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Heerma van Voss MR, Notohardjo J, van Dodewaard-de Jong J, Bloemendal HJ, Heine RT. A sub-pharmacological test dose does not predict individual docetaxel exposure in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04684-2. [PMID: 38951305 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Docetaxel is a cytotoxic drug used for first-line treatment of various malignancies. It has a narrow therapeutic index and shows wide interpatient variability in clearance and toxicity. Tools for individual dose optimization are needed to maximize efficacy and avoid toxicity. METHODS We performed a proof-of-concept study (EudraCT 2016-003785-77) to evaluate whether pharmacokinetics after a sub-pharmacological test dose of 1000 µg docetaxel (millidose) could be used to predict therapeutic dose exposure. Thirty prostate cancer patients eligible for treatment with docetaxel as part of routine clinical care were included. An intravenous docetaxel millidose was administered 1-7 days prior to therapeutic docetaxel. After both doses plasma docetaxel concentrations were measured by ultra- high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The docetaxel clearance was estimated with non-linear mixed effects modeling. RESULTS Geometric mean docetaxel clearance was 57.9 L/h (GCV 78.6%) after admission of a millidose and 40.3 L/h (GCV 60.7%) after admission of a therapeutic dose. The millidose and therapeutic dose in a single patient were not significantly correlated (Spearman's rho R = 0.02, P = 0.92). CONCLUSION Docetaxel pharmacokinetics at milli- and therapeutic dose level showed insufficient correlation for individual dose optimization. However, the clearance of a docetaxel millidose and full dose are within the same order of magnitude. Therefore, docetaxel millidose pharmacokinetics could potentially facilitate prediction of docetaxel pharmacokinetics at a population level in situations where therapeutic dose levels are impractical, such as pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies or pediatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise R Heerma van Voss
- Meander Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Notohardjo
- Meander Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Haiko J Bloemendal
- Meander Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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van der Heijden L, van Nuland M, Beijnen J, Huitema A, Dorlo T. A naïve pooled data approach for extrapolation of Phase 0 microdose trials to therapeutic dosing regimens. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 16:258-268. [PMID: 36419385 PMCID: PMC9926085 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdosing is a strategy to obtain knowledge of human pharmacokinetics prior to Phase I clinical trials. The most frequently used method to extrapolate microdose (≤100 μg) pharmacokinetics to therapeutic doses is based on linear extrapolation from a noncompartmental analysis (NCA) with a two-fold acceptance criterion between pharmacokinetic metrics of the extrapolated microdose and the therapeutic dose. The major disadvantage of NCA is the assumption of linear extrapolation of NCA metrics. In this study, we used a naïve pooled data (NPD) modeling approach to extrapolate microdose pharmacokinetics to therapeutic pharmacokinetics. Gemcitabine and anastrozole were used as examples of intravenous and oral drugs, respectively. Data from microdose studies were used to build a parent-metabolite model for gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and a model for anastrozole. The pharmacokinetic microdose models were extrapolated to therapeutic doses. Extrapolation of the microdose showed differences in pharmacokinetic shape for gemcitabine and dFdU between the simulated and observed therapeutic concentrations, whereas the observed therapeutic concentrations for anastrozole were captured by the extrapolation. This study demonstrated the possible use and feasibility of an NPD modeling approach for the evaluation and application of microdose studies in early drug development. Last, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling might be an alternative for microdose extrapolation of drugs with complex pharmacokinetics such as gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa van der Heijden
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merel van Nuland
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jos Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of Pharmaco‐epidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alwin Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of PharmacologyPrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyAntoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Burt T, Young G, Lee W, Kusuhara H, Langer O, Rowland M, Sugiyama Y. Phase 0/microdosing approaches: time for mainstream application in drug development? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:801-818. [PMID: 32901140 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 approaches - which include microdosing - evaluate subtherapeutic exposures of new drugs in first-in-human studies known as exploratory clinical trials. Recent progress extends phase 0 benefits beyond assessment of pharmacokinetics to include understanding of mechanism of action and pharmacodynamics. Phase 0 approaches have the potential to improve preclinical candidate selection and enable safer, cheaper, quicker and more informed developmental decisions. Here, we discuss phase 0 methods and applications, highlight their advantages over traditional strategies and address concerns related to extrapolation and developmental timelines. Although challenges remain, we propose that phase 0 approaches be at least considered for application in most drug development scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy LLC. talburtmd.com, New York, NY, USA. .,Phase-0/Microdosing Network. Phase-0Microdosing.org, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Graeme Young
