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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Tajima K, Akanuma SI, Ohishi Y, Yoshida Y, Bauer B, Kubo Y, Inouye M, Hosoya KI. Freshly isolated retinal capillaries to determine efflux transporter function at the inner BRB. J Control Release 2022; 343:434-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blood-to-Retina Transport of Imperatorin Involves the Carrier-Mediated Transporter System at the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1619-1626. [PMID: 30528198 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of transporting imperatorin across the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). The carotid artery single injection method was used to calculate the retinal uptake index (RUI) of [3H]imperatorin in vivo, whereas the retinal capillary endothelial cell lines were used for the in vitro uptake and mRNA expression assays. RUI value of [3H]imperatorin was greater than that of the reference compound ([14C]n-butanol). [3H]Imperatorin significantly reduced the RUI in the presence of neuroprotective organic cationic drugs at 10 mM. However, tetraethylammonium and p-aminohippuric acid showed no significant effects. [3H]Imperatorin uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was time-, pH-, energy-, and concentration-dependent with a Km value of 679 ± 130 μM. In addition, the uptake study showed insensitivity to sodium and membrane potential. Various organic cations including pyrilamine, nicotine, and clonidine significantly reduced the uptake of [3H]imperatorin, whereas organic anions and monocarboxylic acids did not. Furthermore, the mRNA expression level dropped markedly with rOCTN1, rOCTN2, rPMAT, and rMATE1 small interfering RNAs in the transfection study. Moreover, [3H]imperatorin uptake remained neutral with small interfering RNA transfections. Our results indicate that imperatorin transport across the iBRB involves carrier-mediated transporter system.
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Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Recent advances in drug and nutrient transport across the blood-retinal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:513-531. [PMID: 29719158 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1472764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is the barrier separating the blood and neural retina, and transport systems for low-weight molecules at the BRB are expected to be useful for developing drugs for the treatment of ocular neural disorders and maintaining a healthy retina. Areas covered: This review discusses blood-to-retina and retina-to-blood transport of drugs and nutrients at the BRB. In particular, P-gp (ABCB1/MDR1) has low impact on the transport of cationic drugs at the BRB, suggesting a significant role of novel organic cation transporters in influx and efflux transport of lipophilic cationic drugs between blood and the retina. The transport of pravastatin at the BRB involves transporters including organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4). Recent studies have shown the involvement of solute carrier transporters in the blood-to-retina transport of nutrients including riboflavin, L-ornithine, β-alanine, and L-histidine, implying that dipeptide transport at the BRB is minimal. Expert opinion: Novel organic cation transport systems and the elimination-dominant transport of pravastatin at the BRB are expected to be useful in systemic drug delivery to the neural retina without CNS side effects. The mechanism of nutrient transport at the BRB is expected to provide a new strategy for delivery of nutrient-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
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Akanuma SI, Yamakoshi A, Sugouchi T, Kubo Y, Hartz AMS, Bauer B, Hosoya KI. Role of l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 at the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier in the Blood-to-Retina Transport of Gabapentin. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2327-2337. [PMID: 29688723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gabapentin is an antiseizure drug that is known to also have beneficial effects on the retinal cells. To use gabapentin in retinal pharmacotherapy, it is critical to understand gabapentin distribution in the retina. The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetics of gabapentin influx transport across the inner and outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which regulates the exchange of compounds/drugs between the circulating blood and the retina. In vivo blood-to-retina gabapentin transfer was evaluated by the rat carotid artery injection technique. In addition, gabapentin transport was examined using in vitro models of the inner (TR-iBRB2 cells) and outer BRB (RPE-J cells). The in vivo [3H]gabapentin transfer to the rat retina across the BRB was significantly reduced in the presence of unlabeled gabapentin, suggesting transporter-mediated blood-to-retina distribution of gabapentin. Substrates of the Na+-independent l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), such as 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), also significantly inhibited the in vivo [3H]gabapentin transfer. [3H]Gabapentin uptake in TR-iBRB2 and RPE-J cells exhibited Na+-independent and saturable kinetics with a Km of 735 and 507 μM, respectively. Regarding the effect of various transporter substrates/inhibitors on gabapentin transport in these cells, LAT1 substrates significantly inhibited [3H]gabapentin uptake in TR-iBRB2 and RPE-J cells. In addition, preloaded [3H]gabapentin release from TR-iBRB2 and RPE-J cells was trans-stimulated by LAT1 substrates through the obligatory exchange mechanism as LAT1. Immunoblot analysis indicates the protein expression of LAT1 in TR-iBRB2 and RPE-J cells. These results imply that LAT1 at the inner and outer BRB takes part in gabapentin transport between the circulating blood and retina. Moreover, treatment of LAT1-targeted small interfering RNA to TR-iBRB2 cells significantly reduced both the level of LAT1 protein expression and [3H]gabapentin uptake activities in TR-iBRB2 cells. In conclusion, data from the present study indicate that LAT1 at the inner BRB is involved in retinal gabapentin transfer, and also suggest that LAT1 mediates gabapentin transport in the RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Sugitani , 2630 Toyama , Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamakoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Sugitani , 2630 Toyama , Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Sugitani , 2630 Toyama , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Sugitani , 2630 Toyama , Japan
