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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Messina KMM, Woys AM. Random Heteropolymer Excipients Improve the Colloidal Stability of a Monoclonal Antibody for Subcutaneous Administration. Pharm Res 2023; 40:525-536. [PMID: 36380169 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developing stable high concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations is increasingly important to move toward subcutaneous (SC) administration for better patient experience. Challenges stemming from protein-protein interactions in these crowded solutions, such as colloidal instability, limit the feasibility of some formulations because of concerns of safety, product quality, and/or manufacturability. Herein, we report novel random heteropolymer excipients that improve the colloidal stability of a high concentration mAb formulation for SC administration. METHODS A library of polymers was synthesized and screened by a high-throughput, absorbance-based assay. The lead polymers were selected and characterized for their ability to alter the precipitation kinetics of a mAb in physiologically relevant conditions using two model systems. RESULTS Biophysical testing via surface tension measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), microscale thermophoresis (MST), and intrinsic fluorescence quenching indicated that the polymers delayed onset of mAb precipitation from a combination of surfactant behaviour and interactions with the protein to prevent protein-protein interactions leading to colloidal instability. CONCLUSIONS The random heteropolymers described are a new class of excipients that may enable development of SC mAb formulations previously inaccessible to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M M Messina
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ann Marie Woys
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Advanced Formulations/Drug Delivery Systems for Subcutaneous Delivery of Protein-Based Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2968-2982. [PMID: 36058255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple advanced formulations and drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed to deliver protein-based biotherapeutics via the subcutaneous (SC) route. These formulations/DDSs include high-concentration solution, co-formulation of two or more proteins, large volume injection, protein cluster/complex, suspension, nanoparticle, microparticle, and hydrogel. These advanced systems provide clinical benefits related to efficacy and safety, but meanwhile, have more complicated formulations and manufacturing processes compared to conventional solution formulations. To develop a fit-for-purpose formulation/DDS for SC delivery, scientists need to consider multiple factors, such as the primary indication, targeted site, immunogenicity, compatibility, biopharmaceutics, patient compliance, etc. Next, they need to develop appropriate formulation (s) and manufacturing processes using the QbD principle and have a control strategy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of advanced formulations/DDSs recently developed for SC delivery of proteins, as well as some knowledge gaps and potential strategies to narrow them through future research.
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5
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Discovery of compounds with viscosity-reducing effects on biopharmaceutical formulations with monoclonal antibodies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5420-5429. [PMID: 36212536 PMCID: PMC9529560 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational screening yielded 44 new viscosity-reducing agents on two model mAbs. Dual excipients for viscosity reduction and solution buffering were discovered. Compounds with three or more charges reduce the viscosity of model mAb formulations. Filtering based on physicochemical properties can be applied to other mAb formulations.
For the development of concentrated monoclonal antibody formulations for subcutaneous administration, the main challenge is the high viscosity of the solutions. To compensate for this, viscosity reducing agents are commonly used as excipients. Here, we applied two computational chemistry approaches to discover new viscosity-reducing agents: fingerprint similarity searching, and physicochemical property filtering. In total, 94 compounds were selected and experimentally evaluated on two model monoclonal antibodies, which led to the discovery of 44 new viscosity-reducing agents. Analysis of the results showed that using a simple filter that selects only compounds with three or more charge groups is a good ‘rule of thumb’ for selecting potential viscosity-reducing agents for two model monoclonal antibody formulations.