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd, Ware, UK
| | - Wooin Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Oliver Langer
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Niwa T, Hosoya T. Molecular Renovation Strategy for Expeditious Synthesis of Molecular Probes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Niwa
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Chemical Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Chemical Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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5
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Burt T, Vuong LT, Baker E, Young GC, McCartt AD, Bergstrom M, Sugiyama Y, Combes R. Phase 0, including microdosing approaches: Applying the Three Rs and increasing the efficiency of human drug development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 46:335-346. [PMID: 30657329 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 approaches, including microdosing, involve the use of sub-therapeutic exposures to the tested drugs, thus enabling safer, more-relevant, quicker and cheaper first-in-human (FIH) testing. These approaches also have considerable potential to limit the use of animals in human drug development. Recent years have witnessed progress in applications, methodology, operations, and drug development culture. Advances in applications saw an expansion in therapeutic areas, developmental scenarios and scientific objectives, in, for example, protein drug development and paediatric drug development. In the operational area, the increased sensitivity of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), expansion of the utility of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, and the introduction of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), have led to the increased accessibility and utility of Phase 0 approaches, while reducing costs and exposure to radioactivity. PET has extended the application of microdosing, from its use as a predominant tool to record pharmacokinetics, to a method for recording target expression and target engagement, as well as cellular and tissue responses. Advances in methodology include adaptive Phase 0/Phase 1 designs, cassette and cocktail microdosing, and Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM), as well as novel modelling opportunities and simulations. Importantly, these methodologies increase the predictive power of extrapolation from microdose to therapeutic level exposures. However, possibly the most challenging domain in which progress has been made, is the culture of drug development. One of the main potential values of Phase 0 approaches is the opportunity to terminate development early, thus not only applying the principle of 'kill-early-kill-cheap' to enhance the efficiency of drug development, but also obviating the need for the full package of animal testing required for therapeutic level Phase 1 studies. Finally, we list developmental scenarios that utilised Phase 0 approaches in novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Graeme C Young
- Translational Medicine, Research, GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Mats Bergstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and PET-centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research(, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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McFeely SJ, Ritchie TK, Yu J, Nordmark A, Levy RH, Ragueneau-Majlessi I. Identification and Evaluation of Clinical Substrates of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:379-387. [PMID: 30706983 PMCID: PMC6662428 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and 1B3 facilitate the uptake of drugs and endogenous compounds into the liver. In recent years, the impact of these transporters on drug–drug interactions (DDIs) has become a focus of research, and the evaluation of their role in drug disposition is recommended by regulatory agencies worldwide.1–3 Although sensitive substrates of OATP1B1/1B3 have been identified in the literature and probe drugs have been proposed by regulatory agencies, there is no general consensus on the ideal in vivo substrate for clinical DDI studies as analysis may be confounded by contribution from other metabolic and/or transport pathways.1–3 A thorough analysis of the available in vitro and in vivo data regarding OATP1B1/1B3 substrates was performed using the in vitro, clinical, and pharmacogenetic modules in the University of Washington Drug Interaction Database. A total of 34 compounds were identified and further investigated as possible clinical substrates using a novel indexing system. By analyzing the compounds for in vivo characteristics, including sensitivity to inhibition by known OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitors, selectivity for OATP1B1/1B3 compared with other transport and metabolic pathways, and safety profiles, a total of six compounds were identified as potential clinical markers of OATP1B1/1B3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tasha K Ritchie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - René H Levy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Muehlan C, Heuberger J, Juif PE, Croft M, van Gerven J, Dingemanse J. Accelerated Development of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist ACT-541468: Integration of a Microtracer in a First-in-Human Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:1022-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Muehlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Jules Heuberger
