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Hauptmann A, Hoelzl G, Mueller M, Bechtold-Peters K, Loerting T. Raman Marker Bands for Secondary Structure Changes of Frozen Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Formulations During Thawing. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:51-60. [PMID: 36279956 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work we use Raman spectroscopy for protein characterization in the frozen state. We investigate the behavior of frozen therapeutic monoclonal antibody IgG1 formulation upon thawing by Raman spectroscopy. Secondary and tertiary structure of the protein in three different mab formulations in the frozen state are followed through observation of marker bands for α-helix, β-sheet and random coil. We identify the tyrosine intensity ratio I856/I830 as a marker for mab aggregation. Upon fast cooling (40 °C/min) to -80 °C we observe a significant increase of random coil and α -helical structures, while this is not the case for slower cooling (20 °C/min) to -80 °C. Most changes in the protein's secondary structure are observed in the course of thawing in the range up to -20 °C, when passing through the glass transitions and cold-crystallization of the two types of freeze-concentrated solutions formed through macro- and microcryoconcentration. An increase of protein concentration and the addition of mannitol suppress secondary structural changes but do no impact on aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Berger JE, Teixeira SCM, Reed K, Razinkov VI, Sloey CJ, Qi W, Roberts CJ. High-Pressure, Low-Temperature Induced Unfolding and Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies: Role of the Fc and Fab Fragments. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4431-4441. [PMID: 35675067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of high pressure and low temperature on the stability of two different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were examined in this work. Fluorescence and small-angle neutron scattering were used to monitor the in situ effects of pressure to infer shifts in tertiary structure and characterize aggregation prone intermediates. Partial unfolding was observed for both MAbs, to different extents, under a range of pressure/temperature conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was also used to monitor ex situ changes in secondary structure. Preservation of native secondary structure after incubation at elevated pressures and subzero ° C temperatures was independent of the extent of tertiary unfolding and reversibility. Several combinations of pressure and temperature were also used to discern the respective contributions of the isolated Ab fragments (Fab and Fc) to unfolding and aggregation. The fragments for each antibody showed significantly different partial unfolding profiles and reversibility. There was not a simple correlation between stability of the full MAb and either the Fc or Fab fragment stabilities across all cases, demonstrating a complex relationship to full MAb unfolding and aggregation behavior. That notwithstanding, the combined use of spectroscopic and scattering techniques provides insights into MAb conformational stability and hysteresis in high-pressure, low-temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Berger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Susana C M Teixeira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kaelan Reed
- PharmBIO Products, W. L. Gore & Associates, Elkton, Maryland 21921, United States
| | - Vladimir I Razinkov
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher J Sloey
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Probing conformational changes of monomeric transthyretin with second derivative fluorescence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10988. [PMID: 31358790 PMCID: PMC6662758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of a monomeric variant of human transthyretin (M-TTR), a protein involved in the transport of the thyroid hormone and retinol and associated with various forms of amyloidosis, extending our analysis to the second order derivative of the spectra. This procedure allowed to identify three peaks readily assigned to Trp41, as the three peaks were also visible in a mutant lacking the other tryptophan (Trp79) and had similar FRET efficiency values with an acceptor molecule positioned at position 10. The wavelength values of the three peaks and their susceptibility to acrylamide quenching revealed that the three corresponding conformers experience different solvent-exposure, polarity of the environment and flexibility. We could monitor the three peaks individually in urea-unfolding and pH-unfolding curves. This revealed changes in the distribution of the corresponding conformers, indicating conformational changes and alterations of the dynamics of the microenvironment that surrounds the associated tryptophan residue in such transitions, but also native-like conformers of such residues in unfolded states. We also found that the amyloidogenic state adopted by M-TTR at mildly low pH has a structural and dynamical microenvironment surrounding Trp41 indistinguishable from that of the fully folded and soluble state at neutral pH.