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Viola M, Sequeira J, Seiça R, Veiga F, Serra J, Santos AC, Ribeiro AJ. Subcutaneous delivery of monoclonal antibodies: How do we get there? J Control Release 2018; 286:301-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Whitaker N, Xiong J, Pace SE, Kumar V, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. A Formulation Development Approach to Identify and Select Stable Ultra-High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations With Reduced Viscosities. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3230-3241. [PMID: 28668340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High protein concentration formulations are required for low-volume administration of therapeutic antibodies targeted for subcutaneous, self-administration by patients. Ultra-high concentrations (≥150 mg/mL) can lead to dramatically increased solution viscosities, which in turn can lead to stability, manufacturing, and delivery challenges. In this study, various categories and individual types of pharmaceutical excipients and other additives (56 in total) were screened for their viscosity reducing effects on 2 different mAbs. The physicochemical stability profile, as well as viscosity ranges, of several candidate antibody formulations, identified and designed based on the results of the excipient screening, were evaluated over a 6-month time period under accelerated and real-time storage conditions. In addition to reducing the solution viscosities to acceptable levels for parenteral administration (using currently available and acceptable delivery devices), the candidate formulations did not result in notable losses of physicochemical stability of the 2 antibodies on storage for 6 months at 25°C. The experiments described here demonstrate the feasibility of a formulation development and selection approach to identify candidate high-concentration antibody formulations with viscosities within pharmaceutically acceptable ranges that do not adversely affect their physicochemical storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Whitaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Samantha E Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Drug Product Development-Large Molecules, Janssen Biotech Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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8
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Kheddo P, Cliff MJ, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Golovanov AP. Characterizing monoclonal antibody formulations in arginine glutamate solutions using 1H NMR spectroscopy. MAbs 2016; 8:1245-1258. [PMID: 27589351 PMCID: PMC5058632 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1214786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing how excipients affect the self-association of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires informative and direct in situ measurements for highly concentrated solutions, without sample dilution or perturbation. This study explores the application of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for characterization of typical mAb behavior in formulations containing arginine glutamate. The data show that the analysis of signal intensities in 1D 1H NMR spectra, when compensated for changes in buffer viscosity, is invaluable for identifying conditions where protein-protein interactions are minimized. NMR-derived molecular translational diffusion rates for concentrated solutions are less useful than transverse relaxation rates as parameters defining optimal formulation. Furthermore, NMR reports on the solution viscosity and mAb aggregation during accelerated stability study assessment, generating data consistent with that acquired by size-exclusion chromatography. The methodology developed here offers NMR spectroscopy as a new tool providing complementary information useful to formulation development of mAbs and other large therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Kheddo
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- c Formulation Sciences, MedImmune Ltd , Granta Park, Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Alexander P Golovanov
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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Bauer KC, Göbel M, Schwab ML, Schermeyer MT, Hubbuch J. Concentration-dependent changes in apparent diffusion coefficients as indicator for colloidal stability of protein solutions. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:276-287. [PMID: 27421911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of a protein solution during downstream processing, formulation, and storage is a key issue for the biopharmaceutical production process. Thus, knowledge about colloidal solution characteristics, such as the tendency to form aggregates or high viscosity, at various processing conditions is of interest. This work correlates changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient as a parameter of protein interactions with observed protein aggregation and dynamic viscosity of the respective protein samples. For this purpose, the diffusion coefficient, the protein phase behavior, and the dynamic viscosity in various systems containing the model proteins α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, and glucose oxidase were studied. Each of these experiments revealed a wide range of variations in protein interactions depending