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR); Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Juif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Marie Croft
- Xceleron (a Pharmaron Company); Germantown Maryland USA
| | - Joop van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR); Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
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8
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Ufer M, Juif PE, Boof ML, Muehlan C, Dingemanse J. Metabolite profiling in early clinical drug development: current status and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:803-806. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1351944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Ufer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Eric Juif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Boof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Muehlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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9
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Burt T, Noveck RJ, MacLeod DB, Layton AT, Rowland M, Lappin G. Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM): A Novel Drug Development Approach Aimed at Enabling Safer and Earlier Translation of Biological Insights Into Human Testing. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:337-350. [PMID: 28419765 PMCID: PMC5593170 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R J Noveck
- Medical Director, Duke Clinical Research Unit, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A T Layton
- Robert R. and Katherine B. Penn Professor of Mathematics Arts and Sciences Council Chair Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Rowland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Lappin
- Reader in Pharmaceutical Science, Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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10
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Preclinical Characterization and Human Microdose Pharmacokinetics of ITMN-8187, a Nonmacrocyclic Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 61:AAC.01569-16. [PMID: 27795376 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01569-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves combinations of agents that act directly on steps of the HCV life cycle. Here we report the preclinical characteristics of ITMN-8187, a nonmacrocyclic inhibitor of the NS3/4A HCV protease. X-ray crystallographic studies of ITMN-8187 and simeprevir binding to NS3/4A protease demonstrated good agreement between structures. Low nanomolar biochemical potency was maintained against NS3/4A derived from HCV genotypes 1, 2b, 4, 5, and 6. In cell-based potency assays, half-maximal reduction of genotype 1a and 1b HCV replicon RNA was afforded by 11 and 4 nM doses of ITMN-8187, respectively. Combinations of ITMN-8187 with other directly acting antiviral agents in vitro displayed additive antiviral efficacy. A 30-mg/kg of body weight dose of ITMN-8187 administered for 4 days yielded significant viral load reductions through day 5 in a chimeric mouse model of HCV. A 3-mg/kg oral dose administered to rats, dogs, or monkeys yielded concentrations in plasma 16 h after dosing that exceeded the half-maximal effective concentration of ITMN-8187. Human microdose pharmacokinetics showed low intersubject variability and prolonged oral absorption with first-order elimination kinetics compatible with once-daily dosing. These preclinical characteristics compare favorably with those of other NS3/4A inhibitors approved for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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11
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Joffe AR, Bara M, Anton N, Nobis N. Expectations for the methodology and translation of animal research: a survey of the general public, medical students and animal researchers in North America. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 44:361-381. [PMID: 27685187 DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine what are considered acceptable standards for animal research (AR) methodology and translation rate to humans, a validated survey was sent to: a) a sample of the general public, via Sampling Survey International (SSI; Canada), Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT; USA), a Canadian city festival (CF) and a Canadian children's hospital (CH); b) a sample of medical students (two first-year classes); and c) a sample of scientists (corresponding authors and academic paediatricians). There were 1379 responses from the general public sample (SSI, n = 557; AMT, n = 590; CF, n = 195; CH, n = 102), 205/330 (62%) medical student responses, and 23/323 (7%, too few to report) scientist responses. Asked about methodological quality, most of the general public and medical student respondents expect that: AR is of high quality (e.g. anaesthesia and analgesia are monitored, even overnight, and 'humane' euthanasia, optimal statistical