Food-Derived Peptides: Beneficial CNS Effects and Cross-BBB Transmission Strategies

Food-derived peptides, as dietary supplements, have significant effects on promoting brain health and relieving central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits their in-brain bioavailability. Thus, overcoming the BBB to target the CNS is a major challenge for bioactive peptides in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases. This review discusses improvement in the neuroprotective function of food-derived active peptides in CNS diseases, as well as the source of BBB penetrating peptides (BBB-shuttles) and the mechanism of transmembrane transport. Notably, this review also discusses various peptide modification methods to overcome the low permeability and stability of the BBB. Lipification, glycosylation, introduction of disulfide bonds, and cyclization are effective strategies for improving the penetration efficiency of peptides through the BBB. This review provides a new prospective for improving their neuroprotective function and developing treatments to delay or even prevent CNS diseases.

The design of peptide-amphiphiles as functional ligands for liposomal anticancer drug and gene delivery

Liposomal nanomedicine has led to clinically useful cancer therapeutics like Doxil and DaunoXome. In addition, peptide-functionalized liposomes represent an effective drug and gene delivery vehicle with increased cancer cell specificity, enhanced tumor-penetrating ability and high tumor growth inhibition. The goal of this article is to review the recently published literature of the peptide-amphiphiles that were used to functionalize liposomes, to highlight successful designs that improved drug and gene delivery to cancer cells in vitro, and cancer tumors in vivo, and to discuss the current challenges of designing these peptide-decorated liposomes for effective cancer treatment.

Conjugates of HA2 with octaarginine-grafted HPMA copolymer offer effective siRNA delivery and gene silencing in cancer cells

The key for successful gene silencing is to design a safe and efficient siRNA delivery system for the transfer of therapeutic nucleic acids into the target cells. Here, we describe the design of hydrophilic N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer displaying multiple copies of octaarginine (R8) and its use in promoting the effective delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules intracellularly. Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled HPMA copolymer-bound R8 (P-R8-FITC) was synthesized with increasing R8 molar ratios (4-9.5mol-%) to define the optimal R8 content that allowed the polymer to serve both as a siRNA-binding domain and as an intracellular transduction moiety mediating improved cellular delivery. A subunit of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA2), known for its ability to disrupt endosomal membranes, was further conjugated to P-R8-FITC copolymer to promote endosomal escape. Of the different P-(R8)-FITC conjugates considered, only that polymer containing the highest mol-% of R8 (P-(R8)_9.5-FITC) was able to encapsulate siRNA molecules into nano-sized polyion complexes (PICs) presenting positive surface charge, low in vitro cytotoxicity, and high serum stability. P-(R8)_9.5-FITC/cy5-siRNA complexes can efficiently deliver siRNA molecules into cells, while naked siRNA or siRNA encapsulated within polymers with lower R8mol-% were unable to transfect the same cells. Conjugation of HA2 fusogenic peptide to P-(R8)-FITC significantly decreased the oncogenic RAC1 mRNA levels in cancer cells. This indicates that P-(R8)-(HA2)-FITC can deliver siRNA into target cells, and that the siRNA can reach the perinuclear region where it interacts with the RNA-induced silencing complex.

Targeted siRNA Delivery Using a Lipo-Oligoaminoamide Nanocore with an Influenza Peptide and Transferrin Shell

Developing RNA-interference-based therapeutic approaches with efficient and targeted cytosolic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is remaining a critical challenge since two decades. Herein, a multifunctional transferrin receptor (TfR)-targeted siRNA delivery system (Tf&INF7) is designed based on siRNA complexes formed with the cationic lipo-oligoamino amide 454, sequentially surface-modified with polyethylene glycol-linked transferrin (Tf) for receptor targeting and the endosomolytic peptide INF7 for efficient cytosolic release of the siRNA. Effective Tf&INF7 polyplex internalization and target gene silencing are demonstrated for the TfR overexpressing tumor cell lines (K562, D145, and N2a). Treatment with antitumoral EG5 siRNA results in a block of tumor cell growth and triggered apoptosis. Tf-modified polyplexes are far more effective than the corresponding albumin- (Alb) or nonmodified 454 polyplexes. Competition experiments with excess of Tf demonstrate TfR target specificity. As alternative to the ligand Tf, an anti-murine TfR antibody is incorporated into the polyplexes for specific targeting and gene silencing in the murine N2a cell line. In vivo distribution studies not only demonstrate an enhanced tumor residence of siRNA in N2a tumor-bearing mice with the Tf&INF7 as compared to the 454 polyplex group but also a reduced siRNA nanoparticle stability limiting the in vivo performance.

'Smart' nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for applications in tumor therapy

INTRODUCTION

In the therapy of clinical diseases such as cancer, it is important to deliver drugs directly to tumor sites in order to maximize local drug concentration and reduce side effects. This objective may be realized by using 'smart' nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems, because they enable dramatic conformational changes in response to specific physical/chemical stimuli from the diseased cells for targeted and controlled drug release.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we first briefly summarize the characteristics of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems in medical therapy, and then discuss their targeting transport, transmembrane and endosomal escape behaviors. Lastly, we focus on the applications of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy.

EXPERT OPINION

Biodegradable 'smart' NPs have the potential to achieve maximum efficacy and drug availability at the desired sites, and reduce the harmful side effects for healthy tissues in tumor therapy. It is necessary to select appropriate NPs and modify their characteristics according to treatment strategies of tumor therapy.

Enhancement of nucleic acid delivery to hard-to-transfect human colorectal cancer cells by magnetofection at laminin coated substrates and promotion of the endosomal/lysosomal escape

Optimization of nucleic acid delivery in hard-to-transfect colorectal cancer cells by magnetofection at coated laminin substrates and by the endosomal escape enhancement of magnetic complexes using INF-7 peptide.

Quantitative mapping of the elastic modulus of soft materials with HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM AFM modes

The modulus of elasticity of soft materials on the nanoscale is of interest when studying thin films, nanocomposites, and biomaterials. Two novel modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been introduced recently: HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM. Both modes produce distribution maps of the elastic modulus over the sample surface. Here we investigate the question of how quantitative these maps are when studying soft materials. Three different polymers with a macroscopic Young's modulus of 0.6-0.7 GPa (polyurethanes) and 2.7 GPa (polystyrene) are analyzed using these new modes. The moduli obtained are compared to the data measured with the other commonly used techniques, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), regular AFM, and nanoindenter. We show that the elastic modulus is overestimated in both the HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM modes when using regular sharp probes because of excessively overstressed material in the samples. We further demonstrate that both AFM modes can work in the linear stress-strain regime when using a relatively dull indentation probe (starting from ~210 nm). The analysis of the elasticity models to be used shows that the JKR model should be used for the samples considered here instead of the DMT model, which is currently implemented in HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM modes. Using the JKR model and ~240 nm AFM probe in the PeakForce QNM mode, we demonstrate that a quantitative mapping of the elastic modulus of polymeric materials is possible. A spatial resolution of ~50 nm and a minimum 2 to 3 nm indentation depth are achieved.