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Miller C, Schildcrout S, Mettee H, Balendiran G. Molecular dynamics of fibric acids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (PRINT) 2022; 13:186-195. [PMID: 35991691 PMCID: PMC9387361 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.13.2.186-195.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts were measured for four fibric acids (bezafibrate, clofibric acid, fenofibric acid, and gemfibrozil), which are lipid-lowering drugs. Correlation is found with DFT-computed chemical shifts from the conformational analysis. Equilibrium populations of optimized conformers at 298 K are very different when based on computed Gibbs energies rather than on potential energies. This is due to the significant entropic advantages of extended rather than bent conformational shapes. Abundant conformers with intramolecular hydrogen bonding via five-member rings are computed for three fibric acids, but not gemfibrozil, which lacks suitable connectivity of carboxyl and phenoxy groups. Trends in computed atom-positional deviations, molecular volumes, surface areas, and dipole moments among the fibric acids and their constituent conformations indicate that bezafibrate has the greatest hydrophilicity and fenofibric acid has the greatest flexibility. Theoretical and experimental comparison of chemical shifts of standards with sufficient overlap of fragments containing common atoms, groups, and connectivity may provide a reliable minimal set to benchmark and generate leads.
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Tipduangta P, Takieddin K, Fábián L, Belton P, Qi S. Towards controlling the crystallisation behaviour of fenofibrate melt: triggers of crystallisation and polymorphic transformation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13513-13525. [PMID: 35542519 PMCID: PMC9079832 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FEN) is a dyslipidemia treatment agent which is poorly soluble in water. FEN has tendency to form polymorphs and its crystallisation behaviour is difficult to predict. The nucleation process can be initiated by mechanical disruption such as ball milling or surface scratching which may result in different crystallisation behaviour to that observed in the unperturbed system. This study has obtained insights into the controllability of FEN crystallisation by means of regulating the exposed surface and growth temperatures during its crystallisation. The availability of an open top surface (OTS) during the crystallisation of the FEN melt resulted in a mixture containing FEN form I and IIa (I ≫ IIa) at room temperature, and in the range 40 to 70 °C. Covering the surface led to significant increases in the yield of form IIa at room temperature and at 40 and 50 °C. These temperatures also yielded the highest amount of form IIa in the OTS samples whilst crystallisation at 70 °C led to only FEN form I crystals regardless of the availability of the free surface. The metastable FEN form IIa transforms to the stable form I under the influence of a mechanical stress. Additionally, the introduction of OTS before the completion of crystallisation of form IIa led to a 'switch' of from IIa growth to form I. This study demonstrates that the polymorph selection of FEN can be obtained by the manipulation of the crystallisation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratchaya Tipduangta
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand 50200
| | - Khaled Takieddin
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
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Recent progress of structural study of polymorphic pharmaceutical drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:71-85. [PMID: 27940141 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review considers advances in the understanding of active pharmaceutical ingredient polymorphism since around 2010 mainly from a structural view point, with a focus on twelve model drugs. New polymorphs of most of these drugs have been identified despite that the polymorphism of these old drugs has been extensively studied so far. In addition to the conventional modifications of preparative solvents, temperatures, and pressure, more strategic structure-based methods have successfully yielded new polymorphs. The development of analytical techniques, including X-ray analyses, spectroscopy, and microscopy has facilitated the identification of unknown crystal structures and also the discovery of new polymorphs. Computational simulations have played an important role in explaining and predicting the stability order of polymorphs. Furthermore, these make significant contributions to the design of new polymorphs by considering structure and energy. The new technologies and insights discussed in this review will contribute to the control of polymorphic forms, both during manufacture and in the drug formulation.