design, comprehensive literature review, randomisation and blinding, are performed), and costs and difficulty are not acceptable justifications for lower quality (e.g. costs of expert consultation, or more laboratory staff). Asked about their expectations of translation to humans (of toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and treatment findings), most expect translation more than 60% of the time. If translation occurred less than 20% of the time, a minority disagreed that this would "significantly reduce your support for AR". Medical students were more supportive of AR, even if translation occurred less than 20% of the time. Expectations for AR are much higher than empirical data show to have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and University of Alberta, John Dossetor Health Ethics Center, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meredith Bara
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie Anton
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Margolskee A, Darwich AS, Pepin X, Pathak SM, Bolger MB, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Angstenberger J, Graf F, Laplanche L, Müller T, Carlert S, Daga P, Murphy D, Tannergren C, Yasin M, Greschat-Schade S, Mück W, Muenster U, van der Mey D, Frank KJ, Lloyd R, Adriaenssen L, Bevernage J, De Zwart L, Swerts D, Tistaert C, Van Den Bergh A, Van Peer A, Beato S, Nguyen-Trung AT, Bennett J, McAllister M, Wong M, Zane P, Ollier C, Vicat P, Kolhmann M, Marker A, Brun P, Mazuir F, Beilles S, Venczel M, Boulenc X, Loos P, Lennernäs H, Abrahamsson B. IMI - oral biopharmaceutics tools project - evaluation of bottom-up PBPK prediction success part 1: Characterisation of the OrBiTo database of compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:598-609. [PMID: 27671970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Predicting oral bioavailability (Foral) is of importance for estimating systemic exposure of orally administered drugs. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation have been applied extensively in biopharmaceutics recently. The Oral Biopharmaceutical Tools (OrBiTo) project (Innovative Medicines Initiative) aims to develop and improve upon biopharmaceutical tools, including PBPK absorption models. A large-scale evaluation of PBPK models may be considered the first step. Here we characterise the OrBiTo active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) database for use in a large-scale simulation study. The OrBiTo database comprised 83 APIs and 1475 study arms. The database displayed a median logP of 3.60 (2.40-4.58), human blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.62 (0.57-0.71), and fraction unbound in plasma of 0.05 (0.01-0.17). The database mainly consisted of basic compounds (48.19%) and Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II compounds (55.81%). Median human intravenous clearance was 16.9L/h (interquartile range: 11.6-43.6L/h; n=23), volume of distribution was 80.8L (54.5-239L; n=23). The majority of oral formulations were immediate release (IR: 87.6%). Human Foral displayed a median of 0.415 (0.203-0.724; n=22) for IR formulations. The OrBiTo database was found to be largely representative of previously published datasets. 43 of the APIs were found to satisfy the minimum inclusion criteria for the simulation exercise, and many of these have significant gaps of other key parameters, which could potentially impact the interpretability of the simulation outcome. However, the OrBiTo simulation exercise represents a unique opportunity to perform a large-scale evaluation of the PBPK approach to predicting oral biopharmaceutics.
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Seymour MA. Adding value through accelerator mass spectrometry-enabled first in human studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:640-647. [PMID: 27444819 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an ultra-sensitive technique for the analysis of radiocarbon. It is applicable to bioanalysis of any 14 C-labelled analyte and any sample type. The increasing body of data generated using LC+AMS indicates that the methodology is robust and reliable, and capable of meeting the same validation criteria as conventional bioanalytical techniques. Because it is a tracer technique, AMS is capable of discriminating between an administered radiolabelled dose and endogenous compound or non-radiolabelled compound administered separately. This paper discusses how it can be used to enhance the design of first in human (FIH) clinical studies and generate significant additional data, including: fundamental pharmacokinetics (CL and V), absolute bioavailability, mass balance, routes and rates of excretion, metabolic fate (including first-pass metabolism, identification of biliary metabolites and quantitative data to address metabolite safety testing issues), and tissue disposition of parent compound and metabolites. Because the 14 C-labelled microtracer dose is administered at the same time as a pharmacologically relevant non-radiolabelled dose, there is no concern about dose-linearity. However the mass of the microtracer dose itself is negligible and therefore does not affect the outcome of the FIH study. The addition of microtracer doses to a FIH study typically requires little additional expense, apart from the AMS analytics, making the approach cost-effective. It can also save significant time, compared to conventional approaches, and, by providing reliable human in vivo data as early as possible, prevent unnecessary expenditure later in drug development.
