated in vivo, using Folr1 knockout (KO) mice, that loss of FRα led to a substantial decrease of folate delivery to the brain and that pretreatment of Folr1 KO mice with the VDR activating ligand, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), resulted in over a 6-fold increase in [13C5]-5-formyltetrahydrofolate ([13C5]-5-formylTHF) concentration in brain tissues, with levels comparable to wild-type animals. Brain-to-plasma concentration ratio of [13C5]-5-formylTHF was also significantly higher in calcitriol-treated Folr1 KO mice (15-fold), indicating a remarkable enhancement in brain folate delivery. These findings demonstrate that augmenting RFC functional expression at the BBB could effectively compensate for the loss of Folr1-mediated folate uptake at the choroid plexus, providing a therapeutic approach for neurometabolic disorders caused by defective brain folate transport.
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9
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Therapeutic targets of vitamin D receptor ligands and their pharmacokinetic effects by modulation of transporters and metabolic enzymes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Bukuroshi P, Saitoh H, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, Chow EC, Li AP, Pang KS. Strategies and limitations associated with in vitro characterization of vitamin D receptor activators. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:547-561. [PMID: 30028992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based assays are common screening tools used for the identification of new VDR ligands. For 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1α(OH)D3], protein expressions of CYP2R1 and CYP27B1, respectively, that form the active 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] ligand were detected in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells expressing the GAL4-hVDR, the human brain microvessel endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and adenocarcinoma colonic (Caco-2) cells. The impact of bioactivation enzymes was shown upon the addition of ketoconazole (10 μM KTZ), a pan-CYP inhibitor, which reduced the apparent potency of 25(OH)D3 and increased the EC50 from 272 to 608 nM in HEK293 cells. EIA assays verified that 1,25(OH)2D3 was formed and contributed to VDR activity independently of its precursors. In hCMEC/D3 cells where enzyme protein levels were lowest, changes in MDR1/P-gp expression with KTZ were minimal. In Caco-2 cells, the induction of TRPV6 (calcium channel), CYP24A1, CYP3A4, OATP1A2 and MDR1 mRNA expression was 1,25(OH)2D3 > 1α(OH)D3 > 25(OH)D3, with the magnitude of change being blunted by KTZ. Upon inclusion of KTZ in the cell-based assays, high transcriptional activities were observed for synthetic VDR activators from Teijin Pharma. Cyclopentanone derivatives: TPD-003, TPD-005, TPD-006, TPD-008 and TPD-009 (EC50s 0.06 to 67 nM, unchanged with KTZ) were found more potent over straight chain and lactone derivatives (antagonists). Most TPD compounds activated OATP1A2, CYP24A1, CYP3A4, and MDR1 (28-67%) and TRPV6 transcriptionally in Caco-2 cells. The results identified that cell-based assays with added KTZ could accurately identify new VDR activators, although these may be hypercalcemic with strong TRPV6 inducing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bukuroshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Teijin Pharma Inc., 3-2, Asahigaoka 4-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin C Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Quach HP, Dzekic T, Bukuroshi P, Pang KS. Potencies of vitamin D analogs, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3
, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D2
and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
, in lowering cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic mice in vivo. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:196-204. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly P. Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tamara Dzekic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Paola Bukuroshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - K. Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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12
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Quach HP, Noh K, Hoi SY, Bruinsma A, Groothuis GMM, Li AP, Chow ECY, Pang KS. Alterations in gene expression in vitamin D-deficiency: Down-regulation of liver Cyp7a1 and renal Oat3 in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:99-115. [PMID: 29243851 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D-deficient model, established in the C57BL/6 mouse after 8 weeks of feeding vitamin D-deficient diets in the absence or presence of added calcium, was found associated with elevated levels of plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and plasma and liver cholesterol, and a reduction in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1, rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol metabolism) and renal Oat3 mRNA/protein expression levels. However, there was no change in plasma calcium and phosphate levels. Appraisal of the liver revealed an up-regulation of mRNA expressions of the small heterodimer partner (Shp) and attenuation of Cyp7a1, which contributed to hypercholesterolemia in vitamin D-deficiency. When vitamin D-sufficient or D-deficient mice were further rendered hypercholesterolemic with 3 weeks of feeding the respective, high fat/high cholesterol (HF/HC) diets, treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3 ], active vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligand, or vitamin D (cholecalciferol) to HF/HC vitamin D-deficient mice lowered the cholesterol back to baseline levels. Cholecalciferol treatment partially restored renal Oat3 mRNA/protein expression back to that of vitamin D-sufficient mice. When the protein expression of protein kinase C (PKC), a known, negative regulator of Oat3, was examined in murine kidney, no difference in PKC expression was observed for any of the diets with/without 1,25(OH)2 D3 /cholecalciferol treatment, inferring that VDR regulation of renal Oat3 did not involve PKC in mice. As expected, plasma calcium levels were not elevated by cholecalciferol treatment of vitamin D-deficient mice, while 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment led to hypercalcemia. In conclusion, vitamin D-deficiency resulted in down-regulation of liver Cyp7a1 and renal Oat3, conditions that are alleviated upon replenishment of cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3M2
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3M2
| | - Stacie Y Hoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3M2
| | - Adrie Bruinsma
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 9713, AV
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 9713, AV
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, Maryland, USA, 21045
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3M2