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Nanubolu JB, Ravikumar K. Designing a new cocrystal of olanzapine drug and observation of concomitant polymorphism in a ternary cocrystal system. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Szklarz G, Adrjanowicz K, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Jurkiewicz K, Paluch M. Crystallization of supercooled fenofibrate studied at ambient and elevated pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:9879-9888. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the thermodynamic history in the T,p-plane of the crystallization process of a supercooled liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szklarz
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
| | - Karolina Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
| | - Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
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Hajnal K, Gabriel H, Aura R, Erzsébet V, Blanka SS. Prodrug Strategy in Drug Development. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prodrugs are chemically modified derivatives introduced in therapy due to their advantageous physico-chemical properties (greater stability, improved solubility, increased permeability), used in inactive form. Biological effect is exerted by the active derivatives formed in organism through chemical transformation (biotransformation). Currently, 10% of pharmaceutical products are used as prodrugs, nearly half of them being converted to active form by hydrolysis, mainly by ester hydrolysis. The use of prodrugs aims to improve the bioavailability of compounds in order to resolve some unfavorable characteristics and to reduce first-pass metabolism. Other objectives are to increase drug absorption, to extend duration of action or to achieve a better tissue/organ selective transport in case of non-oral drug delivery forms. Prodrugs can be characterized by chemical structure, activation mechanism or through the presence of certain functional groups suitable for their preparation. Currently we distinguish in therapy traditional prodrugs prepared by chemical derivatisation, bioprecursors and targeted delivery systems. The present article is a review regarding the introduction and applications of prodrug design in various areas of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelemen Hajnal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Hancu Gabriel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Rusu Aura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Varga Erzsébet
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Székely Szentmiklósi Blanka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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Sawaya MR, Verma M, Balendiran V, Rath NP, Cascio D, Balendiran GK. Characterization of WY 14,643 and its Complex with Aldose Reductase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34394. [PMID: 27721416 PMCID: PMC5056380 DOI: 10.1038/srep34394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator, WY 14,643 exhibits a pure non-competitive inhibition pattern in the aldehyde reduction and in alcohol oxidation activities of human Aldose reductase (hAR). Fluorescence emission measurements of the equilibrium dissociation constants, Kd, of oxidized (hAR•NADP+) and reduced (hAR•NADPH) holoenzyme complexes display a 2-fold difference between them. Kd values for the dissociation of WY 14,643 from the oxidized (hAR•NADP+•WY 14,643) and reduced (hAR•NADPH•WY 14,643) ternary complexes are comparable to each other. The ternary complex structure of hAR•NADP+•WY 14,643 reveals the first structural evidence of a fibrate class drug binding to hAR. These observations demonstrate how fibrate molecules such as WY 14,643, besides being valued as agonists for PPAR, also inhibit hAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Sawaya
- UCLA-DOE, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, 220 Boyer Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Vaishnavi Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, WBSH 6017, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-DOE, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, 220 Boyer Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ganesaratnam K. Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, WBSH 6017, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
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Shipman KE, Strange RC, Ramachandran S. Use of fibrates in the metabolic syndrome: A review. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:74-88. [PMID: 26981181 PMCID: PMC4781903 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of fibrates in the treatment of dyslipidaemia has changed significantly over recent years. Their role appeared clear at the start of this century. The Helsinki Heart Study and Veterans Affairs High-Density Cholesterol Intervention Trial suggested significant benefit, especially in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia. However, this clarity disintegrated following the negative outcomes reported by the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention, Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes randomised controlled trials. In this review we discuss these and other relevant trials and consider patient subgroups such as those with the metabolic syndrome and those needing treatment to prevent the microvascular complications associated with diabetes in whom fibrates may be useful. We also discuss observations from our group that may provide some explanation for the varying outcomes reported in large trials. The actions of fibrates in patients who are also on statins are interesting and appear to differ from those in patients not on statins. Understanding this is key as statins are the primary lipid lowering agents and likely to occupy that position for the foreseeable future. We also present other features of fibrate treatment we have observed in our clinical practice; changes in creatinine, liver function tests and the paradoxical high density lipoprotein reduction. Our purpose is to provide enough data for the reader to make objective decisions in their own clinical practice regarding fibrate use.
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Conformational and crystal energetics of a polymorphic cyclized product of Napafenac: The Z′ and crystal stability correlation. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang X, Ong TC, Michaelis VK, Heng S, Huang J, Griffin RG, Myerson AS. Formation of Organic Molecular Nanocrystals under Rigid Confinement with Analysis by Solid State NMR. CrystEngComm 2014; 16:9345-9352. [PMID: 25258590 DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization in rigid confinement is a promising method to obtain organic molecular nanocrystals. However, the crystallization behavior and the related characterization methods are not well studied. Here we present a systematic study of the nucleation of organic molecular nanocrystals in rigid pores. Four different compounds were studied, ibuprofen, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, and indomethacin, which range from simple to complex molecules. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to analyse the structure of these compounds inside pores which are difficult to characterize by other analytical methods. We successfully demonstrated the production of nano-crystalline ibuprofen, fenofibrate and griseofulvin in porous silica particles with ~ 40 nm pores. These nanocrystals showed significant enhancement in dissolution rates. These results help advance the fundamental understanding of nucleation under rigid confinement and may lead to potential applications in developing new formulations in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T C Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - V K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A S Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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