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Clinical Micro-Dose Studies to Explore the Human Pharmacokinetics of Four Selective Inhibitors of Human Nav1.7 Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:875-887. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Archibald K, Drake T, Coleman R. Barriers to the Uptake of Human-based Test Methods, and How to Overcome Them. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 43:301-8. [PMID: 26551287 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although there is growing concern as to the questionable value of animal-based methods for determining the safety and efficacy of new medicines, which has in turn led to many groups developing innovative human-based methods, there are many barriers to their adoption for regulatory submissions. The reasons for this are various, and include a lack of confidence that the available human-based methods, be they in vivo, in silico or in vitro, can be sufficiently predictive of clinical outcomes. However, this is not the only problem: the issue of validation presents a serious impediment to progress, a particularly frustrating situation, in view of the fact that the existing animal-based methods have never themselves been formally validated. Superimposed upon this is the issue of regulatory requirements, where, although regulators may be willing to accept non-animal approaches in place of particular animal tests, nowhere is this explicitly stated in their guidelines. Such problems are far from trivial, and represent major hurdles to be overcome. In addition, there are a range of other barriers, real or self-imposed, that are hindering a more-predictive approach to establishing a new drug's clinical safety and efficacy profiles. Some of these barriers are identified, and ways forward are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Drake
- Center for Responsible Science, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA
| | - Robert Coleman
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, UK and Center for Responsible Science, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA
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Opportunities in low-level radiocarbon microtracing: applications and new technology. Future Sci OA 2015; 2:FSO74. [PMID: 28031933 PMCID: PMC5137946 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
14C-radiolabeled (radiocarbon) drug studies are central to defining the disposition of therapeutics in clinical development. Concerns over radiation, however, have dissuaded investigators from conducting these studies as often as their utility may merit. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), originally designed for carbon dating and geochronology, has changed the outlook for in-human radiolabeled testing. The high sensitivity of AMS affords human clinical testing with vastly reduced radiative (microtracing) and chemical exposures (microdosing). Early iterations of AMS were unsuitable for routine biomedical use due to the instruments' large size and associated per sample costs. The situation is changing with advances in the core and peripheral instrumentation. We review the important milestones in applied AMS research and recent advances in the core technology platform. We also look ahead to an entirely new class of 14C detection systems that use lasers to measure carbon dioxide in small gas cells.
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Lappin G. The expanding utility of microdosing. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2015; 4:401-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lappin
- Visiting Professor of Pharmacology; University of Lincoln, School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories; Lincoln UK
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Niwa T, Ochiai H, Watanabe Y, Hosoya T. Ni/Cu-Catalyzed Defluoroborylation of Fluoroarenes for Diverse C–F Bond Functionalizations. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14313-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Niwa
- Chemical
Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function
Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochiai
- Chemical
Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function
Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Chemical
Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function
Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Chemical
Biology Team, Division of Bio-Function
Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Beaumont C, Young GC, Cavalier T, Young MA. Human absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of drug molecules: a plethora of approaches. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:1185-200. [PMID: 25041729 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human radiolabel studies are traditionally conducted to provide a definitive understanding of the human absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of a drug. However, advances in technology over the past decade have allowed alternative methods to be employed to obtain both clinical ADME and pharmacokinetic (PK) information. These include microdose and microtracer approaches using accelerator mass spectrometry, and the identification and quantification of metabolites in samples from classical human PK studies using technologies suitable for non-radiolabelled drug molecules, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These recently developed approaches are described here together with relevant examples primarily from experiences gained in support of drug development projects at GlaxoSmithKline. The advantages of these study designs together with their limitations are described. We also discuss special considerations which should be made for a successful outcome to these new approaches and also to the more traditional human radiolabel study in order to maximize knowledge around the human ADME properties of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beaumont
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