on protein type, protein concentration, pH, and the NaCl concentration. All these variations showed to be mirrored by changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient in the respective samples. Whereas stable samples with relatively low viscosity showed an almost linear dependence, the deviation from the concentration-dependent linearity indicated both an increase in the sample viscosity and probability of protein aggregation. This deviation of the apparent diffusion coefficient from concentration-dependent linearity was independent of protein type and solution properties for this study. Thus, this single parameter shows the potential to act as a prognostic tool for colloidal stability of protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Christin Bauer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mathias Göbel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Schwab
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Schermeyer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Pharmaceutical Perspective on Opalescence and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Protein Solutions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1431-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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11
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Tomar DS, Kumar S, Singh SK, Goswami S, Li L. Molecular basis of high viscosity in concentrated antibody solutions: Strategies for high concentration drug product development. MAbs 2016; 8:216-28. [PMID: 26736022 PMCID: PMC5074600 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1128606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective translation of breakthrough discoveries into innovative products in the clinic requires proactive mitigation or elimination of several drug development challenges. These challenges can vary depending upon the type of drug molecule. In the case of therapeutic antibody candidates, a commonly encountered challenge is high viscosity of the concentrated antibody solutions. Concentration-dependent viscosity behaviors of mAbs and other biologic entities may depend on pairwise and higher-order intermolecular interactions, non-native aggregation, and concentration-dependent fluctuations of various antibody regions. This article reviews our current understanding of molecular origins of viscosity behaviors of antibody solutions. We discuss general strategies and guidelines to select low viscosity candidates or optimize lead candidates for lower viscosity at early drug discovery stages. Moreover, strategies for formulation optimization and excipient design are also presented for candidates already in advanced product development stages. Potential future directions for research in this field are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj S. Tomar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Satish K. Singh
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Sumit Goswami
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Li Li
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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Garidel P, Pevestorf B, Bahrenburg S. Stability of buffer-free freeze-dried formulations: A feasibility study of a monoclonal antibody at high protein concentrations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Nichols P, Li L, Kumar S, Buck PM, Singh SK, Goswami S, Balthazor B, Conley TR, Sek D, Allen MJ. Rational design of viscosity reducing mutants of a monoclonal antibody: hydrophobic versus electrostatic inter-molecular interactions. MAbs 2015; 7:212-30. [PMID: 25559441 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High viscosity of monoclonal antibody formulations at concentrations ≥100 mg/mL can impede their development as products suitable for subcutaneous delivery. The effects of hydrophobic and electrostatic intermolecular interactions on the solution behavior of MAB 1, which becomes unacceptably viscous at high concentrations, was studied by testing 5 single point mutants. The mutations were designed to reduce viscosity by disrupting either an aggregation prone region (APR), which also participates in 2 hydrophobic surface patches, or a negatively charged surface patch in the variable region. The disruption of an APR that lies at the interface of light and heavy chain variable domains, VH and VL, via L45K mutation destabilized MAB 1 and abolished antigen binding. However, mutation at the preceding residue (V44K), which also lies in the same APR, increased apparent solubility and reduced viscosity of MAB 1 without sacrificing antigen binding or thermal stability. Neutralizing the negatively charged surface patch (E59Y) also increased apparent solubility and reduced viscosity of MAB 1, but charge reversal at the same position (E59K/R) caused destabilization, decreased solubility and led to difficulties in sample manipulation that precluded their viscosity measurements at high concentrations. Both V44K and E59Y mutations showed similar increase in apparent solubility. However, the viscosity profile of E59Y was considerably better than that of the V44K, providing evidence that inter-molecular interactions in MAB 1 are electrostatically driven. In conclusion, neutralizing negatively charged surface patches may be more beneficial toward reducing viscosity of highly concentrated antibody solutions than charge reversal or aggregation prone motif disruption.