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3M2
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13
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Kim YC, Kim IB, Noh CK, Quach HP, Yoon IS, Chow ECY, Kim M, Jin HE, Cho KH, Chung SJ, Pang KS, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 , the natural vitamin D receptor ligand, on the pharmacokinetics of cefdinir and cefadroxil, organic anion transporter substrates, in rat. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3793-3805. [PMID: 25266751 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evidence in the literature suggests that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3 ], the vitamin D receptor ligand, down-regulated the expression of the rat renal organic anion (renal organic anion transporter, rOAT) and oligopeptide (rPEPT) transporters, but increased intestinal rPEPT1 expression. We investigated, in rats, the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of 2 mg/kg cefdinir and cefadroxil, two cephalosporins that are eliminated via renal OAT1/OAT3 and are substrates of PEPT1/PEPT2, with and without 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of cefdinir or cefadroxil after 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment was increased significantly because of decreased clearance (CL). Both kidney uptake and cumulative urinary recovery were significantly decreased, whereas liver uptake and fecal recovery remained unchanged in 1,25(OH)2 D3 -treated rats. Similar changes in AUC and CL were observed for both drugs upon coadministration of probenecid, the OAT inhibitor. Oral availability of cefdinir and cefadroxil remained unchanged with 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment, suggesting lack of a role for intestinal rPEPT1. Rather, reduction of rOAT1/rOAT3 mRNA expression in kidney with 1,25(OH)2 D3 -treatment was observed, confirmed by decreased function in MDCKII cells overexpressing human OAT1 and OAT3. These composite results suggest that 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment reduces cefdinir and cefadroxil clearances by diminution of renal OAT1/OAT3 expression, implicating a role for 1,25(OH)2 D3 in eliciting transporter-based drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chul Kim
- C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Kyoung Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myungsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea.
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14
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The solute carrier family 10 (SLC10): beyond bile acid transport. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:252-69. [PMID: 23506869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family 10 (SLC10) comprises influx transporters of bile acids, steroidal hormones, various drugs, and several other substrates. Because the seminal transporters of this family, namely, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP; SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2), were primarily bile acid transporters, the term "sodium bile salt cotransporting family" was used for the SLC10 family. However, this notion became obsolete with the finding of other SLC10 members that do not transport bile acids. For example, the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6) transports primarily sulfated steroids. Moreover, NTCP was shown to also transport steroids and xenobiotics, including HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins). The SLC10 family contains four additional members, namely, P3 (SLC10A3; SLC10A3), P4 (SLC10A4; SLC10A4), P5 (SLC10A5; SLC10A5) and SLC10A7 (SLC10A7), several of which were unknown or considered hypothetical until approximately a decade ago. While their substrate specificity remains undetermined, great progress has been made towards their characterization in recent years. Explicitly, SLC10A4 may participate in vesicular storage or exocytosis of neurotransmitters or mastocyte mediators, whereas SLC10A5 and SLC10A7 may be involved in solute transport and SLC10A3 may have a role as a housekeeping protein. Finally, the newly found role of bile acids in glucose and energy homeostasis, via the TGR5 receptor, sheds new light on the clinical relevance of ASBT and NTCP. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress on members of the SLC10 family.
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Chow ECY, Quach HP, Vieth R, Pang KS. Temporal changes in tissue 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, vitamin D receptor target genes, and calcium and PTH levels after 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E977-89. [PMID: 23482451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) maintains a balance of plasma calcium and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], its natural active ligand, by directly regulating the calcium ion channel (TRPV6) and degradation enzyme (CYP24A1), and indirectly regulating the parathyroid hormone (PTH) for feedback regulation of the synthetic enzyme CYP27B1. Studies that examined the intricate relationships between plasma and tissue 1,25(OH)2D3 levels and changes in VDR target genes and plasma calcium and PTH are virtually nonexistent. In this study, we investigated temporal correlations between tissue 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations and VDR target genes in ileum and kidney and plasma calcium and PTH concentrations in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in mice (2.5 μg/kg ip, singly or q2d × 4). After a single ip dose, plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 peaked at ∼0.5 h and then decayed biexponentially, falling below basal levels after 24 h and then returning to baseline after 8 days. Upon repetitive ip dosing, plasma, ileal, renal, and bone 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations rose and decayed in unison. Temporal profiles showed increased expressions of ileal Cyp24a1 and renal Cyp24a1, Mdr1/P-gp, and VDR but decreased renal Cyp27b1 mRNA after a time delay in VDR activation. Increased plasma calcium and attenuated PTH levels and increased ileal and renal Trpv6 expression paralleled the changes in tissue 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations. Gene changes in the kidney were more sustained than those in intestine, but the magnitudes of change for Cyp24a1 and Trpv6 were lower than those in intestine. The data revealed that 1,25(OH)2D3 equilibrates with tissues rapidly, and VDR target genes respond quickly to exogenously administered 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chow ECY, Durk MR, Cummins CL, Pang KS. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Up-Regulates P-Glycoprotein via the Vitamin D Receptor and Not Farnesoid X Receptor in Both fxr(−/−) and fxr(+/+) Mice and Increased Renal and Brain Efflux of Digoxin in Mice In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:846-59. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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