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Garner CR, Park KB, French NS, Earnshaw C, Schipani A, Selby AM, Byrne L, Siner S, Crawley FP, Vaes WHJ, van Duijn E, deLigt R, Varendi H, Lass J, Grynkiewicz G, Maruszak W, Turner MA. Observational infant exploratory [(14)C]-paracetamol pharmacokinetic microdose/therapeutic dose study with accelerator mass spectrometry bioanalysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:157-67. [PMID: 25619398 PMCID: PMC4500335 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the study were to compare [(14)C]-paracetamol ([(14)C]-PARA) paediatric pharmacokinetics (PK) after administration mixed in a therapeutic dose or an isolated microdose and to develop further and validate accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) bioanalysis in the 0-2 year old age group. METHODS [(14)C]-PARA concentrations in 10-15 µl plasma samples were measured after enteral or i.v. administration of a single [(14)C]-PARA microdose or mixed in with therapeutic dose in infants receiving PARA as part of their therapeutic regimen. RESULTS Thirty-four infants were included in the PARA PK analysis for this study: oral microdose (n = 4), i.v. microdose (n = 6), oral therapeutic (n = 6) and i.v. therapeutic (n = 18). The respective mean clearance (CL) values (SDs in parentheses) for these dosed groups were 1.46 (1.00) l h(-1), 1.76 (1.07) l h(-1), 2.93 (2.08) l h(-1) and 2.72 (3.10) l h(-1), t(1/2) values 2.65 h, 2.55 h, 8.36 h and 7.16 h and dose normalized AUC(0-t) (mg l(-1) h) values were 0.90 (0.43), 0.84 (0.57), 0.7 (0.79) and 0.54 (0.26). CONCLUSIONS All necessary ethical, scientific, clinical and regulatory procedures were put in place to conduct PK studies using enteral and systemic microdosing in two European centres. The pharmacokinetics of a therapeutic dose (mg kg(-1)) and a microdose (ng kg(-1)) in babies between 35 to 127 weeks post-menstrual age. [(14)C]-PARA pharmacokinetic parameters were within a two-fold range after a therapeutic dose or a microdose. Exploratory studies using doses significantly less than therapeutic doses may offer ethical and safety advantages with increased bionalytical sensitivity in selected exploratory paediatric pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Garner
- Hull York Medical School, University of YorkHeslington York, YO1 5DD, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom and Garner Consulting5 Hall Drive, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LA, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S French
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Earnshaw
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Schipani
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Selby
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustEaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Byrne
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustEaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Siner
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustEaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom
| | - Francis P Crawley
- Good Clinical Practice Alliance – EuropeSchoolbergenstraat 47, BE-3010, Kessel-Lo, Belgium
| | - Wouter H J Vaes
- TNO ZeistUtrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van Duijn
- TNO ZeistUtrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne deLigt
- TNO ZeistUtrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Heili Varendi
- Department of Paediatrics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Lass
- Department of Paediatrics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Wioletta Maruszak
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark A Turner
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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Coleman RA. Human-based systems in drug and chemical safety testing--toward replacement, the 'single R'. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 42:357-66. [PMID: 25635644 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Three Rs was a concept originally conceived as a means of reducing the suffering of laboratory animals that are used largely in identifying any potential safety issues with chemicals to which humans may be exposed. However, with growing evidence of the shortcomings of laboratory animal testing to reliably predict human responsiveness to such chemicals, questions are now being asked as to whether it is appropriate to use animals as human surrogates at all. This raises the question of whether, of the original Three Rs, two--Reduction and Refinement--are potentially redundant, and whether, instead, we should concentrate on the third R: Replacement. And if this is the best way forward, it is inevitable that this R should be based firmly on human biology. The present review outlines the current state-of-the-art regarding our access to human biology through in vitro, in silico and in vivo technologies, identifying strengths, weaknesses and opportunities, and goes on to address the prospect of achieving a single R, with some suggestions as to how to progress toward this goal.
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Abstract
Nonclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology testing of drug candidates assess the potential adverse effects caused by the drug in relation to its intended use in humans. Hazards related to a drug have to be identified and the potential risks at the intended exposure have to be evaluated in comparison to the potential benefit of the drug. Preclinical safety is thus an integral part of drug discovery and drug development. It still causes significant attrition during drug development.Therefore, there is a need for smart selection of drug candidates in drug discovery including screening of important safety endpoints. In the recent years,there was significant progress in computational and in vitro technology allowing in silico assessment as well as high-throughput screening of some endpoints at very early stages of discovery. Despite all this progress, in vivo evaluation of drug candidates is still an important part to safety testing. The chapter provides an overview on the most important areas of nonclinical safety screening during drug discovery of small molecules.