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Key Words
- APR, Aggregation Prone Region
- ASA, Accessible Surface Area
- ASAFv-HPH, hydrophilic accessible surface area of the Fv portion
- ASAFv-HYD, hydrophobic accessible surface area of the Fv portion
- CE, Capillary Electrophoresis
- CH2
- CH3, third constant domain in heavy chain
- CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary
- D0, diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution
- DFv, dipole moment of Fv
- DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering
- ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- Fv, fragment variable
- HC, heavy chain
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain
- MAB 1 Control, MAB 1 expressed in CHO cells
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NTU, Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Pagg-VH, aggregation propensity of VH domain
- Pagg-VL, aggregation propensity of VL domain
- RPM, revolutions per minute
- SE-HPLC, Size Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Tm, thermal transition temperature
- VH, variable domain in the heavy chain
- VL, variable domain in the light chain
- ZDHH, Debye-Huckel Henry Charge
- ZFv, net charge of the Fv
- ZFv-app, apparent charge of the Fv
- aggregation prone regions
- cIEF, capillary Isoelectric Focusing
- cP, centipoise
- high concentration
- kD, protein-protein interaction parameter
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- molecular modeling
- monoclonal antibodies
- negatively charged patches
- rational design
- second constant domain in the heavy chain
- solubility
- viscosity
- ΔGFv, change in Free energy of Fv
- η, solution viscosity
- η0, solvent viscosity
- ηrel, relative viscosity
- ξFv, zeta-potential of the Fv
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilarin Nichols
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development; Pfizer Inc. ; Andover , MA USA
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14
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Viscosity Analysis of Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solutions: Role of Size, Electroviscous Effect and Protein-Protein Interactions. Pharm Res 2015; 33:155-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
It is well recognized that protein product development is far more challenging than that for small-molecule drugs. The major challenges include inherent sensitivity to different types of stresses during the drug product manufacturing process, high rate of physical and chemical degradation during long-term storage, and enhanced aggregation and/or viscosity at high protein concentrations. In the past decade, many novel formulation concepts and technologies have been or are being developed to address these product development challenges for proteins. These concepts and technologies include use of uncommon/combination of formulation stabilizers, conjugation or fusion with potential stabilizers, site-specific mutagenesis, and preparation of nontraditional types of dosage forms-semiaqueous solutions, nonfreeze-dried solid formulations, suspensions, and other emerging concepts. No one technology appears to be mature, ideal, and/or adequate to address all the challenges. These gaps will likely remain in the foreseeable future and need significant efforts for ultimate resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017.,Wang Biologics, LLC, 907 Wellesley Place, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017
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Weinbuch D, Jiskoot W, Hawe A. Light obscuration measurements of highly viscous solutions: sample pressurization overcomes underestimation of subvisible particle counts. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:1128-31. [PMID: 24934297 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light obscuration (LO) is the current standard technique for subvisible particle analysis in the quality control of parenterally administered drugs, including therapeutic proteins. Some of those, however, exhibit high viscosities due to high protein concentrations, which can lead to false results by LO measurements. In this study, we show that elevated sample viscosities, from about 9 cP, lead to an underestimation of subvisible particle concentrations, which is easily overlooked when considering reported data alone. We evaluated a solution to this problem, which is the application of sample pressurization during analysis. The results show that this is an elegant way to restore the reliability of LO analysis of highly viscous products without the necessity of additional sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weinbuch
- Coriolis Pharma, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Concentration dependent viscosity of monoclonal antibody solutions: explaining experimental behavior in terms of molecular properties. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3161-78. [PMID: 24906598 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early identification of monoclonal antibody candidates whose development, as high concentration (≥100 mg/mL) drug products, could prove challenging, due to high viscosity, can help define strategies for candidate engineering and selection. METHODS Concentration dependent viscosities of 11 proprietary mAbs were measured. Sequence and structural features of the variable (Fv) regions were analyzed to understand viscosity behavior of the mAbs. Coarse-grained molecular simulations of two problematic mAbs were compared with that of a well behaved mAb. RESULTS Net charge, ξ-potential and pI of Fv regions were found to correlate with viscosities of highly concentrated antibody solutions. Negative net charges on the Fv regions of two mAbs with poor viscosity behaviors facilitate attractive self-associations, causing them to diffuse slower than a well-behaved mAb with positive net charge on its Fv region. An empirically derived equation that connects aggregation propensity and pI of the Fv region with high concentration viscosity of the whole mAb was developed. CONCLUSIONS An Fv region-based qualitative screening profile was devised to flag mAb candidates whose development, as high concentration drug products, could prove challenging. This screen can facilitate developability risk assessment and mitigation strategies for antibody based therapeutics via rapid high throughput material-free screening.
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