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Barnett GV, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Hoffman L, Bongers J, Tao L, Huang Y, Slaney T, Das TK, Leone A, Kar SR. Probing the Tryptophan Environment in Therapeutic Proteins: Implications for Higher Order Structure on Tryptophan Oxidation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1944-1952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sousa F, Cruz A, Pinto IM, Sarmento B. Nanoparticles provide long-term stability of bevacizumab preserving its antiangiogenic activity. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:285-295. [PMID: 30036718 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bevacizumab is one of the most common monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer due to its antiangiogenic role. However, the frequent parenteral administrations are not attractive for the patient adhesion to the therapy. Nanoencapsulation of bevacizumab might be a useful alternative to increase administration intervals, due to controlled release properties. To achieve a long-term bevacizumab stability into PLGA nanoparticles, we developed an optimized and validated lyophilization protocol. The co-encapsulation of trehalose and bevacizumab into PLGA nanoparticles, associated to their lyophilization with external 10% (w/v) of trehalose, allowed maintenance of the physical-chemical characteristics of nanoparticles and bevacizumab secondary and tertiary structure. More relevant, the antiangiogenic activity of bevacizumab was kept over 6 months of storage while formulated with this protocol. No significant differences were found upon 6 months of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C/60% HR, and minor differences were observed for storage at 40 °C/75% HR, bringing to our knowledge, the first successfully report for monoclonal antibody storage at room temperature, without losing its structural and functional features. Our results served as starting point to understand the monoclonal antibody-based nanoparticle behavior over time, creating an innovative approach for a long-term monoclonal antibody stability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Nanoencapsulation of monoclonal antibodies has boost the interest of researchers as an alternative to the current antibody-based therapy, changing the route of administrations through controlled release of monoclonal antibodies. Despite good results have been achieved with nanoencapsulation process, no strategy has still found concerning a long-term stability of nanoparticles and monoclonal antibodies. In this study, the aim was to find out a validated and optimized method that allows a long-term stability of nanoparticles and antibodies. Over 6 months of storage, an optimized nanosystem was considered stable for both nanoparticles and antibody structure, at 4 °C and 25 °C, resulting the first successfully report for monoclonal antibody storage at room temperature.
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Sousa F, Sarmento B, Neves-Petersen MT. Biophysical study of bevacizumab structure and bioactivity under thermal and pH-stresses. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 105:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have deserved a remarkable interest for more than 40 years as a vital tool for the treatment of various diseases. Still, there is a raising interest to develop advanced monoclonal antibody delivery systems able to tailor pharmacokinetics. Bevacizumab is a humanized immunoglobulin IgG1 used in antiangiogenic therapies due to its capacity to inhibit the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor. However, bevacizumab-based antiangiogenic therapy is not always effective due to poor treatment compliance associated to multiples administrations and drug resistance. In this work, we show a promising strategy of encapsulating bevacizumab to protect and deliver it, in a controlled manner, increasing the time between administrations and formulation shelf-life. Nanoencapsulation of bevacizumab represents a significant advance for selective antiangiogenic therapies since extracellular, cell surface and intracellular targets can be reached. The present study shows that bevacizumab-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles does not impair its native-like structure after encapsulation and fully retain the bioactivity, making this nanosystem a new paradigm for the improvement of angiogenic therapy.
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Huang CY, Hsieh MC, Zhou Q. Application of Tryptophan Fluorescence Bandwidth-Maximum Plot in Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Structure. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:838-845. [PMID: 27357422 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have become the fastest growing protein therapeutics in recent years. The stability and heterogeneity pertaining to its physical and chemical structures remain a big challenge. Tryptophan fluorescence has been proven to be a versatile tool to monitor protein tertiary structure. By modeling the tryptophan fluorescence emission envelope with log-normal distribution curves, the quantitative measure can be exercised for the routine characterization of monoclonal antibody overall tertiary structure. Furthermore, the log-normal deconvolution results can be presented as a two-dimensional plot with tryptophan emission bandwidth vs. emission maximum to enhance the resolution when comparing samples or as a function of applied perturbations. We demonstrate this by studying four different monoclonal antibodies, which show the distinction on emission bandwidth-maximum plot despite their similarity in overall amino acid sequences and tertiary structures. This strategy is also used to demonstrate the tertiary structure comparability between different lots manufactured for one of the monoclonal antibodies (mAb2). In addition, in the unfolding transition studies of mAb2 as a function of guanidine hydrochloride concentration, the evolution of the tertiary structure can be clearly traced in the emission bandwidth-maximum plot.