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van Duijn E, Sandman H, Grossouw D, Mocking JAJ, Coulier L, Vaes WHJ. Automated Combustion Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Biomedical Samples in the Low Attomole Range. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7635-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5015035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Sandman
- TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Leon Coulier
- TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Suzuki M, Doi H, Koyama H, Zhang Z, Hosoya T, Onoe H, Watanabe Y. Pd0-Mediated Rapid Cross-Coupling Reactions, the RapidC-[11C]Methylations, Revolutionarily Advancing the Syntheses of Short-Lived PET Molecular Probes. CHEM REC 2014; 14:516-41. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Suzuki
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology; 35 Gengo Morioka-cho Obu-shi Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroko Koyama
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Graduate School of Medicine; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Zhouen Zhang
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Graduate School of Medicine; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging; Riken Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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Gordi T, Baillie R, Vuong LT, Abidi S, Dueker S, Vasquez H, Pegis P, Hopper AO, Power GG, Blood AB. Pharmacokinetic analysis of14C-ursodiol in newborn infants using accelerator mass spectrometry. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:1031-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le T. Vuong
- Eckert & Ziegler Vitalea Science; Davis CA USA
| | - Saira Abidi
- Eckert & Ziegler Vitalea Science; Davis CA USA
| | | | - Herbert Vasquez
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Priscilla Pegis
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Andrew O. Hopper
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Gordon G. Power
- Center for Perinatal Biology; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Arlin B. Blood
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
- Center for Perinatal Biology; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda CA USA
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Takahashi R, Ma S, Yue Q, Kim-Kang H, Yi Y, Lyssikatos JP, Regal K, Hunt KW, Kallan NC, Siu M, Hop CECA, Liu X, Khojasteh SC. Dose-dependent exposure and metabolism of GNE-892, a β-secretase inhibitor, in monkeys: contributions by P450, AO, and P-gp. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:171-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonih Kim
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd
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Application of a tiered approach to the validation of accelerator MS assays. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:665-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction into the drug-development arena, accelerator mass spectrometry (coupled with liquid chromatography fractionation) has been used to support a variety of study types. The uses to which the technique has been put include parent and/or metabolite quantification in pharmacokinetic studies, total radioactivity measurement in adsorption, metabolism and excretion studies, and quantitative metabolite profiling. A tiered approach has been applied to the verification of accelerator mass spectrometry assays, dependant on in which type of study and at what stage of drug development they are used. As accelerator mass spectrometry is an absolute detector that can quantify without the use of analyte-related standards, the specific assay verification requirements differ from those for LC–MS/MS assays. This article describes when screening, qualified and validated assay verification procedures should be applied, and suggests what parameters should be assessed in each case.
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Wurz GT, DeGregorio MW. Activating adaptive cellular mechanisms of resistance following sublethal cytotoxic chemotherapy: implications for diagnostic microdosing. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1485-93. [PMID: 24510760 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As Phase 0 studies have proven to be reasonably predictive of therapeutic dose pharmacokinetics, the application of microdosing has expanded into metabolism, drug-drug interactions and now diagnostics. One potentially serious issue with this application of microdosing that has not been previously discussed is the possibility of activating cellular mechanisms of drug resistance. Here, we provide an overview of Phase 0 microdosing and drug resistance, with an emphasis on cisplatin resistance, followed by a discussion of the potential for inducing acquired resistance to platinum-based or other types of chemotherapy in cancer patients participating in Phase 0 diagnostic microdosing studies. A number of alternative approaches to diagnostic microdosing, such as the human tumor cloning assay and the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a surrogate for measuring DNA adducts, are discussed that would avoid exposing cancer patients to low doses of first-line chemotherapy and the possible risk of triggering cellular mechanisms of acquired resistance. Until it has been established that diagnostic microdosing in cancer patients poses no risk of acquired drug resistance, such studies should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Wurz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Gaspar HA, Marcou G, Horvath D, Arault A, Lozano S, Vayer P, Varnek A. Generative topographic mapping-based classification models and their applicability domain: application to the biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS). J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:3318-25. [PMID: 24320683 DOI: 10.1021/ci400423c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Earlier (Kireeva et al. Mol. Inf. 2012, 31, 301-312), we demonstrated that generative topographic mapping (GTM) can be efficiently used both for data visualization and building of classification models in the initial D-dimensional space of molecular descriptors. Here, we describe the modeling in two-dimensional latent space for the four classes of the BioPharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) involving VolSurf descriptors. Three new definitions of the applicability domain (AD) of models have been suggested: one class-independent AD which considers the GTM likelihood and two class-dependent ADs considering respectively, either the predominant class in a given node of the map or informational entropy. The class entropy AD was found to be the most efficient for the BDDCS modeling. The predominant class AD can be directly visualized on GTM maps, which helps the interpretation of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna A Gaspar