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY 40536 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40536 , United States
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40536 , United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Sugitani , 2630 Toyama , Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the blood-to-retina verapamil transport at the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). METHODS EverFluor FL Verapamil (EFV) was adopted as the fluorescent probe of verapamil, and its transport across the BRB was investigated with common carotid artery infusion in rats. EFV transport at the inner and outer BRB was investigated with TR-iBRB2 cells and RPE-J cells, respectively. RESULTS The signal of EFV was detected in the retinal tissue during the weak signal of cell impermeable compound. In TR-iBRB2 cells, the localization of EFV differed from that of LysoTracker® Red, a lysosomotropic agent, and was not altered by acute treatment with NH4Cl. In RPE-J cells, the punctate distribution of EFV was partially observed, and this was reduced by acute treatment with NH4Cl. EFV uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was temperature-dependent and membrane potential- and pH-independent, and was significantly reduced by NH4Cl treatment during no significant effect obtained by different extracellular pH and V-ATPase inhibitor. The EFV uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was inhibited by cationic drugs, and inhibited by verapamil in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 98.0 μM. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide visual evidence to support the significance of carrier-mediated transport in the blood-to-retina verapamil transport at the BRB.
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Kubo Y, Yamamoto M, Matsunaga K, Usui T, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Retina-to-Blood Transport of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium Involves Carrier-Mediated Process at the Blood-Retinal Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2583-2591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Influx Transport of Cationic Drug at the Blood–Retinal Barrier: Impact on the Retinal Delivery of Neuroprotectants. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1139-1145. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Kubo Y. [Carrier-mediated Transport of Cationic Drugs across the Blood-Tissue Barrier]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:1135-40. [PMID: 26423869 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of neurological dysfunction have revealed the neuroprotective effect of several cationic drugs, suggesting their usefulness in the treatment of neurological diseases. In the brain and retina, blood-tissue barriers such as blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) are formed to restrict nonspecific solute transport between the circulating blood and neural tissues. Therefore study of cationic drug transport at these barriers is essential to achieve systemic delivery of neuroprotective agents into the neural tissues. In the retina, severe diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration can cause neurological dysfunction that dramatically affects patients' QOL. The BRB is formed by retinal capillary endothelial cells (inner BRB) and retinal pigment epithelial cells (outer BRB). Blood-to-retina transport of cationic drugs was investigated at the inner BRB, which is known to nourish two thirds of the retina. Blood-to-retinal transport of verapamil suggested that the barrier function of the BRB differs from that of the BBB. Moreover, carrier-mediated transport of verapamil and pyrilamine revealed the involvement of novel organic cation transporters at the inner BRB. The identified transport systems for cationic drugs are sensitive to several cationic neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic agents such as clonidine and propranolol, and the involvement of novel transporters was also suggested in their blood-to-retina transport across the inner BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Kubo Y, Tsuchiyama A, Shimizu Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Involvement of Carrier-Mediated Transport in the Retinal Uptake of Clonidine at the Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3747-53. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department
of Pharmaceutics,
Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuchiyama
- Department
of Pharmaceutics,
Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Shimizu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics,
Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics,
Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics,
Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Clemons K, Kretsch A, Verbeck G. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay for blood–brain permeability determination of illicit drugs and synthetic analogues. Sci Justice 2014; 54:351-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kubo Y, Shimizu Y, Kusagawa Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Propranolol Transport Across the Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier: Potential Involvement of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3332-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Usui T, Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. β-Alanine and l-histidine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier: Potential involvement in l-carnosine supply. Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kubo Y, Kusagawa Y, Tachikawa M, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Involvement of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter in Verapamil Transport Across the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier. Pharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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