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Gruia F, Parupudi A, Baca M, Ward C, Nyborg A, Remmele RL, Bee JS. Impact of Mutations on the Higher Order Structure and Activity of a Recombinant Uricase. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1018-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Effect of Excipients on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Aggregation in Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solutions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:774-83. [PMID: 26756795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and aggregation can reduce the physical stability of therapeutic protein formulations. On undergoing LLPS, the protein-rich phase can promote aggregation during storage due to high concentration of the protein. Effect of different excipients on aggregation in protein solution is well documented; however data on the effect of excipients on LLPS is scarce in the literature. In this study, the effect of four excipients (PEG 400, Tween 80, sucrose, and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)) on liquid-liquid phase separation and aggregation in a dual variable domain immunoglobulin protein solution was investigated. Sucrose suppressed both LLPS and aggregation, Tween 80 had no effect on either, and PEG 400 increased LLPS and aggregation. Attractive protein-protein interactions and liquid-liquid phase separation decreased with increasing concentration of HPβCD, indicating its specific binding to the protein. However, HPβCD had no effect on the formation of soluble aggregates and fragments in this study. LLPS and aggregation are highly temperature dependent; at low temperature protein exhibits LLPS, at high temperature protein exhibits aggregation, and at an intermediate temperature both phenomena occur simultaneously depending on the solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Barnett GV, Qi W, Amin S, Lewis EN, Razinkov VI, Kerwin BA, Liu Y, Roberts CJ. Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms for Anti-Streptavidin IgG1 at Elevated Concentration. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15150-63. [PMID: 26563591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-native protein aggregation may occur during manufacturing and storage of protein therapeutics, and this may decrease drug efficacy or jeopardize patient safety. From a regulatory perspective, changes in higher order structure due to aggregation are of particular interest but can be difficult to monitor directly at elevated protein concentrations. The present report focuses on non-native aggregation of antistreptavidin (AS) IgG1 at 30 mg/mL under solution conditions that prior work at dilute concentrations (e.g., 1 mg/mL) indicated would result in different aggregation mechanisms. Time-dependent aggregation and structural changes were monitored in situ with dynamic light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and Raman scattering and ex situ with far-UV circular dichroism and second-derivative UV spectroscopy. The effects of adding 0.15 M (∼5 w/w %) sucrose were also assessed. The addition of sucrose decreased monomer loss rates but did not change protein-protein interactions, aggregation mechanism(s), or aggregate structure and morphology. Consistent with prior results, altering the pD or salt concentration had the primary effect of changing the aggregation mechanism. Overall, the results provide a comparison of aggregate structure and morphology created via different growth mechanisms using orthogonal techniques and show that the techniques agree at least qualitatively. Interestingly, AS-IgG1 aggregates created at pD 5.3 with no added salt formed the smallest aggregates but had the largest structural changes compared to other solution conditions. The observation that the larger aggregates were also those with less structural perturbation compared to folded AS-IgG1 might be expected to extend to other proteins if the same strong electrostatic repulsions that mediate aggregate growth also mediate structural changes of the constituent proteins within aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Barnett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Malvern Biosciences Incorporated, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Samiul Amin
- Malvern Biosciences Incorporated, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - E Neil Lewis
- Malvern Biosciences Incorporated, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Vladimir I Razinkov
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Center for Neutron Science, National Institutes of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Ohadi K, Legge RL, Budman HM. Intrinsic fluorescence-basedat situsoft sensor for monitoring monoclonal antibody aggregation. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1423-32. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ohadi
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Raymond L. Legge
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Hector M. Budman
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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Barnett GV, Qi W, Amin S, Neil Lewis E, Roberts CJ. Aggregate structure, morphology and the effect of aggregation mechanisms on viscosity at elevated protein concentrations. Biophys Chem 2015; 207:21-9. [PMID: 26284891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-native aggregation is a common issue in a number of degenerative diseases and during manufacturing of protein-based therapeutics. There is a growing interest to monitor protein stability at intermediate to high protein concentrations, which are required for therapeutic dosing of subcutaneous injections. An understanding of the impact of protein structural changes and interactions on the protein aggregation mechanisms and resulting aggregate size and morphology may lead to improved strategies to reduce aggregation and solution viscosity. This report investigates non-native aggregation of a model protein, α-chymotrypsinogen, under accelerated conditions at elevated protein concentrations. Far-UV circular dichroism and Raman scattering show structural changes during aggregation. Size exclusion chromatography and laser light scattering are used to monitor the progression of aggregate growth and monomer loss. Monomer loss is concomitant with increased β-sheet structures as monomers are added to aggregates, which illustrate a transition from a native monomeric state to an aggregate state. Aggregates grow predominantly through monomer-addition, resulting in a semi-flexible polymer morphology. Analysis of aggregation growth kinetics shows that pH strongly affects the characteristic timescales for nucleation (τn) and growth (τg), while the initial protein concentration has only minor effects on τn or τg. Low-shear viscosity measurements follow a common scaling relationship between average aggregate molecular weight (Mw(agg)) and concentration (σ), which is consistent with semi-dilute polymer-solution theory. The results establish a link between aggregate growth mechanisms, which couple Mw(agg) and σ, to increases in solution viscosity even at these intermediate protein concentrations (less than 3w/v %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Barnett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Wei Qi
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Samiul Amin
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - E Neil Lewis
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Comparison of predicted extinction coefficients of monoclonal antibodies with experimental values as measured by the Edelhoch method. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Filipe V, Hawe A, Carpenter JF, Jiskoot W. Analytical approaches to assess the degradation of therapeutic proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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