- Faculté de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7140-Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique , 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Bessems JG, Geraets L. Proper knowledge on toxicokinetics improves human hazard testing and subsequent health risk characterisation. A case study approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kaplan N, Garner C, Hafkin B. AFN-1252 in vitro absorption studies and pharmacokinetics following microdosing in healthy subjects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:440-6. [PMID: 23988847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of AFN-1252, a novel inhibitor of the essential FabI enzyme in Staphylococcus spp., in vitro and following microdosing in healthy adult male subjects following intravenous and oral administration. METHODS Three ADME studies, comprising a Caco-2 assay, a rat intestinal perfusion model and a microdosing study in healthy human volunteers, were conducted. RESULTS The Caco-2 assay indicated that AFN-1252 in solution is well-absorbed and undergoes insignificant efflux, and its transport across the intestinal wall is probably passive. In the rat intestinal perfusion model, AFN-1252 exhibited high permeability potential across three segments, in the rank order of jejunum=ileum>colon. Taken together with the low aqueous solubility, the data from these studies indicate that AFN-1252 is a BCS Class II molecule with solubility-limited absorption. Analysis of the [(14)C]-AFN-1252 radioactivity concentration-time data indicated similar pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration in the microdosing study in healthy volunteers. These included long terminal half-lives of ∼7 h and 83% bioavailability, indicating that there was little first-pass metabolism following oral dosing. AFN-1252 exhibited good distribution to skin and skin structures where its anti-staphylococcal activity may be required. Urinary and faecal excretion are major elimination routes for [(14)C]-AFN-1252 following intravenous or oral administration. CONCLUSIONS AFN-1252 has the potential for both intravenous and oral administration, once- or twice-daily dosing and good tissue distribution in humans. Further safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in man are required to investigate therapeutically-relevant doses for this novel agent and its targeted selectivity and high potency against Staphylococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachum Kaplan
- Affinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200 Front Street West, Suite 3004, P.O. Box 31, Toronto, ON M5V 3K2, Canada.
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V. Selected scientific topics of the 11th International Isotope Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labeled Compounds. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:408-16. [PMID: 24285513 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This micro-review describes hot topics and new trends in isotope science discussed at the 11th International Isotope Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labeled Compounds from a personal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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A microdose study of 14C-AR-709 in healthy men: pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability and concentrations in key compartments of the lung. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1673-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lappin G, Noveck R, Burt T. Microdosing and drug development: past, present and future. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:817-34. [PMID: 23550938 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.786042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microdosing is an approach to early drug development where exploratory pharmacokinetic data are acquired in humans using inherently safe sub-pharmacologic doses of drug. The first publication of microdose data was 10 years ago and this review comprehensively explores the microdose concept from conception, over the past decade, up until the current date. AREAS COVERED The authors define and distinguish the concept of microdosing from similar approaches. The authors review the ability of microdosing to provide exploratory pharmacokinetics (concentration-time data) but exclude microdosing using positron emission tomography. The article provides a comprehensive review of data within the peer-reviewed literature as well as the latest applications and a look into the future, towards where microdosing may be headed. EXPERT OPINION Evidence so far suggests that microdosing may be a better predictive tool of human pharmacokinetics than alternative methods and combination with physiologically based modelling may lead to much more reliable predictions in the future. The concept has also been applied to drug-drug interactions, polymorphism and assessing drug concentrations over time at its site of action. Microdosing may yet have more to offer in unanticipated directions and provide benefits that have not been fully realised to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lappin
- University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
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Yamaura Y. [Utility of a microdose study for drug discovery and development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:126-30. [PMID: 23470476 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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